A New Atriplex Species Drom Mauritius

Article

A nomenclator for Homalium (Salicaceae)

Wendy L. Applequist

Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA Email: [email protected]

Received: 28 June 2013 | Accepted by Rafaël H.A. Govaerts: 2 October 2013 | Published on line: 26 November 2013

Abstract

A nomenclator for Homalium Jacq. (Salicaceae) is provided that lists all validly published names with correct author citations, places of publication, nomenclatural synonyms, known or putative Types, current status and accepted names, and any known nomenclatural problems. Designations not validly published are identified as such. Fewer than 150 published species are estimated to be currently accepted worldwide.

Keywords: Homalium, nomenclator, nomenclature, Salicaceae

Homalium Jacq. is a pantropical woody genus with centers of diversity in Madagascar and Malesia. The genus has usually been classified within Flacourtiaceae (e.g., Warburg, 1893; Gilg, 1925; Lemke, 1988), though older literature occasionally placed it within Samydaceae (e.g., Bentham and Hooker, 1867), a segregate family Homaliaceae (Brown, 1818; Gagnepain, 1916) or even a greatly expanded and heterogeneous Bixaceae (Baillon, 1873). Following the demonstration by Chase et al. (2002) that Flacourtiaceae were polyphyletic, Homalium and its relatives are now generally included within Salicaceae sensu lato. Important treatments that have dealt with the entirety of Homalium as presently circumscribed include those of Bentham (1859), who first united Blakwellia Lam. with Homalium, and the very brief summaries of Warburg (1893) and Gilg (1925). Infrageneric classification still largely reflects Warburg’s treatment, with a few nomenclatural corrections and additions; however, there is reason to believe that that classification does not reflect phylogenetic relationships. Subgenera are separated by the single character of stamen number; the largest sections within each subgenus encompass considerable morphological and geographic diversity and are defined only by the absence of the derived characters that distinguish smaller, more cohesive sections. Limited chloroplast sequence data (unpub. data, D. Bogler et al.) suggest that neither the subgenera nor the largest and most problematic sections are monophyletic, and further, that at least two small Malagasy genera may be embedded within Homalium as presently circumscribed; it is therefore 12

possible that infrageneric classification will change considerably in the future. The most recent taxonomist to deal with almost all of the species of Homalium was Sleumer, who published a series of regional revisions (Sleumer, 1954; 1973; 1974; 1975; 1980; 1985; also Sleumer and Bosser, 1980) that were of high quality but in some regions now need to be updated to deal with new material. Other recent authors have dealt with only small portions of the genus in the course of floristic accounts. The compilation of a complete nomenclator for Homalium is seen as a useful tool to facilitate worldwide reassessment of the genus for two major reasons. First, a number of nomenclatural errors and uncertainties have appeared in literature and databases, including incorrect author citations or places of first valid publication, confusion regarding the correct typification of names and inappropriate labeling of specimens as types, and inclusion in databases and synonymies of designations that have never been validly published. Future revisionary studies will have to deal with these issues, and a nomenclator that provides correct citations with places of publication, nomenclatural synonyms, known locations of types or original material, and known nomenclatural problems for all validly published names, insofar as possible, will facilitate that work. Second, a nomenclator offers an opportunity to estimate how many known species exist. Sleumer (1954) estimated that the genus comprised 180 to 200 species, a range that has been generally accepted by later references. The compilation of a complete list of names allows a thorough review of regional revisions and floristic treatments to determine which of these names are currently in use and which have been relegated to synonymy. The following nomenclator provides citations of the correct author and first identifiable place of publication for all known names pertaining to species and infraspecific taxa of Homalium. Standard abbreviations, as given in Brummitt and Powell (1992) and Taxonomic Literature (TL-2; Stafleu and Cowan, 1976–1988) or BPH-2 (Bridson, 2004), are used for authors and titles. Incorrect spelling used in the place of publication and subject to automatic correction is given parenthetically, except where the only change is in capitalization of the epithet. To facilitate reference to original descriptions, full page ranges are given for protologues of names of new taxa. The basionym, if one exists, and other nomenclatural synonyms are listed for each name. For both brevity and convenience, binomials in genera other than Homalium (mostly, Blakwellia Lam.) are listed only in the synonymy of the corresponding name in Homalium, where such exist; a short separate section of binomials in other genera has been provided that includes only names for which there is no corresponding

combination in Homalium. Any issues or questions regarding the application, legitimacy, typification, or orthography of a name are discussed as a part of an appropriate individual name entry. Generic-level synonyms and names of infrageneric taxa are separately listed at the beginning of the nomenclator, the latter in descending order of rank. Several unranked names are validly published but have no standing as regards priority except in cases of homonymy (cf. Arts. 37.3 and 53.4 of the International Code of Nomenclature [ICN; McNeill et al., 2012]). Statements regarding the synonymy of infrageneric names are based on their current circumscriptions and published literature asserting synonymy (as noted above, some of these circumscriptions may need to be revised in future). Finally, two concluding sections dispose of excluded names and designations that have been indexed in the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) or TROPICOS or used in key references but that are not validly published. Names in boldface are accepted in recent literature dealing with the region of origin. A count of these names suggests that fewer than 150 previously published species are currently recognized. Names that are not in boldface have been treated as synonyms by the most authoritative recent treatment(s) available from their region of origin; for these, the accepted names used in those treatments are given in boldface and italicized, and one or more references that reflect that use are cited, with critical revisionary treatments preferred where available. A few names are of uncertain standing due to lack of evidence for, or significant disagreement regarding, their status; these are marked with an asterisk. Names of Pacific island species published by St. John (1977) and not thereafter critically evaluated in any other literature are treated as accepted but should be regarded with caution pending further study, since that author had a particular reputation for overdescription of species (cf. Wagner, 1999, Wagner and Shannon, 1999). The known or probable locations of type specimens are derived from information in published literature, including duplicates mentioned among cited specimens and authors’ known working locations, and from online databases including JSTOR Global Plants, the Kew Herbarium Catalogue, Harvard University Herbaria, and Australia’s Virtual Herbarium (Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria, 2013). Herbarium acronyms are as specified in Index Herbariorum (Thiers, continuously updated). Places of publication of later typifications are noted. Types marked with “!” are those for which high-quality digital images (or microfiches from historical herbaria) were seen to confirm their existence and label data; to

date, few of these have been physically observed. All necessary lectotypifications or neotypifications are therefore deferred pending critical study of material. A few names for African species had two or more syntypes and authors who used primarily material that was held at B and destroyed during World War II. Sleumer (1973, 1975) described the B duplicates of his preferred syntypes as “B † lectotype” and other duplicates of those as “isolectotypes.” He presumably saw and annotated the specimens at B before they were destroyed. However, since the designation of a type occurs only upon effective publication (Art. 7.9 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012) and the ICN effectively requires that designated specimens must actually exist (Arts. 8.1 and 9.12), Sleumer’s published choices of already-destroyed lectotypes appear to have no nomenclatural standing. When only one isolectotype was mentioned (as for, e.g., H. adenostephanum Mildbr.), one might presume that that duplicate, being the only surviving original material not termed a syntype, had thereby been designated as a new lectotype (use of the wrong term being a correctable error under Art. 9.9 of the ICN). However, for H. bullatum Gilg, Sleumer (1973) cited duplicates of the putative lectotype at twelve different herbaria as “isolectotypes.” Since Sleumer’s use of “isolectotype” did not imply an intention to single out one duplicate, it cannot be taken as a designation of a lectotype in cases where only one duplicate was known to him. In 1970, Sleumer did place labels on certain specimens indicating them to be lectotypes, but again, labeling in the herbarium does not establish priority under the rules of nomenclature. All but two of the names involved have since been effectively lectotypified by other authors.

Acknowledgements

I thank Mary Stiffler for assistance in obtaining literature, Roy Gereau for informative discussion of orthography, Si He for translation of Chinese label data, Gordon Guymer for providing information on Type material at BRI, Hiroyoshi Ohashi for providing information on type material at TAI and TI and for helpful discussion, Google Book Search for making available a work by S. Vidal y Soler, and Rafaël Govaerts, Irina Belyaeva, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments.

References

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Nomenclator for Homalium

Generic-Level Synonyms

Homalium Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.: 5. 1760. Type: Homalium racemosum Jacq.

Astranthus Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 221. 1790. Type: Astranthus cochinchinensis Lour. ≡ Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce. Antinisa (Tul.) Hutch., J. Bot. 79: 110. 1941. Nisa [unranked] Antinisa Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 73. 1857. Type: Antinisa involucrata (DC.) Hutch. (Nisa involucrata DC.) ≡ Homalium involucratum (DC.) O. Hoffm. Blakwellia Lam., Encycl. 1: 428. 1785, nom. illeg., non Scopoli (1777). Type: Blakwellia paniculata Lam. ≡ Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 241. 1973). The name commemorates English botanical author Elizabeth Blackwell, though this is not explicitly stated in the protologue, and the vast majority of authors since its publication have corrected the spelling to Blackwellia. It is questionable whether such automatic correction is allowable under Art. 60.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), since Lamarck’s incorrect spelling might have been intentionally chosen (as suggested by the fact that other authors around the same time made the same “error”). In view of this uncertainty, binomials published under Blackwellia with that spelling are rendered below with their original (and thereafter usual) spelling and not corrected to Blakwellia. It should be recalled that the illegitimacy of the genus does not affect the legitimacy of those binomials (cf. Art. 55.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). If the genus were to be resurrected in future, which would require conservation, simultaneous conservation of the spelling might be desirable. Cordylanthus Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 27–28. 1856, nom. illeg., non Nutt. ex Benth. Type: Cordylanthus frutescens Blume ≡ Homalium frutescens (Blume) Warb. Myriantheia Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 21. 1806. Type: Myriantheia laxiflora Tul. ≡ Homalium laxiflorum (Tul.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 315. 1973). Sleumer (1973) incorrectly considered Myriantheia to be the basionym of Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia Warb. (see below). It can therefore be assumed that, in designating M. laxiflora as the type of Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia, he also intended to select that species as the type of Myriantheia. Napimoga Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 592, t. 237. 1775 Type: Napimoga guianensis Aubl. = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (a heterotypic synonym). Nisa Noronha ex Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 24. 1806. Type: Nisa nudiflora DC. ≡ Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 295. 1973).

Pierrea Hance, J. Bot. 15: 339. 1877, non Pierrea Heim [1891], nom. cons. Type: Pierrea dictyoneura Hance ≡ Homalium dictyoneurum (Hance) Warb. Pythagorea Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 243–244. 1790. Type: Pythagorea cochinchinensis Lour. = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (a heterotypic synonym). Racoubea Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 589–590, 1775. Type: Racoubea guianensis Aubl. ≡ Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken.

Subdivisions of Genera

Homalium subg. Blackwellia (Benth.) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 33. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Blakwellia paniculata Lam. ≡ Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 241. 1973). This subgenus was intended to be based upon Blakwellia Lam. (incorrectly attributed to Jussieu), but as that name is illegitimate, Bentham’s Homalium sect. Blackwellia, the first legitimate use of the name, is properly treated as the basionym, though it was not directly cited (cf. Art. 41.4 of the ICBN; McNeill et al., 2012). Homalium subg. Homalium Homalium subg. Pythagorea (Lour.) Sleumer, Fl. Males., ser. 1, 5: 52. 1954. Pythagorea Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 243–244. 1790. Type: Pythagorea cochinchinensis Lour. = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (a heterotypic synonym). = Homalium subg. Blackwellia (Benth.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium sect. Antinisa (Tul.) Baill. ex Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Nisa [unranked] Antinisa Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 73. 1857. Homalium [unranked as §] Antinisa (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Type: Nisa involucrata DC. ≡ Homalium involucratum (DC.) O. Hoffm. Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 33. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Based upon Blakwellia Lam., nom. illeg., Encycl. 1: 428. 1785. Type: Blakwellia paniculata Lam. ≡ Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 241. 1973). This section was intended to be based upon Blakwellia Lam., but as that name is illegitimate, the sectional name is a replacement name under Art. 58.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012) and only Bentham is to be cited. The corrected spelling should therefore be usable at infrageneric levels without

controversy, since Homalium sect. Blackwellia is technically a new name dating from 1859. Homalium sect. Eublackwellia Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Type: not designated = pro maj. parte Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth. Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Type: Myriantheia laxiflora Tul. ≡ Homalium laxiflorum (Tul.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 295. 1973). Sleumer (1973) wrongly corrected the name to “Homalium sect. Myriantheia (Thouars) Warb.” Under Art. 21.3 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), this name could not have been validly published as the name of a section within Myriantheia if that genus had been recognized, but it is legal within Homalium. Myriantheia Thouars does not enjoy priority at the sectional level, and when Eumyriantheia is used, Thouars is not to be credited. Homalium sect. Homalium Homalium sect. Myriantheia (Thouars) Kuntze, as “Myriantheja”, in von Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 285. 1903. Basionym: Myriantheia Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 21. 1806. Type: Myriantheia laxiflora Tul. ≡ Homalium laxiflorum (Tul.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 315. 1973; cf. Myriantheia Thouars). = Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia Warb. This name was superfluous, because sect. Eumyriantheia Warb. was cited, but not illegitimate (cf. Art. 52.3 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). Homalium sect. Nisa (Noronha ex Thouars) Baill. ex Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Nisa Noronha ex Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 24. 1806. Homalium [unranked as §] Nisa (Noronha ex Thouars) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886. Type: Nisa nudiflora DC. ≡ Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 295. 1973). Homalium sect. Odontolobus Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Type: Homalium parkeri Baker (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 306. 1973). Homalium sect. Paniculata S.S.Lai, as “Paniculatae”, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14: 222. 1994, nom. illeg., non Homalium [unranked] Paniculata Benth. Type: Homalium phanerophlebium F.C.How & W.C.Ko. = Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth. No species other than the type species were explicitly stated to belong to this section, as was the case for the simultaneously published Homalium sect. Racemosae S.S.Lai. Both

names were indisputably Latin adjectives, and under Art. 21.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), adjectival names for subdivisions of genera are to be plural and agree in gender with the generic name. The name should therefore be automatically corrected under Art. 32.2 to Paniculata, making it a later homonym of Bentham’s (1859) unranked name. Homalium sect. Pierrea (Hance) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Pierrea Hance, J. Bot. 15: 339. 1877. Type: Pierrea dictyoneura Hance ≡ Homalium dictyoneurum (Hance) Warb. Homalium sect. Polyanthera Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Type: not designated = Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia Warb. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium sect. Pythagorea (Lour.) Kuntze in van Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 285. 1903. Pythagorea Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 243–244. 1790. Type: Pythagorea cochinchinensis Lour. = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (a heterotypic synonym). = Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). The name was superfluous because sect. Eublackwellia Warb. was cited (confusingly using the symbol that represented subgenera accepted in that work), but not illegitimate (cf. Art. 52.3 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). Homalium sect. Racemosa S.S.Lai, as “Racemosae”, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14: 223. 1994, nom. illeg., non Homalium [unranked] Racemosa Benth. Type: Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. = Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth. Correction of the form of the name under Art. 32.2 makes it a later homonym of an unranked name; see discussion of Homalium sect. Paniculata S.S.Lai. Homalium sect. Racoubea C.B.Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 597. 1879. Racoubea Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 589–590, 1775. Type: Racoubea guianensis Aubl. ≡ Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken. = Homalium sect. Homalium. Clarke did not cite the basionym, but his name can be assumed under Art. 41.4 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012) to be based upon Aublet’s. Homalium sect. Rhodonisa (Tul.) Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 300. 1973. Nisa [unranked] Rhodonisa Tul., as “Rhodonisae”, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 70. 1857. Type: Nisa sanguinea Boivin ex Tul. ≡ Homalium sanguineum (Boivin ex Tul.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 300. 1973). Under Art. 21.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), the name of a subdivision of a genus may be “of the same form as a generic name, or a noun in the genitive plural, or a plural adjective . . .

but not a noun in the genitive singular.” Since “Rhodonisa” is a noun rather than an adjective, the termination -ae represents the genitive singular and must be automatically corrected, as was done by Sleumer (1973). Homalium sect. Symphyostylium Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893. Type: Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 265. 1973). Homalium [unranked as §] Antinisa (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Nisa [unranked] Antinisa Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 73. 1857. Type: Nisa involucrata DC. ≡ Homalium involucratum (DC.) O.Hoffm. = Homalium sect. Antinisa (Tul.) Baill. ex Warb. Four infrageneric names used in Baillon’s treatment were designated by the symbol §, which, though commonly known as a “section symbol,” has not customarily been treated as unambiguously designating a section. Two of these (Antinisa and Nisa) were later published as sections by Warburg with credit given to Baillon. Homalium [unranked as §] Blackwellia (Benth.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 573. 1886. Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 33. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Blakwellia paniculata Lam. ≡ Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 241. 1973). = Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth. As for Homalium subg. Blackwellia, above, this name was intended to be based upon Blakwellia Lam., nom. illeg., but Bentham’s legitimate sectional name is to be considered the basionym. Homalium [unranked as §] Myriantheia (Thouars) Baill., as “Myrianthea”, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Myriantheia Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 21. 1806. Type: Myriantheia laxiflora Tul. ≡ Homalium laxiflorum (Tul.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 315. 1973; cf. Myriantheia Thouars). = Homalium sect. Eumyriantheia Warb. Homalium [unranked as §] Nisa (Noronha ex Thouars) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886. Nisa Noronha ex Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madagasc.: 24. 1806. Type: Nisa nudiflora DC. ≡ Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. (designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 295. 1973). = Homalium sect. Nisa (Noronha ex Thouars) Baill. ex Warb. Homalium [unranked] Paniculata Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: not designated.

