JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ONLINE MusicA JOURNAL OF THE MUSIC COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA Composers’ appropriation of pied butcherbird song: Henry Tate’s ‘undersong of Australia’ comes of age Introduction HOLLIS TAYLOR he study of birdsong, like that of the origins of music, resides outside the hands of musicologists, composers, and performers. The fields of behavioral neurobiology, bioacoutics, biolinguistics, biomusicology, cognitive ■ Laboratoire d’Eco-anthropologie Tneuroscience, ethological zoosemiotics, evolutionary aesthetics, and biological & Ethnobiologie anthropology are just some of the hybrid domains in which the biological basis of Muséum National d’Histoire music in humans and/or birds is investigated. Clearly, not all agree that birdsong can Naturelle be cast as music, ‘music’, or even proto-music, let alone that that is where the origins Paris of music might lie. Nevertheless, birds have been muses to composers through the France ages. Email:
[email protected] Registers of birdsong-inspired compositions already abound (see Doolittle 2006: 4–5 and 2008; Rothenberg 2005: 188–208; Baptista & Keister 2005; Urquhart 2004: 101–129; Rothenberg & Ulvaeus 2001; Austern 1998; Head 1997; West & King 1990; Jensen 1985; Mâche 1983/1992; Schafer 1977; Hold 1970: 155), making it unnecessary to repeat them here. However, one cannot fail to notice that certain composers keep coming up: Janequin and Handel, Vivaldi and Messiaen, and also ‘Anonymous’ — who penned many folk tunes based on birdsong, some still notable, many others probably lost. Works come up: the Pastoral Symphony (Symphony No. 6 www.jmro.org.au in F major, Op. 68, by Beethoven, completed in 1808), Oiseaux Exotiques (1956) and Catalogue d’Oiseaux (1956–58) by Messiaen (two of the better-known from among www.mca.org.au his numerous works inspired by birdsong), and Cantus Arcticus (Opus 61, 1972), Rautavaara’s symphony for orchestra and taped birdsong from inside the Arctic Circle.