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Dissertação Mestrado Ana Carreira.Pdf Caracterização de isolados de Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli obtidos de cecos de frangos, em Portugal, no âmbito de um estudo comunitário de prevalência Genotipagem e elucidação dos determinantes associados ao crescimento em biofilme RESUMO A Campilobacteriose é a zoonose mais notificada em países desenvolvidos, sendo Campylobacter jejuni o agente etiológico mais frequente e o consumo da carne de aves um importante factor de risco. A análise dos polimorfismos dos fragmentos de restrição do gene flaA de 112 isolados de C. coli e 67 de C. jejuni, obtidos de frangos de abate, em Portugal, durante o estudo nacional de prevalência de Campylobacter (Decisão da Comissão 2007/516/EC), gerou 11 perfis de restrição com HinfI (índice de diversidade Simpson; D=0,62) e 48 perfis com DdeI (D=0,89), evidenciando elevada variabilidade genética e ampla distribuição geográfica dos genótipos prevalentes. A comparação dos biofilmes formados por isolados de C. jejuni e C. coli em poliestireno, vidro e aço inoxidável, sugeriu, ainda, que o crescimento em biofilme poderá promover a sobrevivência destas bactérias em diferentes superfícies e condições de stresse ambiental, favorecendo a persistência ao longo da cadeia de processamento alimentar. i Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates obtained from broilers caeca, in Portugal, in the framework of a prevalence community study Genotyping and elucidation of biofilm growth associated determinants ABSTRACT Campylobacteriosis is the most notified zoonosis in developed countries, Campylobacter jejuni being the most frequent etiological agent and poultry meat consumption representing an important risk factor. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the flaA gene (flaA-RFLP) of 112 C. coli and 67 C. jejuni isolates, obtained in Portugal from a nationwide survey of Campylobacter prevalence in broilers at slaughter (in the framework of the Commission Decision 2007/516/EC), yielded 11 flaA-RFLP patterns using HinfI (Simpson diversity index, D=0.62) and 48 flaA-RFLP patterns with DdeI (D=0.89), evidencing the high genetic variability of the isolates and the wide geographical distribution of the prevalent genotypes. The comparison of the biofilms formed by C. jejuni and C. coli isolates in polystyrene, glass and steel suggested that biofilm associated growth may promote bacterial survival on different surfaces and environmental stress conditions, favoring persistence throughout the food processing chain. ii PALAVRAS-CHAVE Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter coli flaA–RFLP Biofilmes Adaptação ao stresse ambiental KEY-WORDS Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter coli flaA–RFLP Biofilms Adaptation to environmental stress iii AGRADECIMENTOS O trabalho experimental que esteve na base da escrita da presente dissertação decorreu no laboratório de bacteriologia do INRB-LNIV. Começo por dirigir os meus primeiros agradecimentos à equipa de trabalho do laboratório que com a sua simpatia contribui para uma fácil adaptação inicial e um agradável percurso ao longo do período de estágio. Agradeço, especialmente, à Doutora Mónica Cunha, minha orientadora, por ter proporcionado todas as condições necessárias para a realização do presente trabalho. Pela partilha de conhecimento, pelo estímulo e pelas críticas construtivas, fundamentais para o progresso do meu desempenho no decurso do trabalho e para a minha formação científica. Agradeço também a amizade e todos os momentos dispendidos para me apoiar. À Dra. Lurdes Clemente, que para além de se ter demonstrado sempre disponível para ajudar, foi gentilmente respondendo a todas as questões relacionadas com o estudo de prevalência, de que resultaram os isolados estudados no presente trabalho. À Dra. Ana Canto e à Dra. Maria José Barahona, pela pronta assistência sempre que solicitada. À Doutora Ana Botelho pelo interesse e estímulo transmitidos. Ao Doutor Patrick Freire, pelo contributo na parte inicial do trabalho experimental em questões técnico-científicas que foram surgindo. À D. Leonor, pela simpatia e apoio prestado a nível da preparação dos materiais utilizados nos ensaios. À D. Conceição e D. Ana, pela boa disposição e pela preciosa ajuda na preparação dos meios de cultura. À Doutora Teresa Rocha e outros técnicos do INRB-LNIV pelo valioso contributo no isolamento e classificação dos isolados de Campylobacter spp. estudados no presente trabalho. Aos engenheiros Luís Matos e Sónia Aleixo, da empresa Interaves, S.A., pelo acompanhamento na visita guiada ao matadouro e pela disponibilidade na resposta a questões que foram surgindo. iv Ao Diogo Mendonça e ao José Matos do INRB-INIA pelo contributo na sequenciação dos produtos de amplificação do gene flaA de alguns dos isolados em