Homalium [unranked] Racemosa Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: not designated.

Species and Infraspecific Taxa

Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf., Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1880: 130. 1880. Type: Sudan, Ibba R. near Nganye, Schweinfurth 3954 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – P! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 76. 1995]; isotypes – K!, L [fragm.]!, WU). Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. subsp. wildemanianum (Gilg) Wild, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 32: 57. 1958. Homalium wildemanianum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 497. 1908. Type: Congo, District du Haut-Katanga, env. de Lukafu, Verdick 123 (lectotype – BR! [designated by Killick, Fl. Southern Afr. 22: 77. 1976]; isolectotype – K). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973; Killick, 1976; Hul, 1995). Homalium acuminatum Cheeseman, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 6(6): 280. 1903. Type: Cook Islands, Rarotonga, 1899, Cheeseman (holotype – AK; isotype – BISH!). Homalium acutissimum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 278. 1918. Type: New Guinea, Morobe District, Gomadjidji, 450 m, Schlechter 19379 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotype – L [fragm.]!, P). Homalium adenostephanum Mildbr., as “adenostephanium”, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 172. 1922. Type: Cameroon, Yaoundé, Etun, Mildbraed 7810 (syntype – B, destroyed; isosyntypes – K!, L [fragm.]!) and 7912 (syntype – B, destroyed). = Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Sleumer labeled the K duplicate of Mildbraed 7810 as a lectotype, but in print (Sleumer, 1973) termed it an isolectotype, which, as noted above, is not correctable to lectotype given his usage of the term. Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 35. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia africana Hook.f., Niger Fl.: 361. 1849. Type: Sierra Leone, Don (holotype – BM). Homalium albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm., Sert. Pl. Madagasc.: 18. 1881. Nisa albiflora Boivin ex Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 71–72. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Nosy Bé,

Pervillé 480 (lectotype – P [designated by Perrier de la Bâthie, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.13: 295. 1940]; isolectotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm. var. leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill. ex H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 295. 1940. Nisa leucophloea Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 72. 1857. Homalium leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Type: Madagascar, Imerina, 1840, Goudot (holotype – G!; isotype – P). Homalium alnifolium Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 166. 1927, nom. illeg., non Thwaites & F.Muell. Type: Sierra Leone, road from wharf to Pujehun hospital, 16 Feb. 1914, Lane-Poole 141 (holotype – K!). = Homalium longistylum Mast., also including material pertaining to Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium alnifolium Thwaites & F.Muell., Fragm. 2: 127. 1861. Type: Australia, near Rockhampton, Fitzroy River, A. Thozet (holotype – MEL; isotype – L [fragm., numbered 80]!, P!). Jessup (1982) refers to the type at MEL as a syntype, apparently in error as he identifies no other original material and the protologue mentions no other collection. Homalium amplifolium Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 276. 1918. Type: Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, New Ireland District, Namatanai, Peekel 675 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotype – E!). = Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Craven, 1979). Homalium aneityense Guillaumin, J. Arnold Arbor. 12: 262. 1931. Type: Vanuatu, Aneityum, Anelgauhat Bay, 200 m, 17 Mar 1929, S.F. Kajewski 914 (holotype – A; isotypes – BISH!, G, K!, L [fragm.]!, NY!, P!, US!). Homalium angustifolium Sm. in Rees, Cycl. 18: n. 3. 1811. Type: Sierra Leone, Smeathmann (holotype – BM [Herb. Banks]; isotype – P-Juss). Homalium angustistipulatum Keay, Kew Bull. 1953: 80. 1953. Type: Ghana, Western Prov., Essiama, Fishlock 12 (holotype – K!; isotypes – K×3!, L [fragm.]!). = Homalium dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium anzoateguiense Steyerm., Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 410. 1952. Type: Venezuela, 20 Feb 1945, Steyermark 60993 (holotype – F; isotypes – L [fragm.]!, NY!, US!, VEN). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium arboreum Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 53–54. 1898. Type: New Caledonia, collines de Gatope, 1861–67, Vieillard 2504 (lectotype – G [designated

by Sleumer, Blumea 22: 144. 1974]; isolectotypes – BM!, K, P!, W). = Homalium deplanchei (Vieill.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Homalium aubrevillei Keay, Kew Bull. 1953: 79. 1953. Type: Ivory Coast, Monts Nimba, Mont Nuon, 1850 m, 30 Mar 1932, Aubréville 1130 (holotype – P!; isotypes – B!, BR!, K!, L [fragm.]!, P!). = Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium austrocaledonicum Seem., Fl. Vit.: 95. 1865. Type: New Caledonia, Kanala, Aug 1858, MacGillivray 30 (holotype – BM!; isotypes – G, K, L [fragm.]!, P×2!, S!). Homalium axillare (Lam.) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blakwellia axillaris Lam., Encycl. 1: 428. 1785. Type: Madagascar, Commerson (lectotype – P-Juss 14407 [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 255. 1973]; isolectotypes – G×3!, P×2!). Homalium aylmeri Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 166. 1927. Type: Sierra Leone, Kambui, Aylmer 580 (holotype – K!). = Homalium longistylum Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium baillonii Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 23. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort- Dauphin, Scott Elliot 2853 (holotype – K!; isotypes – BM, P). = Homalium albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm. var. leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill. ex H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium balansae Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 246. 1916. Type: Vietnam, Prov. de Son Tay, village de Souoï, Mont Bavi, Balansa 317 (holotype – P; isotype – L [fragm.]!). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Lescot, 1970; Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium barandae S.Vidal ex Fern.-Vill., Nov. App.: 94. 1880 or S.Vidal, Cat. Met. Pl. Leños.: 32. 1880. Type: Philippines, Luzon, S. Vidal y Soler 335 (K!) and 377 (MA! [erroneously also labeled 1371]) and San Mateo [y Bosoboso], S. Vidal y Soler 355 (L!, MA×8!), isosyntypes or original material (syntypes – PNH, destroyed). Sleumer (1954) recognized this species but commented that it might be only a tomentose form of Homalium loheri Merr. (the latter, however, being a younger name). Fernández-Villar is generally credited with first publishing the name in 1880 in an appendix to the Flora de Filipinas, which mentioned the collector and regions of origin of specimens he had seen, but Vidal also himself published it in the same year, as “nov. sp.” and with a description but no reference to specimens, in a small, rare work whose priority relative to that of Fernández-Villar’s publication is unclear. (The introduction is dated 26 August 1879, suggesting that the work might well have been published early in 1880.) Fernández-Villar attributed the name to Vidal “in hb. absque descriptione [without

description].” An unsigned note on a presumed isosyntype [or original material] at K observes that the specimen “agrees very well with Vidal’s figure of H. barandae, but the plant described by Villar under this name is very different.” The figure referred to is a plate drawn by Vidal and published in Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños. Filip. tab 53 fig. A[1–3], 1883, which is probably also original material no matter which author is credited with publishing the name, though herbarium specimens must be preferred as potential lectotypes. On casual examination, Vidal’s description, Vidal’s figures, and Fernández- Villar’s description all could apply to the same species, with the notable exception that Vidal says the species has stamens borne singly whereas Fernández-Villar says it has two stamens per petal. Vidal’s plate includes images of three species, and flowers of the second, placed close to the habit drawing of H. barandae, do have paired stamens. It may be that Fernández-Villar simply made a mistake while using an unpublished draft of that plate to assist in the preparation of his description. If there is any real discrepancy in application of this name, designation of a type should be done carefully to preserve existing usage of the name if possible. Homalium betulifolium Däniker, Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 78 Beibl. 19: 276. 1933. Type: New Caledonia, vallée de la Kalouéhola, Däniker 461 (holotype – Z; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Sleumer (1974) considered H. betulifolium to be a synonym of Homalium leratiorum Guillaumin, but Lescot (1980) recognized it as distinct. Homalium bhamoense Cubitt & W.W.Sm., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6: 36–37. 1913. Type: Burma, Bhamo Div., outside the Forest Office, 4000´, Cubitt 524 (holotype – CAL). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Sleumer, 1985; Naithani, 1990; Yang and Zmarzty, 2007) or Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra (Mitra, 1993). Homalium bhamoense Cubitt. & W.W.Sm. var. debbarmanii P.C.Kanjilal, as “Debbarmani”, in Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 85–86. 1934. Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. var. debbarmanii (P.C.Kanjilal) H.B.Naithani & S.Biswas. Type: not designated (multiple localities cited; original material at ASSAM?). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. var. debbarmanii (P.C.Kanjilal) H.B.Naithani & S.Biswas (Naithani, 1990) or Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra (Mitra, 1993).

Homalium bhamoense Cubitt. & W.W.Sm. forma glabra Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 86. 1934. Type: not designated (multiple localities cited; original material at ASSAM?). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Mitra 1993). Homalium bismarckense Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 108–111. 1979. Type: New Guinea, Bagabag Island, Vandenberg & Mann NGF 42237 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, K!, L!). Homalium boehmii Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 494–495. 1908. Type: Tanzania, Ugalla R., im Uferwald des Mcima Flusses, Boehm 89a pro parte (holotype – B, destroyed; isotype – Z). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium boinense H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13. 297. 1940. Type: Madagascar, Beritzoka, entre Maevatanana et Andriba, Perrier de la Bâthie 338 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 318. 1973]; isolectotypes – G!, L [fragm.]!). Homalium brachybotrys (F.Muell.) F.Muell., Fragm. 2(15): 127. 1861. Blackwellia brachybotrys F.Muell., Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict. 3(1): 48. 1859. Type: Australia, Queensland, sources of the Gilbert River, F. Mueller (holotype – MEL). Homalium brachyrhachis Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 261. 1973. Type: Madagascar, crêtes et barres calcaires au lieu dit Ankiranja, à 30–35 km de Manja, sur la route de Bevoay, 3–4 Dec 1969, Capuron SF 28953 (holotype – P; isotypes – L!, TEF!). Homalium brachystylis (Tul.) Baill., as “brachystylum”, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 573. 1886. Blackwellia brachystylis Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 59–60. 1857. Type: Madagascar, baise de Vohémar, Richard 63 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 246. 1973]; isolectotypes – G!, L×2!). Stearn (1992: 96– 97), a noted authority on botanical Latin, argued that epithets of this form (as for brachybotrys) were “really a noun in apposition given an adjectival function” and hence “should usually be declined like that noun from which it is derived without reference to the gender of the associated generic name”, e.g., “rhopalostylis (with club-shaped style).” Database searches indicate that most authors using epithets terminating in “- styl-” have nevertheless treated them as Group A adjectives, so that practice is not correctable under Art. 32.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012) where it is the original orthography, as is the case for three other epithets in Homalium. However, in this case Tulasne, the author of the basionym, used brachystylis, which was surely intended to be a noun in apposition. (The alternative would be to treat it as the feminine form of a

group B adjective, which seems to be plainly incorrect, and rarely done given the scarcity of epithets ending in the corresponding neuter suffix -style.) The grammatically unimpeachable choice to treat the epithet as a noun in the publication of the basionym should be respected in later combinations based upon that name. Homalium bracteatum Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 37–38. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Philippines, Prov. Albay, Luzon, 1841, H. Cuming 1109 (holotype – K [000591589]!; isotypes – A[fragm.], K [000591590]!, L [fragm.]!). Two duplicates are held at K; the one that bears a “Herbarium Benthamianum” stamp should be considered the holotype. Homalium brevidens Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 247. 1916. Type: Cambodia, prov. de Stung Treng, Stung Treng, Thorel 2210 (holotype – P; isotypes – BM!, K!, L [fragm.]!). Homalium brevipedunculatum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 21. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, Scott Elliot 2600 (holotype – K!; isotype – P!). *Homalium breviracemosum F.C.How & W.C.Ko, Acta Bot. Sin. 8: 40–41, t. III(1). 1959. Type: China, Guangdong, Yangchun Hsien, 10 Oct 1957, W.T. Ling 30823 (holotype – IBSC). Yang and Zmarzty (2007) recognized this species, apparently to maintain consistency with the earlier Chinese-language flora, but noted that Yang, the only one of the two who had actually seen specimens, considered it to be a synonym of Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce. Its status is therefore uncertain. Homalium brevisepalum F.C.How & W.C.Ko, Acta Bot. Sin. 8: 37–38, f. 4, t. II(2). 1959. Type: China, Guangdong, Fangcheng Hsien, Naleung, 1–10 Aug 1936, W.T. Tsang 26568 (holotype – IBSC). = Homalium kainantense Masam. (Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium buchholzii Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Type: Cameroon, Mungo, Buchholz (lectotype – BR! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 67. 1995]). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium bullatum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 491–492. 1908. Type: Cameroon, Kribi, Bipinde, 1917, Zenker 1917 (lectotype – P! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 66. 1995]; isolectotypes – B!, BM, BR, E!, G×2!, GOET, HBG!, K!, L!, M!, S!, W, WAG!, WU, Z). = Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium burmanicum M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78(3): 568. 1981. Type: Burma, Tenasserim, Forest Dept. 784 (holotype – CAL).

Homalium buxifolium Däniker, Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 78 Beibl. 19: 276. 1933. Type: New Caledonia, R. Nomatch, entre Poum et Arama, 4 Apr 1925, Däniker 1569 (holotype – Z). Homalium buxifolium H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 286. 1940, nom. illeg., non Däniker. Type: Madagascar, base du massif du Manongarivo, versant du Sambirano, 500 m, Perrier de la Bâthie 4620 (holotype – P; isotype – L [fragm.]!). ≡ Homalium perrieri Sleumer, as replacement name (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium calciphilum Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 112. 1938. Type: Indonesia, Sarawak, Mt. Braang, 450 m, 23 Dec 1888, Haviland 92 (holotype – K!). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium calodendron Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 491. 1908. Type: Tanzania, Prov. Tanga, E. Usambara, Derema, 800 m, Scheffler 214 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – P! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 54. 1995]; isotypes BM, BR!, E!, EA, K!, L [fragm.]!, Z). = Homalium longistylum Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium capuronii Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 319–320. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Andapa, massif de l’Anjanaharibe, forêt à mousses, 800–1000 m, 29 Dec 1950, Capuron SF 952 (holotype – P!; isotypes – G!, K!, L!, P!, TEF!). Homalium caput-avis Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 111–113. 1979. Type: Indonesia, West New Guinea, Vogelkop Peninsula, South Manokwari, Mt. Krabo, Koster BW 10760 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, BRI). Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Moritz) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 38. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia caryophyllacea Zoll. & Moritz, Syst. Verz. Zoll.: 33. 1854. Type: Java, Zollinger 958 (holotype – K!; isotypes – L!, U [fragm.]!). Homalium cauliflorum H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 290. 1940. Type: Madagascar, bassin du Bemarivo, Perrier de la Bâthie 2199 (lectotype P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 262]; isolectotypes – K!, L [fragm.]!). Homalium celebicum Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19: 623–624. 1898. Type: Indonesia, Celbes, Minahasa, 11 Jan. 1895, S.H. Koorders 18813β (holotype – BO?; isotype – K). Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth., as “zeylanicum”, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 35. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia ceylanica Gardner, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 7: 452. 1847. Type: Ceylan, Central Province, 3000 ft, Gardner (holotype – K). *Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. var. debbarmanii (P.C.Kanjilal) H.B.Naithani & S.Biswas, Fl. Pl. India, Nepal & Bhutan: 49. 1990. Homalium bhamoense Cubitt. &

W.W.Sm. var. debbarmanii P.C.Kanjilal, as “Debbarmani”, in Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 85–86. 1934. Type: not designated (multiple localities cited; original material at ASSAM?). Mitra (1993) places this variety within Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra. Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. var. laoticum (Gagnep.) G.S.Fan, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 8(2): 139. 1990. Homalium laoticum Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 249. 1916. Type: Laos, Prov. de Louang Prabang, de Paklai à Louang Prabang, Thorel 3464 pro parte (holotype – P). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra in Sharma et al., Fl. India 2: 411. 1993. Homalium minutiflorum Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41(4): 308. 1872. Type: Burma, Martaban [Mottama], W.G. Smith (holotype – CAL; isotype – K [fragm.]!). Homalium chasei Wild, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 32: 59–60. 1958. Type: Zimbabwe, Umtali Distr., Zimunya’s Reserve, 3800´, 6 May 1956, Chase 6096 (holotype – K!; isotypes – BM, K!, LISC!, PRE×2!, SRGH). Homalium chocoense Cuatrec., Fieldiana, Bot. 27: 99. 1950. Type: Colombia, Chocó, rio San Juan, cercanias de Palestina, quebrada de la Sierpe, 12–14 Mar 1944, Cuatrecasas 16908 (holotype – F!; isotypes – COL!, L!). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium ciliatum Debb. ex N.Mukh., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 69(2): 390. 1972. Type: Assam, Garo hill, near mile post no. 11, Kanjilal 5221 (holotype – ASSAM). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Naithani, 1990) or Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra (Mitra, 1993). Homalium circumpinnatum F.M.Bailey, Bot. Bull. Dept. Agric. Queensland 5: 17. 1892. Type: Australia, Queensland, Cairns, E. Cowley 21A (holotype – BRI). Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles 1916: 628. 1917. Astranthus cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 222. 1790. Blackwellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) R.Br. ex Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt.: 64. 1845. Type: Vietnam, habitat agrestes, Loureiro (holotype – BM). Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce var. pseudopaniculatum (Yamam.) H.L.Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan: 605, f. 238. 1963. Homalium fagifolium (Lindl.) Benth. var. pseudopaniculatum Yamam., Suppl. Icon. Pl. Form. 3: 42–43. 1927. Type: Taiwan,

“Prov. Shinchiku,–Nansho” [Hsinchu], Nov 1914, Kanehira (holotype – TI). = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium columbianum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 233. 1919. Type: Colombia, Department of Bolívar, Lands of Loba, San Martín de Loba, Apr–May 1916, H.M. Curran 21 (holotype – US!; isotypes – F [fragm.]!, GH). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium confertum Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 341. 1884. Type: Madagascar, Baron 3185 (lectotype – K! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 298. 1973]; isolectotypes – BM, L [fragm.]!, P!). = Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. var. nudiflorum (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium cordylanthus Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 38. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859], nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Cordylanthus frutescens Blume ≡ Homalium frutescens (Blume) Warb. Type: [Indonesia, Java, circa Kuripan] (not located). = Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Mor.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium crassipes Slooten, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. III, 7: 362–364. 1925. Type: Indonesia, West Borneo, Paloh in distr. Sambas, 20 m, Feb 1924, Forest Experiment Station No. bb. 6262 (holotype – BO?). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium crassipetalum Exell, J. Bot. 67(Suppl. 1): 190. 1929. Type: Angola, Hanha de Benguela, ribeiro Cunguveba, Gossweiler 1736 (holotype – BM; isotypes – COI!, K!, LISJC). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium crenulatum Geddes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 238. 1928. Type: Thailand, Lôi, Wang Sapung, Kerr 8780 (holotype – K!; isotypes – BM, L [fragm.]!, TCD!). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Sleumer, 1985). Homalium cuneifolium Willd. ex Eichler, Fl. Bras. 13(1): 508. 1871. Type: not designated. = Homalium racemosum Jacq. This name has been generally ignored in recent literature, including Sleumer (1980), but the description is adequate to demonstrate that, following Sleumer’s treatment, it should be a synonym of H. racemosum. No specimens were cited and no original material is known to survive. Homalium curranii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 297. 1909. Type: Philippines, Luzon, Prov. Benguet, near Twin Peaks, Dec 1908, For. Bur. 10811 Curran (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotype – US!). = Homalium bracteatum Benth. (Sleumer, 1954).

Homalium cymosulum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 22. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, Scott Elliot 3037 (holotype – K!; isotype – P). = Homalium oppositifolium (Tul.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium dalzielii Hutch. in Hutchinson & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 165–166. 1927. Type: Nigeria, Ikoyi Plains, 9 Jan 1919, Dalziel 1356 (lectotype – K! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 267. 1973]; isolectotype – E!). Homalium damrongianum Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1915: 429. 1915. Type: Thailand, Maharat, near Pang Pue, Pa Hin, 400 m, Kerr 3168 (holotype – K!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Theob. in Mason, Burmah ed. Theob., ed. 3, 2: 451. 1883. Blackwellia dasyantha Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 610. 1863. Type: Burma, Moulmeyn, Griffith 991 (holotype – CWU; isotype – K!). Homalium decaryanum H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 288. 1940. Type: Madagascar, Midongy du Sud, bassin de l’Itomampy, Befotaka, Decary 4776 (holotype – P!; isotypes – K!, L [fragm.]!). Homalium decurrens (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 50. 1898. Blackwellia decurrens Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 105–106. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Wagap, Balade, bois des montagnes élevées, 1855–60, Vieillard 24 (holotype – P!; isotypes – G, L!, P×2!). Homalium densiflorum Spruce ex Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 36. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Brazil, Santarem, by the Amazon, Aug 1950, Spruce 1062 (lectotype – K! [designated by Sleumer, Fl. Neotrop. 22: 59. 1980, as “hololectotype”]; isotypes – GOET, LD [as s.n.]!, P). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Blackwellia dentata Harv. in Harv. & Sond., Fl. Cap. 2: 585. 1862. Type: South Africa, Natal, near Port Natal, Gerrard & McKen (holotype – TCD!). Homalium dentrecasteauxense Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 113. 1979. Type: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay District, D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Normanby Island, Sewa Bay, Buderus NGF 24065 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, BRI, K!, L!). Homalium deplanchei (Vieill.) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Blackwellia deplanchei Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 110. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, île Tanlé, 1861–1867, Vieillard 2204 (lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, Blumea 22: 144. 1974, while held at CN]; isolectotypes – BM!, L!, P!).

Homalium dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg., Compt. Rend. 38: 126– 128. 1899. Type: Zaire, District Forestier Central, Bangala, Dewèvre 861 (holotype – BR!; isotypes – BR!, L [fragm.]!). Homalium dewitii Kosterm., Misc. Pap. Landbouwhoogeschool 19: 220–222. 1980. Type: Sri Lanka, Amparai Distr., intermediate zone low altitude, at base of Friars Hood, Nuwaragala For. Res., May, M. Jayasuriya 2099 (holotype – G; isotypes – K×2!, L!, PDA, US!). Homalium dictyoneurum (Hance) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Pierrea dictyoneura Hance, J. Bot. 15: 339. 1877. Type: Vietnam, Prov. de Bien Hoa, Tho Ruà, Pierre 1452 (holotype – not located; isotypes – K!, L,! P). Homalium digynum Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 247–248. 1916. Type: Vietnam, Hué, vallée de la haute rivière de Cu-bi, Eberhardt 2061 (holotype – P; isotype – L!). = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (Lescot, 1970; Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium djalonis A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 165 in clavi, 166. 1927. Type: Guinea, hautes plateaux de Diaguissa, Apr. 1905, Chevalier 12692 (holotype – P!; isotype – K!). = Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium dolichophyllum Gilg in Engler, Pflanzenw. Afr. [Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde vol. 9] 3(2): 579. 1921. Type: Cameroon, Bipinde, 1912, Zenker 4417 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – B [fragm.]!, BM, BR!, E!, HBG!, K!, L!, M!, MO!, S!, WU). = Homalium letestui Pellegr. (Pellegrin, 1953; Sleumer, 1973). This and five other names simultaneously published in Homalium, as well as numerous other names in the publication, have usually been credited to “Gilg ex Engl.” However, Govaerts (pers. comm.) observed that the introduction of the volume says that the treatments of Flacourtiaceae and several other families had utilized work done by Gilg at the Botanical Museum in Dahlem, and Gilg and others are thanked for their “direct or indirect participation” in the production of the book. Under Art. 46.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012; cf. Ex. 7), a clear statement that Gilg “contributed in some way to the publication” means that new names ascribed to Gilg should be attributed to Gilg. Homalium ealaense De Wild., Miss. Em. Laurent 1: 413. 1907. Type: Congo, District Forestier Central, Eala, M. Laurent 81 (lectotype – BR! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 287. 1973]; isolectotype – BR!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973).

Homalium ealaense De Wild. var. nzambi Pellegr., Mém. Soc. Bot. France 33: 118. 1953. Type: Gabon, Nzambi (Ilébé), Le Testu 8285 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BR!, L×2!, LISC!, P!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium eburneum Gilg in Engler, Pflanzenw. Afr. [Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde vol. 9] 3(2): 579. 1921. Type: Cameroon, Molundu, 24 Nov 1910, Mildbraed 3911 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – HBG×2!). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium elegantulum Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 715–716. 1935. Type: Tanzania, Lindi, Lutambasee, Noto Plateau, Mtondolé, 450 m, 9 Mar 1935, Schlieben 6111 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – B×2!, HBG, L [fragm.]!, LISC!). Homalium eleutherostylum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 232. 1919. Type: Brazil, Province of Rio Negro, near Barra, Jul 1851, R. Spruce 1662 (holotype – GH; isotypes – BM!, E!, G, K×2!, M, P, W). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium erianthum (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886. Blackwellia eriantha Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 62–63. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Nosy Be, bords de la rivière Djabal, Feb 1949, Boivin 2125 (lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 257. 1973, as “holotype”]; isolectotypes – BM, G!, L [fragm.]!, P!). Homalium eurypetalum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 234. 1919. Type: Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Laguna de Sierpe, Mar 1892, H. Pittier 6817 (holotype – US!; isotypes – BR, G, L [fragm.]!, US!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium fagifolium (Lindl.) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 35. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia fagifolia Lindl., Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond. 6: 269–271. 1826. Type: Lapa Hills near Macao, imported 1824 by means of Mr. Parks (holotype – not located). = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (Lescot, 1970). This name was superfluous but not illegitimate when published because the protologue also cited Pythagorea cochinchinensis Lour., whose epithet should have been used (cf. Art. 52.3 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). Homalium fagifolium (Lindl.) Benth. var. pseudopaniculatum Yamam., Suppl. Icon. Pl. Form. 3: 42–43. 1927. Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce var. pseudopaniculatum (Yamam.) H.L.Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan: 605, f. 238. 1963. Type: Taiwan, “Prov. Shinchiku,–Nansho” [Hsinchu], 5 Nov 1914, R. Kanehira (holotype – TI). = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (Yang and Zmarzty, 2007).

Homalium fallax Slooten, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. III, 7: 356–359. 1925. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra: Palèmbang, Bajoenglintjir, Forest Experiment Station T780 (isosyntypes – K!, U!); Palèmbang, Lemantang-hilir, Forest Experiment Station T805; Bengkoeloe, Loeboekbindjai, Forest Experiment Station bb2303; Lampoeng, Soewikis, Forest Experiment Station bb2855; Bengkoeloe, Kg. Koerotidoer, Forest Experiment Station bb7354, syntypes (all probably BO). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. (Lescot, 1970). Sleumer labeled Forest Experiment Station T780 (K) as a lectotype but never published the designation; material used by Slooten at BO, if available, would be more appropriate. Homalium fasciculatum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 21. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, May, Scott Elliot 2617 (lectotype – K! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 323. 1973]; isolectotype – PRE!). = Homalium oppositifolium (Tul.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 37. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Ludia foetida Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 508. 1832. Blackwellia foetida Wall. in Delessert, Icon. Sel. Pl. 3: 32, t. 53. 1837. Type: Indonesia, Amboyna [Ambon Island, Maluku Islands], cultivated at Calcutta, Roxburgh (holotype – BM!; isotype – K [000591610]!). This species has sometimes been circumscribed so as to include populations of Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1954). A second sterile specimen at K [000591609], Sir J.E. Smith, was collected from Amboyna in 1819; it is marked “Ludia foetida Roxb.”, though not in Roxburgh’s hand. There is no clear evidence that this specimen is original material. Homalium francii Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 31: 480. 1925. Type: New Caledonia, Mt. Koghi, 200 m, Aug 1906, Franc 507 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BM!, G, HBG×2!, K×2!, L, NY×2!, P×4!, S!, US!, Z). Homalium frutescens (Blume) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Cordylanthus frutescens Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 27–28, t. 3. 1856. Type: [Indonesia, Java, circa Kuripan] (not located). = Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Mor.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). No surviving original material has been located. Homalium fulviflorum Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 310. 1973. Type: Gabon, Billagona, 15 m, 20 Feb 1939, A.P. Thomson 40 (holotype – K!; isotypes – B!, BR!, L [fragm.]!, P!).

Homalium gentilii De Wild., Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 5, 1(1): 46. 1903. Type: Zaire, District du Kasai, vallée de la Djuma, Jul 1902, Gentil (holotype – BR; isotypes – BR×2!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium gillespiei A.C.Sm., Sargentia 1: 59. 1942. Type: Fiji, Viti Levu, Tholo North, Nasukamai near Wainimbuka River, 400 m, 27 Dec 1927, Gillespie 3394.6 (holotype – GH; isotypes – BISH, K!, L [fragm.]!, NY!). = Homalium vitiense Benth. (Smith, 1981). Homalium gilletii De Wild., Miss. Em. Laurent 1: 414–415. 1907. Type: Congo, District du Bas-Congo, Kisantu, 1903, Gillet 3396 (holotype – BR). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium gilletii De Wild. var. sessile De Wild., Miss. Em. Laurent 1: 415. 1907. Type: Zaire, District Forestier Central, Inongo, Mondjo, 1 Aug 1906, Pynaert 309 (holotype – BR!; isotypes – BR!; as “209”, K!, S!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium gitingense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1513–1514. 1912. Type: Philippines, Island of Sibuyan, Prov. Capiz, Magallanes (Mt. Giting-giting), Apr 1910, A.D.E. Elmer 12463a (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – A, K!, L!). Homalium glabrifolium Geddes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 238. 1928. Type: Thailand, Kanburi, Wangka, 200 m, 8 Feb 1926, Kerr 10475 (holotype – K!; isotype – BM!). Homalium gnyenziense Pellegr., Mém. Soc. Bot. France 33: 118. 1953. Type: Gabon, Gnyenzé, entre Mbigou et Lastoursville, Le Testu 8303 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BM, BR!, K×2!, L!, P×2!). = Homalium dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium gossweileri Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 492–493. 1908. Type: Angola, Cazengo, 300–700 m, Gossweiler 586 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – P! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 66. 1995]; isotypes – BM, K, L [fragm.]!). = Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium gracile Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 55. 1898, nom. nov. pro Blackwellia gracilis Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 111–112. 1866, nom. illeg., non Blume. Type: New Caledonia, Wagap, montagne, Vieillard 2205 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BM!, BR!, E!, G, K!, L, P×5!, W). = Homalium rivulare (Vieill.) Briq. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980).

Homalium graciliflorum Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 321. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Sambava, Mandrangotra, 23 Feb 1951, Service Forestier 2788 (holotype – P; isotype – L!). Homalium gracilipes Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 269–270. 1973. Type: Tanzania, Southern Prov., Distr. Songea, Luwira-Kiteza For. Res., 19 Oct 1956, S.R. Semsei 2538 (holotype – K!; isotypes – BR!, EA, FHO, L [fragm.]!). Homalium grandiflorum Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 37. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Malaysia, Malacca, Griffith [Herbarium of the East India Company 219B] (syntypes – K×2 [3?]!; isosyntypes – HBG, K×3 [4?]!, L!, MO!, NY!, P). There are two duplicates of Griffith’s number 219 stamped Herbarium Benthamianum 1854 [K 000591545 and 000591546], which are presumed to be original material with equal standing. Therefore, those specimens are syntypes of which one should be selected as a lectotype. The numerous extant duplicates of which images are available may be suspected of belonging to two different gatherings, or at least two individuals, distinguished by different inflorescence morphologies and stages of development. The only specimen from Bentham’s herbarium that could represent the second of these is labeled “Malacca, Lemann, 1845”, but other duplicates displaying that morphology (including K 000591543) are marked with Griffith’s name. Homalium grandiflorum Benth. var. heptagynum Miq., as “heptagyna”, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 334–335. 1861. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra austr. in prov. Lampong prope Teginennan, 28 Dec, Teijsmann 4458 (holotype – U!). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium grandiflorum var. javanicum (Koord. & Valeton) Sleumer, Fl. Males., ser. 1, 5: 63. 1954. Homalium javanicum Koord. & Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 11. 1899. Type: Indonesia, Java, S.H. Koorders (holotype – BO?). Homalium griffithianum Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40(1): 57. 1871. Type: Burma, Mergui, 1834, Griffith (holotype – K!). = Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Kurz validly published this name by reference to the description of a Blackwellia species described but not named by Griffith (Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 584–585, t. 585, A. f. 10. 1854). Homalium griffithianum Kurz var. cambodianum Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gén. Indoch. 2: 1011–1012. 1921. Type: Cambodia, monts Camchay, près Kampot, Pierre (holotype – P?). = Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970).