estudo. À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). O trabalho presente nesta dissertação foi parcialmente financiado pela FCT, no âmbito do projecto nacional (PTDC/CVT/117794/2010), com enquadramento no Projecto 3599 – Promover a Produção Científica e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e a Constituição de Redes Temáticas. Aos colegas Filipa, Sofia, Marcos, Pedro, Ana Sofia, Ricardo, Cláudia, Susana, Inês, Hugo e Maria, pelos momentos de boa disposição e pelo companheirismo. Um agradecimento especial à Maria pela ajuda e disponibilidade na etapa final da realização deste trabalho. Finalmente, um enorme agradecimento aos meus pais, avós, irmãos e namorado pelo apoio incondicional, pelo carinho, incentivo e paciência em todos os momentos. v ABREVIATURAS µc Taxa específica máxima de crescimento µg Micrograma µL Microlitro µM Micromolar x g Unidade de medida da força centrífuga A Adenina A260nm Absorvância a 260 nanómetros A280nm Absorvância a 280 nanómetros A600nm Absorvância a 600 nanómetros A570nm Absorvância a 570 nanómetros A595nm Absorvância a 595 nanómetros AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism ATP 5´-Trifosfato de adenosina AVEC Association of Poultry Processors and Poultry Trade in the EU countries BB Brucella Broth BHI Bacto Heart Infusion Broth BSA Bovine Serum albumin C Citosina CCUG Culture Collection, University of Göteborg CDT Cytolethal Distending Toxin CLSI The Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute cm Centímetro vi cm3 Centímetro cúbico CMI Concentração Mínima Inibitória dATP 2´-desoxiadenosina 5´ -trifosfato dCTP 2´-desoxicitidina 5´-trifosfato dGTP 2´-desoxiguanosina 5´-trifosfato DGV Direcção Geral de Veterinária DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid dNTP Mistura de 5´-trifosfato de desoxirribonucleótidos dTTP 2´-desoxitimidina 5´-trifosfato EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid EFSA European Food Safety Authority ET Electrophoretic type g Grama G Guanina GTPase Guanosine triphosphatase h Hora HACCP Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points HL Heat-labile HS Heat-stable INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária INRB Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos Kb Kilobase (103 pares de bases) Kg Quilograma vii L Litro LB Luria-Bertani Broth LNIV Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária LNR Laboratório Nacional de Referência LOS Lipooligossacáridos LR Local de reconhecimento m Massa m2 Metros quadrados M Molar MATH Microbial Adhesion To Hydrocarbon Mb Megabase (106 pares de bases) mCCD Modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate mg Miligrama MHB Mueller-Hinton Broth mL Mililitro MLEE Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis MLST Multilocus Sequence Typing mm Milímetro mM Milimolar NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information NCTC National Collection of Type Cultures ng Nanograma nm Nanómetro viii NR Não reprodutível OMS Organização Mundial de Saúde ORF Open Reading Frame Pb Par de bases PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PFGE Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis pH Simétrico do logaritmo decimal da concentração hidrogeniónica pmol Picomol RAPD Random amplification of polymorphic DNA rDNA Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid RFLP Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism RNase Ribonuclease ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RPM Rotações por minuto rRNA Ribosomal Ribonucleic acid s Segundo SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate SGB Síndrome de Guillain-Barré SMF Síndrome de Miller Fisher SPE Substratos poliméricos extracelulares ST Sequence type T Timina ix TBE Tris/Borato/EDTA TE Tris/EDTA TSB Trypticase Soya Broth UE União Europeia UFC Unidades Formadoras de Colónias UPGMA Unweighted-Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Averages UPTC Urease-Positive Thermophilic Campylobacter v Volume x ÍNDICE RESUMO ............................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... ii PALAVRAS-CHAVE/KEY WORDS ..................................................................................... iii AGRADECIMENTOS ......................................................................................................... iv ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................................ vi ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUÇÃO, ORGANIZAÇÃO E OBJECTIVOS DA DISSERTAÇÃO ................................... 1 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Género Campylobacter .......................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Taxonomia e filogenia ............................................................................................
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