Homalium griffithianum Kurz var. glabrum Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gén. Indoch. 2: 1011. 1921. Type: Viet Nam, monts Dinh, près Baria, 1867, Pierre (holotype – P?; isotypes – K [probable, numbered 5199]!, NY×2!). = Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot 1970). Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken, Allg. Naturgesch. 3(2): 810. 1841. Racoubea guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 590–591, t. 236. 1775. Type: French Guiana, sur l’habitation de Madame Gourde, dans le Comté de Gêne, Aublet (holotype – BM). Homalium guillainii (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 51. 1898. Blackwellia guillainii Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 106–107. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Vieillard 22 pro parte, Wagap (holotype – P!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium hainanense Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 248. 1916. Type: China, Hainan, Nov. 1889, Henry 8150 (syntype – P?; isosyntype, K!) and 8765 (syntype – P?; isosyntype, K!). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Lescot, 1970; Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Sleumer labeled Henry 8765 (K) as the lectotype, but did not effectively publish this desigation. Since not all types at P have been databased, it is possible that preferable syntypes used by Gagnepain remain to be located in that herbarium. Homalium hemisystylum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 223, 228. 1919. Type: Puerto Rico, Sierra de Luquillo, 15 Jun 1902, P. Wilson 259 (holotype – US!; isotype – NY!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium henriquesii Gilg in Engler, Pflanzenw. Afr. [Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde, vol. 9] 3(2): 579. 1921. Type: São Tomé, Ponta Furado, Henriques 37 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotype – COI). Homalium hildebrandtii Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Homalium involucratum f. hildebrandtii (Baill.) H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 296. 1940. Antinisa hildebrandtii (Baill.) Hutch., J. Bot. 79: 111. 1941. Type: Madagascar, Vavatobé in montibus Belinta, Hildebrandt 3310 (holotype – P; isotypes – B!, G×2!, GOET, K!, L!, M!, US!). = Homalium involucratum f. hildebrandtii (Baill.) H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium hirsutum Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 29: 262. 1957. Type: New Caledonia, Paagoumène, bord de route, 14 Jun 1956, Foster 187 (holotype – P!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). = Homalium decurrens (Vieill.) Briq. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Homalium hoffmannianum Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886. Type: Madagascar, Nosy Sakatia, Hildebrandt 3357 (holotype – P; isotypes – B [fragm.]!,

BM, G×2!, GOET, K!, L!, M×2!, WU). = Homalium albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm. var. albiflorum (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium hondurense Donn.Sm., Bot. Gaz. 20: 4. 1895. Type: Honduras, Río Permejo near San Pedro Sula, Santa Bárbara, 60 m, Sep 1887, C. Thieme 5227 (syntypes – US×2!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Only one collection is cited in the protologue; since the two known duplicates are both at US and were presumably identically available to the author, they are syntypes of which one should be selected as a lectotype. Homalium hosei Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 98. 1916. Type: Indonesia, Sarawak, Baram Dist., Baram, Dec 1894, C. Hose 409 (holotype – NH, destroyed; isotype – BM!). = Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Mor.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium humbertii H.Perrier, as “humberti”, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 290. 1940. Type: Madagascar, bassin de reception de la Mananara, affluent du Mandrare, [Mont] Vatazo, 900–950 m, Feb 1934, Humbert 14077 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 247. 1973]; isolectotypes – B!, PRE!, TAN!). = Homalium brachystylis (Tul.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium humblotii Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886. Type: Madagascar, Humblot 582 (holotype – P!; isotypes – K×2!, LD!, TAN!, US!, W). = Homalium axillare (Lam.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium hypolasium Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 173–174. 1922. Type: Equatorial Guinea, Bebai, Campogebiet, 21 Aug 1909, Tessmann 485 (syntype – B, destroyed; isosyntypes – K!, L [fragm.]!) and Cameroon, Yaoundé-Dengdeng, Wongo, Mildbraed 8508 (syntype – B, destroyed; isosyntype – K). Sleumer (1973) chose Tessmann 485 (K) as a lectotype but did not effectively designate it as such. Homalium integrifolium (Lam.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886. Blakwellia integrifolia Lam., Encycl. 1(2): 428. 1785. Type: Mauritius, Sonnerat (holotype – “Blacouel à feuilles entières”, P-Lamk!; isotype – BM). Homalium integrifolium Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 354. 1910, nom. illeg., non (Lam.) Baill. Type: Jamaica, E slopes of S end of John Crow Mountains, 10 Mar 1909, Harris & Britton 10741 (holotype – NY!; isotypes – F!, GH, K!, P, PH!, US!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980).

Homalium intercedens Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 300. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Diégo Suarez, plateau calcaire de l’Ankarana, à l’E d’Ambondromihely, 8 Mar 1951, Service Forestier (Capuron) 3047 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BR!, L×3!). Homalium intermedium (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 51. 1898. Blackwellia intermedia Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 109. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Wagap, montagne, Vieillard 2202 (holotype – P!; isotypes – G, K!, L [fragm.]!, P×2!, W). Homalium intermedium Briq. var. ngoyense Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 4: 692. 1932. Type: New Caledonia, rives de la N’Goye, 5 Jan 1930, Franc 2441 (holotype – P!; isotypes – K, L [fragm.]!, P!, US!, W). = Homalium austrocaledonicum Seem. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Homalium involucratum (DC.) O.Hoffm., Sert. Pl. Madagasc.: 18. 1881. Nisa involucrata DC., Prodr. 2: 55. 1825. Antinisa involucrata (DC.) Hutch., J. Bot. 79: 110. 1941. Type: Madagascar, Petit Thouars (holotype – P!; isotypes – BM, P!). In publishing Antinisa involucrata, Hutchinson cited H. involucratum “O. Hoffm. non Nisa involucrata DC.” This could be interpreted as making A. involucrata a new name for (in his view) Hoffmann’s misapplication of Nisa involucrata, whose type was by implication excluded. Hoffmann’s publication included a cryptic reference to Hildebrandt 3310, the holotype of Homalium hildebrandtii Baill. (≡ Homalium involucratum f. hildebrandtii (Baill.) H.Perrier), and Hutchinson might have intended to name the taxon represented by that specimen (superfluously and illegitimately, under Art. 52 of the ICN [McNeill et al., 2012]). However, since Hoffmann’s publication included no reference to a published description other than De Candolle’s (citing Tulasne “ex descr.”), Hutchinson’s binomial would not be validly published as a new taxon. Therefore, if that binomial has any standing, it must be as a combination based on N. involucrata. Homalium involucratum f. cloiselii H.Perrier, as “cloiseli”, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 296. 1940. Type: Madagascar, Fort-Dauphin, Cloisel 179 (holotype – P). = Homalium involucratum f. lucidum (Scott-Elliot) H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium involucratum f. hildebrandtii (Baill.) H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 296. 1940. H. hildebrandtii Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Type: Madagascar, Vavatobé in montibus Belinta, Hildebrandt 3310 (holotype – P; isotypes – B!, G×2!, GOET, K!, L!, M!, US!).

Homalium involucratum f. lucidum (Scott-Elliot) H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 296. 1940. H. involucratum var. lucidum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 23. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort-Dauphin, Scott Elliot 2304 (holotype – K!; isotype – P). Homalium involucratum f. viride H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 296. 1940. Type: Madagascar, Fort-Dauphin, Decary 4246 (as “2446”; holotype – P). = Homalium involucratum f. lucidum (Scott-Elliot) H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium involucratum var. lucidum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 23. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort-Dauphin, Scott Elliot 2304 (holotype – K!; isotype – P). = Homalium involucratum f. lucidum (Scott-Elliot) H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium jainii A.N.Henry & Swamin., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78(3): 570. 1981. Type: India, Tamilnadu, Kanniyakumari, 1000 m, 5 Oct 1980, Henry 68929 (holotype – CAL; isotypes – MH×2). Homalium javanicum Koord. & Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 11. 1899. Type: Indonesia, Java, S.H. Koorders (holotype – BO?). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. var. javanicum (Koord. & Valeton) Sleumer (Sleumer, 1954). Homalium juxtapositum Sleumer, Blumea 22: 146. 1974. Type: New Caledonia, Mt Kaféaté, sur pentes basses, 30–100 m, 30 Mar 1956, MacKee 4224 (holotype – L!; isotype – P!). Homalium kainantense Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 33: 169. 1943. Type: China, Kainanto [Hainan Island], inter Ryosui [Linshui county] et Tokyo [Tengqiao town, Sanya city], 28 Nov 1940, Masamune & Fukuyama 194 (syntypes – TAI×2!). Two duplicates of the type collection exist at the same herbarium; since they were presumably equally available to the author and neither was explicitly cited as a holotype, they are syntypes and one should be designated as a lectotype. Homalium kanaliense (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 53. 1898. Blackwellia kanaliensis Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 112. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, montagnes de Kanala, 1855, Vieillard 21 (holotype – P!; isotypes – P×2!). Homalium kanaliense var. boulindae Sleumer, Blumea 22: 143. 1974. Type: New Caledonia, Mt. Boulinda, 500 m, 9 Dec 1970, Veillon 2235 (holotype – L!; isotype – NOU). Homalium kunstleri King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 20–21. 1898. Type: Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, Perak, 500–800´, Aug 1883, King’s Collector 4286 (syntype – CAL?; isosyntypes – BM!, K!, L!) and Perak, King’s Collector 7109 (syntype –CAL?). As for several other species from this region, Sleumer marked the best available original material, the K duplicate of 4286, as “lectotype” but never

effectively published a typification. Before a type is formally selected, efforts should be made to access duplicates used by King that may have been kept at CAL. Homalium kwangsiense F.C.How & W.C.Ko, Acta Bot. Sin. 8: 35–36, f. 2, t. I(2). 1959. Type: China, Guangxi, Shanchin Hsien, 12 Oct 1935, H.Y. Ling 66820 (holotype – IBSC). Homalium lanceolatum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 23. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, Scott Elliot 3056 (holotype – K!; isotypes – L [fragm.]!, P). = Homalium oppositifolium (Tul.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium laoticum Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 249. 1916. Type: Laos, Prov. de Louang Prabang, de Paklai à Louang Prabang, Thorel 3464 pro parte (holotype – P). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Lescot, 1970; Sleumer, 1985; Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium laoticum Gagnep. var. glabratum C.Y.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 232. 1957. Type: China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 500 m, 2 May 1955, KM Feng 20627 (holotype – PE?). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium lastoursvillense Pellegr., Mém. Soc. Bot. France 33: 119–120. 1953. Type: Gabon, Lastoursville, Moughombefala, Le Testu 8193 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BR!, K, L [fragm.]!, P!). Homalium laurentii De Wild., Miss. Em. Laurent 1: 412. 1907. Type: Zaire, District Forestier Central, route de Basoko à Limbutu, 16 Apr 1906, Laurent 956 (holotype – BR!; isotype – BR!). = Homalium longistylum Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium laurifolium A.C.Sm., Sargentia 1: 59–60. 1942. Type: Fiji, Viti Levu, Tholo West, Naruku, vicinity of Mbelo, near Vatukarasa, ca. 250 m, 18 May 1941, Degener 15307 (holotype – A; isotypes – BISH!, K!, NY!, US!). Homalium laxiflorum (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886. Myriantheia laxiflora Tul., as “Myrianthea”, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 66–67. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Foulpointe, Petit Thouars (lectotype – “P & P-Juss 14412 lectotype” [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 326. 1973]; isolectotype – L [fragm.]!). It is not clear whether Sleumer (1973) was attempting to designate one sheet or two of the Petit Thouars syntype as the lectotype; study of material he labeled at P will determine whether second-stage lectotypification is necessary.

Homalium leiogynum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 228. 1919. Type: Puerto Rico, dry woods at Fajardo, 7 Apr 1899, Heller & Heller 992 (holotype – US!; isotypes – F!, K!, NY!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium leratiorum Guillaumin, as “Le Ratiorum”, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 4: 695. 1932. Type: New Caledonia, Nouméa, Anse Vata, Le Rat 545 (holotype – P!; isotypes – L!, P!). The original orthography of this epithet must be corrected either by uniting or by hyphenating the two parts of the name (cf. Art. 23.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). Both options have been utilized by previous authors. As Rec. 60C.5 of the ICN advises that a prefix of a personal name consisting of an article should be united to the name rather than hyphenated, that choice is preferred here. Homalium letestui Pellegr., as “Le Testui”, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27: 193. 1921. Type: Gabon, Tchibanga, Le Testu 1118 (lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 294. 1973]; isolectotypes – L!, P×2!). As for Homalium leratiorum Guillaumin, above, the orthography of the epithet must be corrected either by uniting the prefix to the surname or by inserting a hyphen. Both options have been used in prior literature; the form favored here is that recommended by Rec. 60C.5 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). Homalium leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 576. 1886. Nisa leucophloea Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 72–73. 1877. Type: Madagascar, Imerina, Goudot (holotype – G!; isotype – P). = Homalium albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm. var. leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill. ex H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium loheri Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 3: 245–246. 1908. Type: Philippines, Luzon, Bosoboso, Loher 2210 (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – L [fragm.]!, M!). Homalium longiflorum Benth. ex Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2: 633 in clav. 1912, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Blackwellia longiflora Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 715. 1856, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Cordylanthus frutescens Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 27–28, t. 3. 1856 (≡ Homalium frutescens (Blume) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893). Type: [Indonesia, Java, circa Kuripan] (not located). = Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Mor.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium longiflorum surely derived its epithet from B. longiflora, but the protologue did not cite that name, instead citing synonyms including “H. caryophyllaceum Zoll. u. Mor.,” whose basionym supplies the oldest epithet involved. Under Art. 41.4 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), given the specific circumstances, H. longiflorum could be

presumed to have been based on B. longiflora. However, if H. longiflorum is treated as a replacement name for B. longiflora having the same type (Art. 58.1), it is then illegitimate because the type of C. frutescens, of which B. longiflora was an illegitimate replacement name, was not explicitly excluded (Art. 58 Note 1). If Art. 41.4 were not applied and H. longiflorum were treated as a new taxon with a different type, it would then be an illegitimate replacement name for H. caryophyllaceum (Art. 52.2). Homalium longifolium Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 35. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Malaysia, Penang, 1824, Phillips (syntype – K!) and ‘Blackwellia spiralis’ from Calcutta Garden, Wallich 4897A pro parte (syntype – K [000591497]!). Wallich 4897A is of mixed identity; Sleumer identified the duplicate in Hooker’s herbarium at K, the type of Blackwellia spiralis Wall., as H. tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. and the putative duplicate in Bentham’s herbarium as H. foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Bentham’s duplicate, which has been databased as 4892A through misreading of the number, was not labeled in Wallich’s hand and its provenance may be questionable.) Sleumer labeled Phillips’ specimen from Bentham’s herbarium as the lectotype of H. longifolium, which is surely to be preferred as it is the only syntype compatible with the customary application of the name, but as for other Malaysian species, he did not effectively publish the typification. Lectotypification will be necessary to stabilize the application of the name. Homalium longistaminum H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 287. 1940. Type: Madagascar, env. d’Isomono, vallée de la Manambolo, bassin du Mandrare, Humbert 12914 (holotype – P; iso – L [fragm.]!). Homalium longistylum Mast. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 497. 1871. Type: Gabon, Corisco Isl., Mann 1855 (holotype – K!; isotypes – L [fragm.]!, P!). Homalium louvelianum H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 292. 1940. Type: Madagascar, Brickaville, Tampina, Louvel 87 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 296. 1973]). Homalium lucidum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 24. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, Scott Elliot 2661 (holotype – K!; isotype – P). Homalium lundense Cavaco, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 29: 512. 1958. Type: Angola, Dundo [rio Dundundu?], pr. rio Luachimo, 700 m, 21 Oct 1946, Gossweiler 13731 (holotype – P!; isotypes – B×2, BM, K, LUA, US!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973).

Homalium luzoniense Fern.-Vill., Nov. App.: 94. 1880. Type: Philippines, Luzon: Bulacan Prov, Angat, S. Vidal y Soler 2903? (isosyntype – MA!). = Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954). Syntypes at PNH were destroyed by fire. Duplicates of several S. Vidal y Soler collections at MA, some questionably labeled, are putative original material, but those that are not mentioned in the protologue are not isosyntypes and may not be chosen as lectotypes over a surviving isosyntype. The protologue gives the species’ distribution only as “Hab. Tayabas et Angat (Luzon).” None of the known surviving specimens have label data mentioning Tayabas or any nearby locality, and only one, which is likely to be the obligatory lectotype, is from Angat. Homalium macranthum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 496. 1908. Type: Mozambique, Niassa, Rovuma R. opposite Mt Lssenga, Busse 1049 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – EA; photo, K ex EA). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973; Killick, 1976). Homalium macropterum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 489. 1908. Type: Cameroon, Kribi, Bipinde, Sakué, Zenker 2318 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – P! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 64. 1995]; isotypes – B [fragm.]!, BM, BR!, E!, HBG!, K!, L!, M!, P!, S!, WAG!, WU, Z). = Homalium longistylum Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium maneauense Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 115–117. 1979. Type: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay District, Maneau Range, N slopes of Mt Dayman, 900 m, Jul 1953, Brass 23613 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, K!, L!, US!). Homalium maringitra H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.13: 298. 1940. Type: Madagascar, forêt d’Analamazaotra, 800 m, Jan, Perrier de la Bâthie 6725 (lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 319. 1973]; isolectotypes – BM, K!, P!, PRE!, S!, TAN!, US!). Homalium mathieuanum (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 51. 1898. Blackwellia mathieuana Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 108. Type: New Caledonia, Yenghébane [ad colles prope Koumae, 1861–67], Vieillard 2206 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Blumea 22: 146. 1974, while held at CN]; isolectotypes – L!, P). Homalium mattogrossense Malme, Ark. Bot. 23A(4): 20. 1930. Type: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuyabá, Malme II 2639 (holotype – S; isotypes – F!, LD!, LIL, R). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980).

Homalium micranthum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm., Sert. Pl. Madagasc.: 18. 1881. Blackwellia micrantha Boivin ex Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 63–64. 1857. Type: Madagascar, N.-O., 1841, Pervillé 389 (holotype – P; isotypes – K×2!). Tulasne (1857) cited both Pervillé 389 and Boivin 2125 in publishing B. micrantha Boivin ex Tul., but simultaneously published B. eriantha Tul. with Boivin 2125 as the only cited specimen. If Tulasne had cited the genuine Boivin 2125 in both protologues, B. micrantha would be an illegitimate superfluous name for B. eriantha under Art. 52.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). However, Perrier de la Bâthie (1940: 288) described the type of H.

micranthum as “Pervillé 389 (comm. par BERNIER à BOIVIN sous No. 2125)”, and Perrier de la Bâthie (1946) and Sleumer (1973) both listed the type as Perville 389 in Herb. Boivin 2125. It appears that only the P duplicate of Pervillé 389 was incorrectly associated with Boivin 2125 due to careless labeling (the isotypes of Pervillé 389 at K bear no mention of Boivin’s number, which was collected eight years later, nor his herbarium). It may be assumed that it was that erroneous use of Boivin’s number, not the true Boivin 2125, that Tulasne intended to cite under H. micranthum. The two species involved look quite different and would be unlikely to have been otherwise conflated. Pervillé 389 is therefore the only actual collection cited for H. micranthum, and the P duplicate is best treated as the holotype (as was done by Sleumer [1973]). Homalium microphyllum O.Hoffm., Sert. Pl. Madagasc.: 18. 1881. Type: Madagascar, Vavatobé [Ambavatoby], Feb 1880, Hildebrandt 3329 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – B!, BM, G×3!, GOET!, K!, L!, M!, P, TAN!, WU!). Homalium microphyllum O.Hoffm. var. delphinense H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 289. 1940. Type: Madagascar: Fort-Dauphin, Scott-Elliot 3041 (syntype – P!; isosyntype – K!), Decary 10864 (syntype – P; isosyntypes – PRE!, S!, TAN!) and 10912 (syntype – P!; isosyntypes – G!, L!), Cloisel 180 (syntype – P) and 199 (syntype – P!; isosyntype – L [fragm.]!), and Mt. Vohibara, vallée moyenne du Mandrare, Humbert 12626 (syntype – P!). = Homalium axillare (Lam.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Perrier listed six syntypes; Sleumer annotated Cloisel 199 (P) as lectotype but failed to indicate this choice in print (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium minahassae Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19: 624. 1898. Type: Indonesia, Celebes, Minahasa, bij Kajoewatoe, 50 m, 28 Jan 1895, Koorders 19455β (isosyntype – L!) and Java, Teijsmann (syntype – not located). The only readily located duplicate of

either syntype, though fully labeled by Koorders, includes rather limited material; it may be hoped that superior specimens used by Koorders can be located at BO. Homalium minutiflorum Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41(4): 308. 1872. Type: Burma, Martaban [Mottama], W.G. Smith (holotype – CAL; isotype – K [fragm.]!). = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. subsp. minutiflorum (Kurz) Mitra (Mitra, 1993). Homalium mituense Cuatrec., Trop. Woods 101: 19. 1955. Type: Colombia, Vaupés, orilla de rio Vaupés, entre Mitú y Mirití, Cuatrecasas 6908 (holotype – US!; isotypes – BC!, COL!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium molle Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 100–101. 1905. Type: Sierra Leone, Bagroo R., 1861, Mann 881 (lectotype – K! [designated by Pellegrin, Mém. Soc. Bot. France 33: 119. 1953]; isolectotypes – K!, P!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium molle Stapf var. rhodesicum R.E.Fr., Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesien-Kongo- Exp. 1: 156. 1914. Type: Zambia, Kunkuta, Fries 1180 (holotype – UPS). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium mollicellum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 226–227. 1919. Type: Mexico, Coquillo, Guerrero, 3 May 1903, E.W. Nelson 7034 (holotype – US!; isotypes – GH, L [fragm.]!). = Homalium senarium Moç. & Sessé ex DC., if that species is recognized (Sleumer, 1980; Nee, 1999), or Homalium racemosum Jacq. (McVaugh, 2001). Homalium mollissimum Merr., Lingnan Sci. J. 14: 39–40. 1935. Type: China, Haïnan, Fung Sheung Ts’uen, Ngai district, 21–24 Aug 1932, S.K. Lau 433 (holotype – NY!; isotypes – BM!, K!, L [fragm.]!, LU, MICH!, US×2!). Homalium moniliforme H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 291. 1940. Type: Madagascar, Farafangana, Vondrozo, Decary 5469 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 308. 1973]; isolectotypes – K!, L [fragm.]!). Homalium montanum (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 54. 1898. Blackwellia montana Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 110–111. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Vieillard 23 (syntypes and isosyntypes – Balade 1855–60, BR!, P×2!; Bogota près Kanala 1861–67, BM!, E!, P×4!; Baie Duperrey 1861–67, P!). = Homalium austrocaledonicum Seem. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). The publication of B. montana cited only Vieillard 23 and mentioned only the locality of Wagap. However, collections from three distinct localities were distributed as Vieillard 23. No

effective selection of a lectotype has been made. Lescot (1980) referred to the collections enumerated above as 23, 23 bis, and 23 ter respectively in his list of material studied, but his statement elsewhere in his treatment that the “holotype” was at P and “isotypes” at a list of herbaria including BM does not provide clear evidence of selection of either the Balade or Kanala collection. Homalium mossambicense Paiva, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 40: 266. 1966. Type: Mozambique, Niassa, Cabo Delgado, junto da estrada Mocimboa da Praia-Palma, 15 km ao sul de Palma, 11°00´S 40°10´E, 5 Nov 1960, Gomes e Sousa 4603 (holotype – COI!; isotypes – EA, K!, L [fragm.]!, LISC!, LMA, PRE!). = Homalium longistylum Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium moto H.St.John, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 69: 36, 38–39. 1977. Type: French Polynesia, Marquesas Islands, Tahuata, Hanatuuna, 50 m, 19 Jul 1930, Pacific Entomological Survey 602 (holotype – BISH!). Homalium moultonii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 97. 1916. Type: Indonesia, Sarawak, near the foot of Mt. Santubong, Feb–Jun 1914, ‘Native collector 2376 (Bur. Sci.)’ (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – A, K×2!). Homalium mouo H.St.John, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 69: 39–41. 1977. Type: French Polynesia, Tuamotu, Makatea, 14 Sep 1932, G.P. Wilder 1104 (holotype – BISH!; isotypes – K!, UC). Homalium multiflorum Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 35–36. 1918. Type: Philippines, Luzon, Benguet Subprovince, Pakdal, 11 Mar 1916, For. Bur. 25155 Garcia (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – K!, L [fragm.]!, US!). Homalium myriandrum Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 10: 427. 1924. Type: Viet Nam, prov. de Ninh Binh, Cho Ganh, Jun 1923, Pételot 960 (holotype – UC!; isotypes – A, NY×3!, P). Homalium myrianthum Gilg in Engler, Pflanzenw. Afr. [Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde, vol. 9] 3(2): 579. 1921, nom illeg., non Baker. Type: Cameroon, Molundu, Mundung des Bange in den Bumba, Mildbraed 4480 (lectotype – P [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 72. 1995]; isolectotypes – HBG×2!). = Homalium dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium myrianthum Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896: 23. 1896. Type: British North Borneo, Lilam, Apr 1895, Governor Creagh (holotype – K!). = Homalium panayanum Fern.-Vill. (Sleumer, 1954).

Homalium myrtifolium Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 258–259. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Fénérive Est, Vavatenina, 20 Jan 1957, Réserves Naturelles 8879 (holotype – P!; isotypes – L!, TAN!). Homalium napimoga Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16, 4(2): 210. 1827, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Napimoga guianensis Aubl. Type: French Guiana, riviere de Sinémari, Aublet (holotype – destroyed?). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980; Funk et al., 2007). Homalium napaulense (DC.) Benth., as “nepalense”, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia napaulensis DC., Prodr. 2: 54. 1825. Type: Nepal, 1821, Wallich (syntypes – G-DC×2; isosyntypes [most numbered 4900] – K×2!, M×2!, NY). A doubtful possible isosyntype also exists at HBG. One of the two duplicates in De Candolle’s herbarium should be selected as a lectotype. Homalium neurophyllum Hoyle, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 265. 1932. Type: Ghana, Ofinso, 250 m, Vigne 1182 (holotype – FHO; isotypes – GC!, K×2!, L [fragm.]!). = Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium nicaraguense S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 225. 1919. Type: Nicaragua, vicinity of San Juan del Norte (Greytown), at B. J. Camp, 18 Feb 1896, C.L. Smith 3 (holotype – US!; isotypes – F×2!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium nitens Turrill, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 43: 23. 1915. Type: Fiji, Nandarivatu, along the road to Ba, 6 Mar 1906, im Thurn 132 (holotype – K!; isotypes – BM!, K!, L!, NY!). Homalium nobile Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1889. Type: Madagascar, Nosy Varika, Befotaka, Passimbal [Ampasimbola], Humblot 33 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 325. 1973]; isolectotype – W). Homalium novoguineense Slooten, Bijdr. Combret. Flacourt. Ned.-Ind.: 109. 1919. Type: West New Guinea, Tenem River, Gjellerup 803 (holotype – U). = Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Craven, 1979). Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1889. Nisa nudiflora DC., Prodr. 2: 55. 1825. Type: Madagascar, Petit Thouars (holotype – P!; isotype – P!). Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. var. ciliolatum Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 299. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Ifanadiana, forêt d’Ambohimiera, 20 Aug 1954, Service Forestier 14566 (holotype – P!; isotype – L!). Homalium oblongifolium Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 326–327. 1915. Type: Philippines, Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, Talisay, 30 m, 18 Jun 1912, For. Bur. 13781

Foxworthy et al. (holotype – PNH, destroyed). No surviving original material has been identified. Homalium obovale Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 334. 1861. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra austr. in prov. Lampong prope Siring-kebau, Teijsmann 4500 (holotype – U!; isotype – K!). = Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Mor.) Benth. (Lescot, 1970). The apparent holotypes of this and two other names published by Miquel, stated in print to have been collected by Teijsmann, bear similar labels, with numbers but no collector name; a likely isotype at K is labeled with Teijsmann’s name but no number. Homalium obovatum Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 27: 37–38. 1925. Type: Philippines, Luzon, Rizal Province, Guinuisan, Sep 1913, Loher 14752 (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – BM!, M!, UC!). = Homalium panayanum Fern.-Vill. (Sleumer, 1954). Homalium obtusatum Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(2): 465–466. 1858. Type: Cuba, Santiago, 3000´, Sep 1844, Linden 2122 (holotype – KW!; isotypes – BM!, BR, FI-Webb, G, K!, NY). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium ogoouense Pellegr., Mém. Soc. Bot. France 33: 119. 1953. Type: Gabon, Lastoursville, fl., Le Testu 7900 (lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 281. 1973]; isolectotypes – BR!, K!, L!, LISC!, P!). Sleumer (1973) recognized this species but suggested that it might be merely a form of Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel. Pellegrin (1953: 119) attempted to designate Le Testu 7900 as the type, but simultaneously described Le Testu 7039 as the “type pour les fruits,” making the two specimens syntypes. Sleumer (1973), in referring to the former specimen as the “holotype,” effectively designated it as the lectotype (a misused term for a type being a correctable error under Art. 9.9 of the ICN [McNeill et al., 2012]). Homalium oppositifolium (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1889. Myriantheia oppositifolia Tul., as “Myrianthea”, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 65–66. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Foulpointe, Petit Thouars (holotype – P). Homalium oubanguiense Tisser., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 102: 346–347. 1956 [1955 publ. 1956]. Type: Central African Republic, Boukoko (Mbaiki), 29 Feb 1952, Tisserant 2389 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BR!, L!, P!). Homalium pachyphyllum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 276–278. 1918. Type: Papua New Guinea, Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, Peso, 20 Aug 1909, Schlechter 19979 (syntype – B, destroyed; isosyntype – K!) and Malu, Sepik, January, Ledermann 10631 (syntype – B, destroyed). = Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Craven, 1979).

Homalium paitense Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 4: 692. 1932. Type: New Caledonia, Paita, Mt. Mou, ravin boisé, 280 m, Jun, Franc 2451 (holotype – P!; isotypes – B, BISH, E!, HBG!, K, L, P×3!, SING, US!, W, Z). = Homalium francii Guillaumin (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Homalium palawanense Regalado, Soejarto & Madulid, Edinburgh J. Bot. 57(3): 317–319. 2000. Type: Philippines, Palawan, Brooke’s Point, Barangay Macagua, Mt. Mantalingajan, Sandurapi Peak, 1150 m, 4 Mar 1995, Soejarto et al. 8790 (holotype – PNH; isotypes – A, E!, F, L, US). Homalium pallidum A.C.Sm., Sargentia 1: 60. 1942. Type: Fiji, Fulanga, 26 Feb 1934, Smith 1221 (holotype – NY!; isotypes – BISH!, GH, K!, L [fragm.]!, S!, US!, WIS×2!). Homalium panayanum Fern.-Vill., Nov. App.: 94. 1880. Type: Philippines, insula Pan-ay, Ilo- ilo, Jun 1878, F. Gutierrez (syntype – probably PNH, destroyed; isosyntype – MA!). The protologue of H. panayanum cited “H. grandiflorum Náves (non Benth.)” in synonymy, referring to Náves’ misapplication of Bentham’s name (see below, under designations not validly published) and stating that the plant portrayed was not Bentham’s species. Original material for H. panayanum therefore includes both the cited plate and a cited specimen, of which at least one duplicate survives; the latter must be preferred as a lectoype. Homalium paniculatum O.Hoffm., Sert. Pl. Madagasc.: 18. 1881, nom. illeg., non (Lam.) Benth. Type: Madagascar, in insula Sakatia prope Nossibé, Hildebrandt 3361 and 3361a (syntypes – presumably B, destroyed). = Homalium erianthum (Tul.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973). No original material is known to survive; since the name is illegitimate, there is no urgent need for neotypification. Homalium paniculatum (Lam.) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blakwellia paniculata Lam., Encycl. 1: 428. 1785. Type: Réunion, Des Hauts de St. Paul et du Quartier de St. Louis, Commerson (holotype – P!; isotypes – Fl-Webb, L!). Homalium paniculiflorum F.C.How & W.C.Ko, Acta Bot. Sin. 8: 36–37, f. 3, t. II(1). 1959. Type: China, Hainan, Yai Hsien, Tapaokang, 11 Jul 1933, C. Wang 33052 (holotype – IBSC; isotype – A). Homalium parkeri Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 150. 1883. Type: Madagascar, Andrangolaoka, Parker (lectotype – K! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 309. 1973]).

Homalium parvifolium Hook.f. ex Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 37. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Indonesia, Borneo, Lobb (holotype – K!). = Homalium grandiflorum Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). Homalium pedicellatum Spruce ex Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 36. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Type: Brazil, southern shore of the Rio Negro to its junction with the Solimoes [or prope Barra (= Manaus)], May 1851, Spruce 1489 (lectotype – G [designated by Blake, Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 231–232. 1919]; isolectotypes – B!, BM!, E!, F!, FI-Webb, G, GH, GOET, K×2!, L [fragm.]!, LD!, M!, NY!, P, RB!, TCD!, W). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium peninsulare Sleumer, Blumea 30: 221. 1985. Type: Thailand, Peninsular, Surat Thani on top of Khao Phra Rahu, limestone ridge at km 44 of the road from Sarat to Takuapa, 300 m, 22 Sep 1963, T. Smitinand & H. Sleumer 1228 (holotype – L; isotypes – A, BK, BO, C, G, K!, P, SING). Homalium perrieri Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 257–258. 1973, nom. nov. pro H. buxifolium H.Perrier, 1940, non Däniker, 1933. Type: Madagascar, base du massif du Manongarivo, versant du Sambirano, 500 m, Perrier de la Bâthie 4620 (holotype – P; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium petelotii Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 377. 1940. Type: Viet Nam, Tonkin, Vinh Yen Prov., massif de Tam Dao, 900 m, shrubby savannas, Oct 1936, Pételot 5983 (holotype – A; isotypes – K!, L [fragm.]!, NY!, US!). *Homalium phanerophlebium F.C.How & W.C.Ko, Acta Bot. Sin. 8: 44–46, t. IV. 1959. Type: China, Hainan, Tungfang Hsien, Chinfang Ling, 18 Dec 1957, C.H. Liu 90743 (holotype – IBSC). Lescot (1970) treats this name as a synonym of Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce, but Yang and Zmarzty (2007) recognize it as a separate species. Homalium phanerophlebium F.C.How & W.C.Ko var. obovatifolium S.S.Lai, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14(3): 222–223. 1994. Type: China, Hainan, Ledong, Taohuaicun, Taohuailing, 5 Jul 1936, Liu Xin Qi 27414 (holotype – IBSC). = Homalium phanerophlebium F.C.How & W.C.Ko (Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). Homalium pittieri S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 230. 1919. Type: Venezuela, Lower Catuche wood above Caracas, 1000–1200 m, Sep 1917, Pittier 7390 (holotype – US!; isotype – GH). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980).

Homalium planiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886. Blackwellia planiflora Boivin ex Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 64. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Ile Ste-Marie, Boivin 1847 (lectotype – P! [designated (as “1848”) by Perrier de la Bâthie, Fl. Madag. 140: 92. 1946]; isolectotypes – G!, P×2!). The publication of B. planiflora cited two syntypes, Richard 297 and Boivin 1847. Richard 297 (L) is the holotype of B. gracilis Blume, whose 1856 protologue cited material numbered 297 that had been sent from Paris, thereby explicitly identifying the L duplicate as the only material used. If that exact specimen had been cited in the protologue of B. planiflora, it would be an illegitimate replacement name for B. gracilis Blume under Art. 52.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), and H. planiflorum would also be an illegitimate superfluous name under Art. 58 Note 1, leaving this taxon with no legitimate name. However, one can reasonably presume that Boivin (via Tulasne) intended to cite only the P duplicates of Richard 297 that were actually available to them, and not the duplicate that had been distributed to L. Perrier de la Bâthie (1946) first specified Boivin 1847 (as “1848”, perhaps because that date appears on the label of one duplicate) to be the “type” of H. planiflorum, but he did not explicitly select among the three duplicates at P; the specimen barcoded 00375179 appears to be the best and best-labeled specimen, but second-stage lectotypification is deferred pending planned study of material at P. Homalium platyphyllum Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 36. 1918. Type: Philippines, Leyte, Tigbao, near Tacloban, 8 Aug 1915, C.A. Wenzel 1525 (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – A, BM!, L [fragm.]). = Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954). Homalium platypleurum Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 173. 1922. Type: Cameroon, Etun, Mildbraed 7989 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – K! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 67. 1995]). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium pleiandrum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 227. 1919. Type: Puerto Rico, pastures near Rio Piedras, 30 Mar 1899, Heller & Heller 957 (holotype – US!; isotypes – F!, K!, NY!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium polillense Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 27: 38. 1925. Type: Philippines, Polillo, May 1908, Loher 14535 (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – A, M!, UC!). = Homalium samarense Merr. (Sleumer, 1954).

Homalium polyandrum Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Type: New Caledonia, Yenghébane, Deplanche 319 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – G, K, L [fragm.]!, P×2!, W). = Homalium mathieuanum (Vieill.) Briq. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). A third putative isotype at P [00648827] is perhaps questionable; it bears a Vieillard rather than a Deplanche label, though it is labeled in the same hand, and is numbered both “319 Depl.” and “2206”. Homalium polystachyum (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 54. 1898. Blackwellia polystachya Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 107–108. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Wagap, forêts montagneuses, 1861–67, Vieillard 2203 (holotype – P!; isotypes – A, BM!, BR!, E!, G, K!, L, P×4!, W, Z). Homalium pronyense Guillaumin, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat, sér. 2, 4: 693. 1932. Type: New Caledonia, Prony, Oct. 1913, Franc 1657 [series A] (holotype – P!; isotypes – G, HBG!, K, L!, P×2!, Z). = Homalium guillainii (Vieill.) Briq. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Homalium propinquum C.B.Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 597. 1879, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Blackwellia spiralis Wall. Type: Burma, Pegu [cultivated at Hort. Calc.] , Wallich 4897A pro parte (holotype – K [000591533]!). = Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. (by implication: Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). The protologue cited “B. propinqua”, Wall. Cat. 4898, and B. spiralis Wall., Wall. Cat. 4897A, plus H. longifolium Benth. “in part”, the latter two presumably referring to the putative duplicate in Bentham’s herbarium of Wallich 4897A, discussed above under H. longifolium, which was seen by Clarke and labeled H. propinquum. Since “Blackwellia propinqua” was not validly published and the legitimate name B. spiralis was cited without qualification, the epithet of the latter name should have been used, making H. propinquum superfluous and illegitimate under Art. 52 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). Sleumer (1954) treated H. propinquum as a synonym of H. foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. based on his determination of the apparent type material he had seen. However, under the ICN, the actual type of H. propinquum must be the type of B. spiralis, i.e., Wallich 4897A in Hooker’s herbarium, which pertains to a different species. Homalium protectum Sleumer, Blumea 30(2): 221–222. 1985. Type: Thailand, Khao Khieo, 1300 m, 29 Aug 1963, T. Smitinand & H. Sleumer 8336 (holotype – L!; isotypes – A, BKF, K!).

Homalium puberulum Klotzsch ex Eichler, Fl. Bras. 13(1): 507. 1871. Type: British Guiana, banks of the River Sururu, Schomburgk 883 [= Distr. 1463] (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – BM×2!, G, K!, P, W). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980; Funk et al., 2007). Homalium pulchrum Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43(3-4): 320–321. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Farafangana, Ihorombe, forêt de Manombo, 10 Jan 1955, Service Forestier 12931 (holotype – P!; isotype – L!). Homalium racemosum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl.: 5, 24. 1760. Type: Martinique, mouth of the river Capot, Jacquin (holotype – apparently not preserved). The species was first validly published through the provision of a meager descriptio generico-specifica, and no information on original material was given. In a later reference (Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist.: 170, t. 183, f. 72. 1763), Jacquin specified the origin of the material he used in preparing a description of the species. Since no duplicate of this collection is known to survive, neotypification will presumably be necessary if no prior neotypification can be found. Homalium racemosum Jacq. subsp. barbellatum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 229. 1919. Type: Jamaica, Hope River Valley, 27 Sep 1907, Harris 9981 (holotype – US!; isotypes – BM, C, F, K!, NY!, P, US!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium racoubea Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ: 86. 1788, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Racoubea guianensis Aubl. ≡ Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken. Type: French Guiana, sur l’habitation de Madame Gourde, dans le Comté de Gêne, Aublet (holotype – BM). Homalium ramosii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 14: 423. 1919. Type: Philippines, Luzon, b/w Bangui and Claveria, ca 450 m, 12 Aug 1918, Bur. Sci. 32985 Ramos (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – A, BM!, K!, L [fragm.]!, US!). Homalium reductum Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 117–119. 1979. Type: Papua, Western District, Morehead River c. 12 km inland at longitude 141°30´ E, Pullen 7045 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, BRI). Homalium retivenium Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 264–265. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Maroantsetra, env. de Navana, forêt sublittorale, Jan 1954, Service Forestier (Capuron) 8884 (holotype – P!; isotypes – G!, L!, TEF!).

Homalium rhodesicum Dunkley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934: 182. 1934. Type: Zambia, Lusaka, Kafue, Nov 1931, J.D. Martin 66 (holotype – K!; isotype – FHO). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973; Killick, 1976). Homalium riparium Standl., Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 74. 1935, nom. illeg, non Gilg. Type: Belize, Rio Grande, river bank, 10 m, 16 Jul 1933, W.A. Schipp 1182 (holotype – F!; isotypes – A, BM×2!, BRH, F, G, GH, K!, L!, LL!, MA!, MICH!, MO!, NY!, US!, Z). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium riparium Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 494. 1908. Type: Tanzania, Usagara, am Ruvu, Stuhlmann 8938 and 9004; Mozambique, Namuli, Makua, 1887, Last (syntypes – all B, destroyed) = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). No original material is known to survive. Homalium rivulare (Vieill.) Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 54. 1898. Blackwellia rivularis Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 111. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Wagap, Vieillard 2191 (holotype – P!; isotypes – A, BM!, L!, P×7!). Homalium rubiginosum (Vieill.) Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893. Blackwellia rubiginosa Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10: 108–109. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, Wagap, Vieillard 2076 (holotype – P!; isotypes – A, BM×2!, BR!, G, K×3!, L, P, W). Homalium rubriflorum Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 302. 1973. Type: Madagascar, Toamasina, forêt d’Analamazaotra, 9 Mar 1954, Service Forestier 8365 (holotype – P!; isotypes – L!, PRE!, TEF!). Homalium rubrocostatum Sleumer, Blumea 22: 144. 1974. Type: New Caledonia, hte. Népoui, Oua Péoué, contrefort S du Kopéto, maquis sur terrain serpentineux, 600 m, 25 Mar 1969, MacKee 20377 (holotype – P!; isotypes – L!, P×2!). Homalium rufescens Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia rufescens (Benth.) Harv., Fl. Cap. 1: 72. 1860. Type: South Africa, Cape, Alexandria, “Enon” [= Kirkwood], Drège (lectotype – K! [designated by Killick, Fl. Southern Afr. 22: 75. 1976]; isolectotypes – BM, G×3!, HBG!, K!, L, P×3!, S×2!, SAM!, TDC). As best as can be determined, H. rufescens is the earliest validly published name for this taxon. The publication of B. rufescens did not directly cite H. rufescens, but under Art. 41.4 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012), it should be treated as a new combination based on that name.

Homalium sabiifolium F.C.How & W.C.Ko, as “sabiaefolium”, Acta Bot. Sin. 8: 43–44, t. III(2). 1959. Type: China, Guangxi, Lungching Hsien, Paishan Tsum, 500 m, 14 Oct 1957, S.H. Chun 13646 (holotype – IBSC). Homalium samarense Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 199–200. 1916. Type: Philippines, Samar, Catubig River, 13 Feb 1916, Bur. Sci. 24188 Ramos (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotypes – A, BM!, K!, NY!, US!). Homalium sanguineum (Boivin ex Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886. Nisa sanguinea Boivin ex Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 70–71. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Ile Ste-Marie, près de Tanambao, 1846, Boivin (holotype – P; isotypes – BM, G×2!, L!, W). Homalium sarcopetalum Pierre, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris, sér. 2, 1: 119. 1899. Type: Gabon, Libreville, 13 Oct. 1895, Klaine 337 (cited as “367”; lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 286. 1973]; isolectotypes – BM, BR, L [fragm.]!, P!). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium schippii Standl., Trop. Woods 52: 27. 1937, nom. nov. pro Homalium riparium Standl., nom. illeg., non Gilg. Type: Belize, Rio Grande, river bank, 10 m, 16 Jul 1933, W.A. Schipp 1182 (holotype – F!; isotypes – A, BM×2!, BRH, F, G, GH, K!, L!, LL!, MA!, MICH!, MO!, NY!, US!, Z). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium schlichii Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 532. 1877. Type: Bangladesh, Chittagong, Schlich (holotype – K!). Homalium scleroxylon (Tul.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886. Nisa scleroxylon Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 69–70. 1857. Type: Madagasar, Ile Ste-Marie, Bernier 173 (lectotype – P! [designated by Sleumer, as “holotype,” Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 299. 1973]; isolectotypes – K×2!, L×3!, P×2!, TAN!). = Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. var. nudiflorum (Sleumer, 1973). Contrary to Sleumer’s statement, the designated type is not a holotype; the protologue of N. scleroxylon also cited Galdich 296, of which no surviving material has been located. Sleumer erroneously labeled all three sheets at P as “holotypes”; a second-stage lectotypification will be necessary. In a case similar to that of B. planiflorum Boivin ex Tul. (see H. planiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) Baill., above, for a full discussion), duplicates of one of the cited syntypes of N. scleroxylon Tul., in this case the eventual lectotype, supplied the sole original material of an older name, Nisa retusa Blume (see below). Again, Tulasne could well be presumed to have cited only the material available to him at P

and not the three syntypes at L that Blume specified to be the only material used. Further, the protologue of N. retusa actually cited neither name nor collection number, only describing the material as “Nomine Asteropeia et Mourangia Touditsch ex Herb. Mus. Paris. mecum benevole communicata.” Nisa scleroxylon can be presumed to be legitimately published, and since the later-designated types of the two basionyms involved are not the same specimen, the names are not technically homotypic. Homalium senarium Moç. & Sessé ex DC., Prodr. 2: 54. 1825. Type: [icon] Sessé & Moçiño, Icones Florae Mexicanae, ‘Homalium senarium’ (holotype – Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation 6331.1498!). This species is recognized by most authorities (Sleumer, 1980; Nee, 1999) but has also been lumped into H. racemosum Jacq. (McVaugh, 2001), to which it is quite similar except for stamen number. There has been some confusion regarding typification of this name. De Candolle published multiple names for Mexican species using only Sessé and Moçiño’s original illustrations, which he had received on loan. As the only original material for the name, the corresponding original illustration must be the holotype. A tracing of that illustration was reproduced in small numbers in A. DC., Calques Fl. Mexique, 1: t. 293. 1874; however, the tracings are far inferior to and less informative than the original art and cannot be considered equivalent to it. Designation of an epitype should be considered, as some useful characters are not adequately depicted in the figure. Homalium serratum Guillaumin, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, Ser. Bot. 15: 73. 1964. Type: New Caledonia, route de Tiébaghi-Néhoué, 16 May 1951, Guillaumin 13359 (holotype – P!; isotypes – L [fragm.]!, Z). Homalium serrifolium Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 174–175. 1922. Type: Cameroon, 40 km NE Yaounde, zwischen Bessala Mogu und Enege, Mildbraed 8076 (holotype – B, destroyed). = Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. (Sleumer, 1973). No original material survives. Homalium setulosum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 497–498. 1908. Type: Congo, District du Bas-Congo, Luozi, 15 Jan 1899, Luja 128 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – BR! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 76. 1995]; isotype – BR!). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973). Hul (1995) designated material at BR as the lectotype, but did not note that two duplicates were held there, nor did he choose between them; second-stage lectotypification should be performed.

Homalium skirlii Gilg in Engler, Pflanzenw. Afr. [= Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde vol. 9] 3(2): 579. 1921. Type: Cameroon, Victoria, Preuss 1379 (holotype – B, destroyed; lectotype – P [00413014]! [designated by Hul, Fl. Gabon 34: 74. 1995]; isotypes – BR!, K, L!, P [00413015]!, S×2!, WU, Z). = Homalium letestui Pellegr. (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium sleumerianum Lescot, Fl. Nouv.-Calédonie & Dépend. 9: 50. 1980. Type: New Caledonia, hte. vallée du Houailou, forêt humide, 300 m, 12 Feb 1968, MacKee 18389 (holotype – P!; isotype – L!). Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 166. 1927. Type: Sierra Leone, Smythe 55 (holotype – K!; isotypes – L [fragm.]!, P!). Homalium sorsogonense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 1: 325. 1908. Type: Philippines, Luzon, Prov. Sorsogon, Sorsogon, 400 m, Nov 1905, A.D.E. Elmer 7311 (holotype – PNH, destroyed; isotype – NY!). = Homalium villarianum S.Vidal (Sleumer, 1954). Homalium spathulatum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75: 35. 1917. Type: Malaysia, Pangkor, Jan 1888, Curtis 1370 (holotype – K!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium spicatum Lam., Encycl. 1(1): 32. 1783, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Racoubea guianensis Aubl. ≡ Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken. Type: French Guiana, sur l’habitation de Madame Gourde, dans le Comté de Gêne, Aublet (holotype – BM). Homalium stelliferum H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 293. 1940. Type: Madagascar, entre Tamatave et Ambila, Louvel (Herb. Perrier de la Bâthie 14920) (holotype – P; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium stenophyllum Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2: 287–288. 1935. Type: China, Hainan, Dailan, Dung Ka [Tung Gap], 2400´, 23 Sep 1932, N. K. Chun & C. L. Tso 43894 (holotype – NY!; isotypes – F!, SYS, US!). Homalium stenosepalum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 234. 1919. Type: Panama, Canal Zone, along the Chagres River below Gatún, near sea level, 17 Feb 1911, H. Pittier 2804 (holotype – US!; isotypes – BM, F!, G, GH, L [fragm.]!, MO!, NY!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 2: 498. 1871. Type: Angola, Cuanza Norte, Golungo Alto, circa Sange, ad font de Capopa, Jan 1856, Welwitsch 2495 (lectotype – K [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 279. 1973]; isolectotypes – BM, COI!, G!, L [fragm.]!, LISU×4!, M!, P×2!, PRE!).

Homalium streimannii Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 119–120. 1979. Type: Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay District, Raba Raba Subdistrict, Biniguni-Kwagira track, Streimann NGF 28759 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, L!). Homalium stuhlmannii Warb., as “Stuhlmanni”, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36, fig. 14 E–F. 1893. Type: not designated. = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973). The 1893 protologue (which was barely adequate for valid publication) cited no specimens; a publication two years later (Warb. in Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrika C: 278–279. 1895) cited three collections (Stuhlmann 334, Stuhlmann 484, and Böhm 89a), which are all likely to have been original material. No duplicates of the latter two gatherings are known to survive; a duplicate of Stuhlmann 334 (Tanzania, Pangani, 5 Dec 1889) is held at HBG and a fragment at L. Homalium subcordatum Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 120–122. 1979. Type: Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, Florida Group, Big Nggela Island, 8 Jul 1936, Lever (holotype – BRI). Homalium subscandens Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1518–1519. 1912. Type: Philippines, Island of Sibuyan, Province Capiz, Magallanes (Mt. Giting-giting), May 1910, A.D.E. Elmer 12442 (holotype – PNH, destroyed). = Homalium panayanum Fern.-Vill. (Sleumer, 1954). No surviving original material has been located. Homalium subsuperum Sprague, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 184. 1923. Type: South Africa, Cape, Transkei, Ndindini For., Kaufmann Herb. Forest Dept. 3225 [Pretoria no. 2571] (holotype – K!; isotypes – FHO, PRE!). = Homalium dentatum (Harv.) Warb. (Sleumer, 1973; Killick, 1976). Homalium sumatranum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 334. 1861. Type: Indonesia, Sumatra austr. in prov. Lampong prope Siring-kebau, Teijsmann 4529 (holotype – U!). = Homalium caryophyllaceum (Zoll. & Mor.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954). Homalium surinamense Steud., Flora 26: 756. 1843. Type: Suriname, Upper Suriname River, Hostmann & Kappler 6 (holotype – P; isotypes – BM, F, FI-Webb, G, K. P, S, U!, W). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium sylvicolum Baker f., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 320. 1921. Type: New Caledonia, Nékando, Mt Humboldt, 300 m, Compton 948 (holotype – BM!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). = Homalium guillainii (Vieill.) Briq. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Homalium tatambense Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 140–141. 1934. Type: Solomon Islands, Santa Isabel Island, Tatamba, 4 Jan 1933 Brass 3426 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – A, BRI, L [fragm.]!).

Homalium taypau H.St.John, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 69: 41–43. 1977. Type: Eastern Polynesia, Pitcairn Island, Adamstown, 14 Jun 1934, H. St. John 15028 (holotype – BISH!; isotypes – BISH!, K!). Homalium tetramerum Baker, J. Bot. 20: 110–111. 1882. Type: Madagascar, Parker (holotype – K!). = Homalium albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O. Hoffm. var. leucophloeum (Tul.) Baill. ex H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium thuarsianum (Tul.) Baill., as “Thouarsianum”, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886. Blackwellia thuarsiana Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 8: 60–61. 1857. Type: Madagascar, Petit Thouars (holotype – P; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium tibatiense Gilg in Engler, Pflanzenw. Afr. [= Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde vol. 9] 3(2): 579. 1921. Type: Cameroon, am Ufer des Tibatisees im südlichen Adamaua (holotype – B, destroyed). = Homalium africanum (Hook.f.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1973). No original material is known to survive. Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 34. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia tomentosa Vent., Choix Pl.: 57, t. 57. 1803. Type: Java, Lahaye (holotype – G). Homalium tongaense H.St.John, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 69: 43–45. 1977. Type: Tonga, Eua Island, 300 m, 26 Jun 1926, H.E. Parks 16196 (holotype – UC!; isotypes – BISH [fragm.]!, K!). Homalium tonkinense Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 185. 1942. Type: Vietnam, Tonkin, Vinh Yen Province, route from Vinh Yen to Tam Dao, Dont des Linh, 15 Oct 1936, Petelot 6164 (holotype – A; isotype – L [fragm.]!). = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (Lescot, 1970). Homalium tontoutense Guillaumin, as “toutoutense”, Journ. Agric. Trop. & Bot. Appliq. 11: 99. 1964. Type: New Caledonia, Hte. Tontouta, près de la Mine Gallieni, 200–400 m, 25 Dec 1960, M. MacKee 7743 (holotype – P!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). = Homalium leratiorum Guillaumin (Sleumer 1974) or Homalium betulifolium Däniker (Lescot, 1980). The erroneous original spelling may be automatically corrected under Art. 60.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). Homalium travancoricum Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India 2: 211, t. 211. 1872. Type: India, Tinnevelly [Tirunelveli] Ghats, Beddome 3161 (syntype – BM!) and Travancore hills, Beddome (syntype – K!).

Homalium trichocladum S.F.Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 231. 1919. Type: Dominican Republic, Prov. Barahona, Santo Domingo, Jun 1911, M. Fuertes 1098 (holotype – GH; isotypes – BM, C, F!, HBG, K!, L!, S, US [fragm.]!). = Homalium racemosum Jacq. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium trichostemon S.F.Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 60–61. 1918. Type: Mexico, Oaxaca, Dept. of Pochutla, Cafetal Montecristo, 800 m, 11–12 Apr 1917, Conzatti et al. 3027 (holotype – GH; isotypes – MEXU×2!). = Homalium senarium Moç. & Sessé ex DC. (Sleumer, 1980; Nee, 1999), or if that species is not recognized, Homalium racemosum Jacq. (McVaugh, 2001). Homalium trigynum (Baker) Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 316. 1973. Weinmannia trigyna Baker, J. Bot. 20: 109. 1882. Type: Madagascar, Tanala country [E de Fianarantsoa], river banks, Baron 292 (holotype – K!; isotype – L [fragm.]!). Homalium undulatum King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 23. 1898. Type: Malaysia, Perak, King’s Collector 7064 (syntype – CAL?; isosyntypes – K!, L!) and 8184 (syntype –CAL?). As for Homalium kunstleri King, efforts should be made to access any surviving duplicates used by King at CAL before an isosyntype is chosen as lectotype. Homalium urceolatum Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 22. 1891. Type: Madagascar, Fort Dauphin, May, Scott Elliot 2662[b] (holotype – K!; isotype – P). = Homalium trigynum (Baker) Sleumer (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium vatkeanum O.Hoffm., Sert. Pl. Madagasc.: 19. 1881. Antinisa vatkeana (O.Hoffm.) Hutch., J. Bot. 79(943): 111. 1941. Type: Madagascar, forêt de Lokobé, Hildebrandt 3291 (holotype – B, destroyed; isotypes – BM, G×3!, GOET!, K!, L!, M!, P, TAN!, WU×2!, Z). = Homalium involucratum f. hildebrandtii (Baill.) H.Perrier (Sleumer, 1973). Homalium velutinum Craven, Brunonia 2(1): 122–124. 1979. Type: Papua New Guinea, Central District, tributary of Laloki River, 5 km E of Rouna, 580 m, 13 Sep 1962, Hartley 10752 (holotype – CANB; isotypes – A, BRI, K!, L×2!). Homalium verruculosum Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 239. 1928. Type: Thailand, Surat [Thani], Ta Kanawn [Takanawan], 300 m, Kerr 12330 (holotype – K!; isotypes – BM, TCD!). = Homalium undulatum King (Sleumer, 1954; 1985). Homalium vieillardii Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 1898: 50. 1898, nom. nov. pro Blackwellia austrocaledonica Vieill., non Homalium austrocaledonicum Seem.

(1865). Type: New Caledonia, collines près Wagap, Touho, 1861–67, Vieillard 2201 (holotype – P!; isotypes – BR!, G, K!, L!, P!). = Homalium decurrens (Vieill.) Briq. (Lescot, 1980). Homalium viguieri H.Perrier, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 13: 287. 1940. Type: Madagascar, berges du Mangoro, près d’Ankarefo, Viguier & Humbert 1188 (lectotype – P [designated by Sleumer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 43: 253. 1973]). Homalium villarianum S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 142. 1886. Type: Philippines, Paracale, Pr. Camarines Norte, S. Vidal y Soler 791 (syntype – PNH, destroyed; isosyntypes – K!, L!, MA×3!) and Centro Luzon, S. Vidal y Soler 1371 (syntype – PNH, destroyed; isosyntypes – K!, MA×2!). Homalium villosum Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 37. 1918. Type: Philippines, Samar, near Catbalogan, 2 Aug 1914, For. Bur. 22748 Lasquety (holotype – PNH, destroyed). = Homalium samarense Merr. (Sleumer, 1954). No surviving original material has been located. Homalium viridiflorum Exell, J. Bot. 67(Suppl. 1): 189. 1929. Type: Angola, Gaio, Rio Lufo, Gossweiler 7908 (holotype – BM; isotypes – COI, K, LISC×4!, LISU). Homalium vitiense Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 36–37. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]. Blackwellia vitiensis (Benth.) Sébert, Bois de la Nouv.-Caléd.: 212. 1874. Type: Fiji Islands, Naviti-Leon [Viti Levu], Dec 1855, Milne 187 (holotype – K!; isotype – K!). Bentham’s species does not occur in New Caledonia (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980), though a few authors misapplied the name to New Caledonian material. Sébert published B. vitiense, citing Bentham parenthetically, in describing a New Caledonian species that Sleumer (1974), having seen a specimen of presumably original material, identified as H. guillainii (Vieill.) Briq. However, because the publication of B. vitiensis referred to H. vitiense while not explicitly excluding its type (cf. Art. 48.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012), B. vitiense must be treated under Art. 7.3 of the ICN as a new combination typified by the type of H. vitiense. Homalium warburgianum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 495. 1908. Type: Tanzania, Wala R, Uganda, im Uferwald des Wala (“Wali”) Flusses, Boehm 89a pro parte (holotype – B, destroyed). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973). No original material is known to survive. Homalium whitmeeanum H.St.John, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 69: 45–46. 1977. Type: Samoa, Whitmee 36 (holotype – K!; isotype – BM).

Homalium wildemanianum Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(4): 497. 1908. Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. subsp. wildemanianum (Gilg) Wild, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 32: 57. 1958. Type: Congo, District du Haut-Katanga, env. de Lukafu, Verdick 123 (lectotype – BR! [designated by Killick, Fl. Southern Afr. 22: 77. 1976]; isolectotype – K). = Homalium abdessammadii Asch. & Schweinf. (Sleumer, 1973; Killick, 1976). Killick (1976) probably saw only the BR duplicate of Verdick 123 (originally one of two syntypes) and designated it as lectotype, but an error in punctuation made the designation slightly confusing. Hul (Fl. Gabon 34: 76. 1995) designated the duplicate at K as lectotype, but this designation is superfluous if Killick’s is accepted, as seems reasonable. Homalium zeylanicum (Gardner) Benth. ≡ Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (see above; “zeylanicum” is an orthographic error by Bentham.)

Binomials Lacking Corresponding Names in Homalium

Blackwellia austrocaledonica Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. 10: 107. 1866. Type: New Caledonia, collines près Wagap, Touho, 1861–67, Vieillard 2201 (holotype – P!; isotypes – A, BR!, G, K!, L!, P!). = Homalium decurrens (Vieill.) Briq. (Sleumer, 1974; Lescot, 1980). Blackwellia glauca Vent., Choix Pl. Cels.: 55. 1808. Type: Mauritius, Commerson (holotype – G; isotypes – K!, P×2!). = Homalium integrifolium (Lam.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973). Blackwellia gracilis Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 26. 1856. Type: Madagascar, Richard 297 (holotype – L!; isotypes – G!, P×2!). = Homalium planiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) Baill. (Sleumer, 1973; also see discussion for that species). Blackwellia loureiroi Benth., as “Loureiri”, London J. Bot. 1: 482. 1842, nom. illeg., nom. nov. pro Astranthus cochinchinensis Lour. ≡ Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce. Type: Vietnam, habitat agrestes, Loureiro (holotype – BM). The orthography of the epithet is to be corrected in accordance with Art. 60.12 and Rec. 60C.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). Blackwellia macrostachya Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 610. 1863. Type: Malaysia, insula principis Walliae [Penang Island], Finlayson (holotype – not located; putative isotypes – K×2!). = Homalium longifolium Benth. (Sleumer, 1954).

Blackwellia moluccana Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 27. 1856. Type: [icon] “Metrosideros Molucca. Samar.” Rumph. Herb. Amb. 3: tab. 11. 1743 (holotype). = Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954) [?]. Blume’s name appears to have been based entirely on Rumphius’ plate, which should then be considered the holotype: the species was indicated to be doubtful or poorly known, and no other original material was mentioned or is known. Both Rumphius’ plate and the associated description are inadequate, and the certainty of Sleumer’s proposed identification may be questionable. Blackwellia padiflora Lindl., Bot. Regist. 16: t. 1308. 1830. Type: not designated. = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (Lescot, 1970; Yang and Zmarzty, 2007). The publication cites a collection of Chinese origin, cultivated in Chiswick Garden, by John Reeves; no surviving herbarium specimens matching this description are known. If the plate is the only surviving original material, hence the obligate lectotype, then designation of an epitype would be desirable; the plate inadequately depicts floral morphology and does not show useful indument characters. Blackwellia spiralis Wall., Asiat. Res. 13: 400–402. 1820. Type: Burma, Pegu [cultivated at Hort. Calc.], Wallich 4897A pro parte (holotype – K [000591533]!). = Homalium tomentosum (Vent.) Benth. (Sleumer, 1954; Lescot, 1970). The duplicate in Hooker’s herbarium at K is labeled in Wallich’s hand and should be considered the type; a collection in Bentham’s herbarium that has been labeled with the same number, but not by Wallich, is of a different species (see discussion under Homalium longifolium Benth. and H. propinquum C. B. Clarke, above). Blackwellia tetrandra Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5: 17, t. 1851. 1852. Type: [India], not designated. = Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. (Bentham, 1859). Wight referred to multiple specimens but gave no further details, except that one may have been from the Pulney Mountains. Original material has not been located, but may exist in London, as Bentham mentioned a Wight collection from the Pulney Mountains in his discussion of Homalium ceylanicum, which cited B. tetrandra as a synonym. Napimoga guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 592–593, t. 237. 1775. Type: French Guiana, riviere de Sinémari, Aublet (holotype – destroyed?). = Homalium guianense (Aubl.) Oken (Sleumer, 1980; Funk et al., 2007; a heterotypic synonym based on Racoubea guianensis Aubl.). No original material is known to survive. LINN 964.7 is labeled “Napimoga Aubl. t. 237” but bears no provenance, locality, or other evidence that it is type material.

Nisa retusa Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 28. 1856. Type: Madagascar, Ile Ste.-Marie, Bernier 173 (syntypes – L×3!; isosyntypes – K×2!, P×3!, TAN!). = Homalium nudiflorum (DC.) Baill. var. nudiflorum (Sleumer, 1973). Bernier 173 preserved at L has been termed the holotype of this name, but three duplicates are present at L, all in similar condition, similarly labeled, and previously marked as “holotype”; hence, a choice among them will be required. The same gathering also furnishes the lectotype of Nisa scleroxylon Tul. (H. scleroxylon (Tul.) Baill., see above). Pythagorea cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 244. 1790. Type: not designated. = Homalium cochinchinense (Lour.) Druce (a heterotypic synonym based on Astranthus cochinchinensis Lour.; implied by Lescot [1970] and consistent with his treatment).

Excluded Names

Blackwellia cerasifolia Vent., Choix Pl.: 56, t. 56. 1803. Type: Madagascar, Commerson (lectotype – G! [designated by Sleumer, Adansonia, sér. 2, 12: 542. 1973]; isolectotypes – BM, FI, G!, P!). = Calantica cerasifolia (Vent.) Tul. (Perrier de la Bâthie, 1946; Applequist et al., in press). Sleumer did not select between the two duplicates at G; a second-stage lectotypification will shortly be published (Applequist et al., in press). Gordonia polysperma Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 549–550. 1837. Saurauia polysperma (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae: 283. 1918. Type: not designated. Published simultaneously with Gordonia Blanco (nom. illeg., non J.Ellis), this species was described as a small tree with serrate-margined lanceolate leaves, pentamerous flowers, apically notched petals, about 30 stamens, and a five-chambered ovary with two winged seeds per locule. Fernandez-Villar (1880) erroneously synonymized this name with Homalium foetidum Benth. Though no original material survives, from the description it cannot plausibly be identified as any species of Homalium. Merrill (1918) believed it to be the name with priority for Saurauia subglabra Merr. (Actinidiaceae). Homalium [unranked] Pineda (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 82. 1807. Pineda Ruiz & Pav. = Pineda Ruiz & Pav. (Sleumer, 1980). Homalium gilgianum Lauterb. in Schumann & Lauterbach, Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 320. 1905. Type: Papua New Guinea, Torricelli-Gebirge, 100 m, Apr 1902, Schechter 14565 (holotype – presumably B, destroyed; isotype – L [fragm.]!) = Lophopyxis maingayi Hook.f. (Sleumer, 1954; Craven, 1979).

Homalium incanum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2(1): 82. 1806. Pineda incana Ruiz & Pav. Banara incana (Ruiz & Pav.) Benth. Type: Peru, in praeruptis versus Huarica (= Pasco) et Divi Raphaelis Tarmae (= Junin) provinciae vicos, 1778–88, Ruiz & Pavon (holotype – MA; isotypes – B, BM!, BR!, F!, FI-Webb, G, HAL!, K!, L [fragm.]!, P, W). = Pineda incana Ruiz & Pav. (Sleumer, 1980).

Designations Not Validly Published

“Astranthus foetida” (Wall. ex C.B.Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 598. 1879). Clarke included “Astranthus foetida, Wall. in Herb.” in the synonymy of Homalium foetidum. The designation was not accepted there nor by Fernandez-Villar (1880), who included it in his synonymy of H. foetidum. “Blackwellia acuminata” (Wall. ex C.B.Clarke in Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 596. 1879). Clarke included “B. (Astranthus) acuminata, Wall. in Herb.” in the synonymy of Homalium napaulense (as “nepalense”). The designation was not accepted in the publication. “Blackwellia chinensis” (Lindl. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 208. 1840). Nomen nudum; said to be native to China. “Blackwellia cochinchinensis” (Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 27. 1856). Blume attributed to himself the combination Blackwellia cochinchinensis, based on Astranthus cochinchinensis Lour.; however, that combination had already been validly published by R.Br. ex Voigt (cf. Homalium cochinchinense, above), and later publications of the same combination have no taxonomic standing. “Blackwellia gracilis” (Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Ann. Mus. Col. Marseille, sér. 2, 9: 157. 1911). Guillaumin mentioned, among species of Homalium in a list of New Caledonian Samydaceae, “H. (Blackwellia gracilis Vieill. mss.) – Nouvelle-Calédonia [Pancher], Wagap [Vieillard 2205].” The designation would have been both a nomen nudum and not accepted in that publication; however, B. gracilis Vieill. (nom. illeg.) had in fact been validly published long before (cf. Homalium gracile Briq., above). “Blackwellia grandiflora” (Lindl. ex Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 193. 1830). Nomen nudum, among a list of species, which lacked adequate descriptive information for valid publication; said to be native to China and introduced to the UK in 1824.

“Blackwellia jussieua” (J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis], 2(1): 768. 1791). Nomen nudum; for the species name Jussieu, Gen. Pl. p. 343 [1789] was cited, but no species is named or described in that reference. “Blackwellia monostachya” (Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 610. 1863). This is the place of publication of Blackwellia macrostachya Turcz.; the epithet “monostachya” was never used in that publication, and was indexed with that spelling through error. “Blackwellia napalensis” (Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: t. 179. 1831). The accompanying description on p. 77 explicitly cites “Blackwellia napalensis Decand. Prodr. vol. ii. p. 54.” Despite the variant spelling, Wallich intended to use the previously published name B. napaulensis DC. Even if such a name is misapplied, this generally does not grant it taxonomic standing (cf. Art. 48.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). “Blackwellia neglecta” (Vieill. ex Guillaumin, Ann. Mus. Col. Marseille, Ser. 2, 9: 157. 1911). In the list of species of Homalium that gave rise to the erroneously indexed designation “Blackwellia gracilis Vieill. ex Guillaumin”, above, Guillaumin also included “H. (Blackwellia neglecta Vieill. mss.) – Nouméa [Pancher 183]”. Unlike B. gracilis Vieill., “B. neglecta Vieill.” is not known to have been validly published elsewhere. The designation was both a nomen nudum and not accepted by Guillaumin; however, only the designation in Blackwellia was indexed and not the apparently intended designation in Homalium, perhaps because it was considered questionable whether the epithet and genus were definitely associated (cf. Art. 35.2 of the ICN, Ex. 6 [McNeill et al., 2012]). All similarly formatted combinations with validly published basionyms listed in this reference had already been published elsewhere. “Blackwellia padifolia” (Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 208. 1840). Steudel’s list of names in Blackwellia cites B. padifolia Lindl. as a synonym of B. fagifolia Lindl. This was a reference to an existing name that has been credited to Steudel through error. “Blackwellia propinqua” (Wall., Numer. List. n. 4898. 1831–32). Nomen nudum. “Blackwellia pubiflora” (Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 1: 548. 1842). Orthographic variant of Blackwellia padiflora Lindl., cited with an incorrect figure number and misspelled epithet. “Blackwellia purpurea” (Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 208. 1840). Nomen nudum, credited to Wallich and said to be native to the East Indies.

“Blackwellia rufescens” (K.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 472. 1845). Included in a list of synonymies is “Pythagorea rufescens E. Meyer in Drege pl. cap. = est Blackwellia rufescens Presl.” Nomen nudum; Meyer’s designation was not validly published (nor had it previously appeared in print, as far as it can be determined; see below) and does not supply a reference to a published description. Blackwellia rufescens (Benth.) Harv. was later validly published. “Homalium subg. Acoma” (Kuntze in van Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 285. 1903). This designation, an apparent nomen nudum, has been ignored in most literature. The publication cited “Ad. 1763; Racubea Aubl. 1775 § Bghp.” The latter was a reference to Bentham’s “Homalium sect. Racoubea” (see below), which was not validly published under Art. 22.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). If the designation “subg. Acoma” were based on Bentham’s “sect. Racoubea,” it would likewise not be validly published. It could also be treated as an attempt to publish a name of a new taxon based on a pre- Linnean use of Acoma. Adanson (Fam. Pl.: 510. 1763) provided no validating description or diagnosis but referred to “Acoma Plum. M. S. Vol. 5. t. 125” in a list of new genera that had been too briefly described by their authors to allow placement in families. Stafleu and Cowan (1983, 4:301) note that Adanson cited many figures from a large series of unpublished plates by Plumier, now kept at Paris, of which this is one. Vaillant eventually had a portion of Plumier’s plates hand-copied and privately sold copies to friends at a few institutions, which Stafleu and Cowan (l.c.) implicitly consider to represent effective publication. It has not yet been possible to determine whether a plate depicting “Acoma” was among those that were distributed (it was not included in any of the published works based on Plumier’s plates) nor whether it included an analysis or associated text that would qualify as a validating description or diagnosis. If both of those conditions were met, “subg. Acoma” could be validly published by indirect reference to the plate (cf. Art. 7 Ex. 10 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). However, even if it were validly published, it would certainly be sunk into the synonymy of Homalium subg. Homalium. “Homalium subg. Homalium” (Schreb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a). 1893.) Warburg (1893) published a complete classification that included the first subgeneric- level name in Homalium, subg. Blackwellia (Benth.) Warb. That act automatically created the corresponding autonym Homalium subg. Homalium, though Warburg wrongly used “Homalium subg. Myriantheia” for the subgenus that should have been

called subg. Homalium. The autonym properly has no author citation, and its attribution in one database to “Schreb.” is inexplicable except as an error for “Warb.” “Homalium subg. Myriantheia” (Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893). Based on Myriantheia Thouars but included the obligate Type of Homalium, H. racemosum Jacq., so under Art. 22.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012) was required to be named subg. Homalium. “Homalium sect. Euhomalium” (Kuntze in van Post & Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan.: 285. 1903). An intended replacement name for “Homalium sect. Racoubea Warb.,” not allowable under Art. 21.3 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012). “Homalium sect. Homalium” (Jacq. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a). 1893). Homalium sect. Homalium is the autonym that should have been used by Warburg, the actual author of the cited reference, for the section that included the Type of Homalium. An autonym is not to be followed by an author citation, and this autonym had actually been created in 1859 by the publication of Homalium sect. Blackwellia Benth. Neither the autonym nor its incorrect attribution to Jacquin are found in the original publication. “Homalium sect. Racoubea” (Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 33. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]). Based on Racoubea Aubl. but included the obligate Type of Homalium, H. racemosum Jacq., so under Art. 22.2 of the ICN (McNeill et al., 2012) was required to be named sect. Homalium. Warburg (in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 35, 36. 1893) attempted to use the same designation, making the same error. Homalium sect. Racoubea C.B.Clarke (see above) was validly published because it was not stated to include H. racemosum. “Homalium subsect. Homalium” (Jacq., Lex. Gen. Phan. 1903). This designation, which did not appear in the cited work, arises from multiple errors in indexing. The cited reference (authored by van Post & Kuntze) did not include any names at subsectional rank, and if it had, the corresponding autonym would not be credited to Jacquin. “Homalium [unranked] Americana” (Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 35. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]). Nomen nudum; also included the obligate Type of Homalium so should have repeated that name unaltered. “Homalium [unranked] Gerontogea” (Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 36. 1859 [1860 publ. 1859]). Nomen nudum. “Homalium albiflorum” (Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 575. 1886). The publication of this designation cited Nisa albiflora Boivin ex Tul. Baillon insisted that the species he

described was not the previously published H. albiflorum (Boivin ex Tul.) O.Hoffm., but since the basionym of that name also was N. albiflora, under the rules of nomenclature they must refer to the same species. Baillon’s later publication of a new combination that had already been published elsewhere has no taxonomic standing. “Homalium aranga” (S.Vidal ex Fern.-Vill., Nov. App.: 94. 1880). The notation “Homalium Aranga, Vidal in hb. sine descriptione” was included in the protologue of Homalium luzoniense Fern.-Vill. The designation was never accepted in print. “Homalium axillare” (Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886). This combination based upon Blackwellia axillaris Lam. had already been validly published as H. axillare (Lam.) Benth., so its publication here, though apparently intended to be a new combination, has no taxonomic standing. “Homalium ciliatum” (Debb. ex Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1(2): i. 1937). Nomen nudum, included in a list of species collected too late for descriptions to be published in Fl. Assam vols. 1(1) and 1(2) and putatively to be described later; cf. Homalium ciliatum Debb. ex N.Mukh. “Homalium dananensis” (Aubrév. & Pellegr. in Aubréville, Fl. Forest. Côte d’Ivoire 3: 20, pl. 250 no. 4–6. 1936). This designation was not validly published because all of the associated text was in French and there was no Latin diagnosis or description, then a new requirement (Art. 39.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). Sleumer (1973), who had seen the original material on which the designation was based (Aubréville 1121, B×2, P×2!), considered it to be a synonym of Homalium stipulaceum Welw. ex Mast. “Homalium dasyanthum” (Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893). This designation, given as “H. dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb.,” was evidently based upon Blackwellia dasyantha Turcz.; the intended combination had already been validly published as H. dasyanthum (Turcz.) Theob. “Homalium foetidum” (Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 532. 1877). This was a mere misapplication of H. foetidum (Roxb.) Benth., as Kurz ascribed the name to Bentham without excluding its type (cf. Art. 48.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). “Homalium frutescens” (King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67: 22. 1898). Cordylanthus frutescens Blume is included in the cited synonymy, and the combination Homalium frutescens (Blume) Warb. had already been validly published. Sleumer incorrectly labeled King’s Collector 10237, one of multiple Malaysian specimens cited

by King, as a lectotype of “H. frutescens”; that specimen was collected long after the publication of the basionym so cannot be original material. “Homalium grandiflorum” (Náves in Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 3: t. 443. [1877-1883?]). This is a misapplication of Homalium grandiflorum Benth., to whom Náves ascribed the name. “Homalium guianense” (Warb. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 36. 1893). The combination H. guianense (Aubl.) Oken, based on Racoubea guianensis Aubl., had long since been validly published. Warburg did not explicitly indicate whether his combination was based upon R. guianensis or the less familiar taxonomic synonym Napimoga guianensis Aubl., but the fact that the name of the section in which it was placed was (incorrectly) given as Racoubea implies the former. If this combination had been based on N. guianensis, which seems unlikely, it would be validly published but an illegitimate later homonym. “Homalium integrifolium” (Scott-Elliot, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29: 24. 1891). Scott Elliot ascribed the name to himself, with a parenthetical “Syn. Blackwellia integrifolia, Lam., ex descript.” and a note to the effect that Lamarck’s figure and description were vague and his specimen not then locatable; the only description was a statement to the effect that it was distinguished from Homalium lucidum Scott-Elliot by having pedicellate flowers. This should probably be treated as an intended new combination based on B. integrifolia Lam. [pro parte]; as Homalium integrifolium (Lam.) Baill. had already been published, Scott-Elliot’s combination has no taxonomic standing. “Homalium longistylum” (Aubrév., Fl. Forest. Côte d’Ivoire 3: 22, pl. 251. 1936). One major database asserts that this designation is distinct from Homalium longistylum Mast.; however, the name is attributed to Mast. in the publication, making it a mere misattribution, and the name would not be validly published as a new taxon for lack of a Latin description. “Homalium luzonicum” (Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 48. 1917). In a list of synonymies of allegedly validly published and overlooked binomials, Merrill cited “Homalium luzonicum F.-Vill.” as the correct name for “Homalium aranga” (S.Vidal ex Fern.-Vill.; see above), a designation that was listed as a synonym in the protologue of Homalium luzoniense Fern.-Vill. The designation attributed to Merrill is therefore an orthographic variant of that name. “Homalium myrianthum” (Mildbr., Wiss. Ergebn. Zweit. Deut. Zentr.-Afr. Exped. (1910-11), Bot. 2: 60. 1922). Nomen nudum. Mildbraed stated this designation to be of a new

species, possibly unaware that Homalium myrianthum Gilg (nom. illeg., non Baker) had been published based on the same collections only months before. “Homalium paniculatum” (Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 574. 1886). As for “Homalium axillare,” above, the combination based on Blackwellia paniculata Lam. had already been validly published by Bentham (1859). “Homalium patoklaensis” (Aubrév. & Pellegr. in Aubréville, Fl. Forest. Côte d’Ivoire 3: 18, pl. 249 B. 1936). As for “Homalium dananensis,” above, this designation was not validly published because of the lack of a Latin diagnosis or description (Art. 39.1 of the ICN; McNeill et al., 2012). Sleumer (1973), who had seen the original material on which the designation was based (Aubréville 1302, K!, P×2!), considered it to be a synonym of Homalium lastoursvillense Pellegr. “Homalium viguieri H.Perrier var. cuneiforme” (H.Perrier, Fl. Madag. 140: 84. 1946). This was not validly published as a new variety because of the lack of a Latin diagnosis or description. Sleumer (1973) sunk it into the synonymy of Homalium viguieri H.Perrier. “Homalium zenkeri” (Gilg ex Mildbr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 484. 1921). In publishing the new genus and species Afrolicania elaeosperma Mildbr. (≡ Licania elaeosperma (Mildbr.) Prance & F.White [Chrysobalanaceae]), Mildbraed commented that one of the cited specimens had been labeled Homalium Zenkeri Gilg in sched. “Pythagorea rufescens” (E.Meyer in Drège, Pl. Cap., or E.Meyer ex K.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 472. 1845). Citations of Drège apparently refer only to use of this designation on his specimens; no published work in which he uses it has been identified (though Cat. Pl. Afr. Austral. was not available for examination). The designation was cited by Presl only as the basis for his designation “Blackwellia rufescens,” so it was a nomen nudum not accepted in the publication. It was likewise cited in the synonymy of the validly published Blackwellia rufescens (Benth.) Harv. “Vermontea decandra” (Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 111. 1821). Steudel listed this designation, attributed to Commerson, as a synonym of Blackwellia [sic] paniculata Lam.; it was both, a nomen nudum and not accepted in the publication. The same applies to “Vermontea” (Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 111, 874. 1821), likewise attributed to Commerson.