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Austro-Hungarian Policy Towards Serbia 1867-1871 with Special AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN POLICY TOWARDS SERBIA 1867-1871 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BENJAMIN KÂLLAY A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by IAN D. ARMOUR School of Slavonic and East European Studies UNIVERSITY OF LONDON BIBL LONDON UNIV ProQuest Number: U056008 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U056008 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN POLICY TOWARDS SERBIA 1867-1871, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BENJAMIN KÂLLAY This study analyses the effect the Hungarian government had on Austro-Hungarian policy towards Serbia in the four years after the 1867 Ausgleich. Benjamin Kallay, at the request of the Hungarian minister president, Andrâssy, was appointed consul at Belgrade in 1868, and thereafter pursued specifically Hungarian objectives at variance with those of the chancellor and foreign minister, Beust. The Hungarian influence on the Monarchy’s relations with Serbia was ultimately responsible for a deterioration in those relations. After the Introduction, which outlines the subject, with reference to the existing literature and sources consulted, the first chapter concentrates on the situation in 1867. Chapter 2 deals with Kallay’s background and the initial effect of his appointment, while Chapter 3 charts the effect of Prince Michael Obrenovié's assassination. Chapters 4-8 concern the two questions which dominated relations: the Hungarian commitment to prosecute ex-Prince Alexander Karadordevid for Michael’s murder, and the scheme, promoted by Andrâssy and Kâllay, whereby Serbia would be secured the administration of most Bosnia-Hercegovina, under nominal Turkish suzerainty, in return for a firm economic and political commitment by Serbia to the Monarchy. This Bosnian scheme also involved some acquisition of Bosnian territory by the Monarchy itself. Both the Karadordevic prosecution and the Bosnian plan failed. The impossibility of securing Karadordevic's conviction, and the implausibility of the Bosnian plan, convinced the Serbian government that the Hungarian policy had been insincere from the start, designed to divert Serbia from its plans for revolt in the Ottoman Empire. Andrâssy, in turn, was convinced by the Serbs’ reluctance to commit themselves to the Monarchy, and their swing towards Russia after the Franco-Prussian War, that they too were negotiating in bad faith. The Monarchy’s future policy, according to Andrâssy, therefore should be to coerce Serbia’s economic and political subordination. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Thesis pp. 7-10 2. Literature 10-19 3. Outline 19 4. Sources 19-21 Notes 22-25 CHAPTER 1: AUSTRIA. HUNGARY AND SERBIA IN 1867 5. The Awand Foreign Policy 26-29 6. Francis Joseph and Beust 29-30 7. Beust’s Eastern Policy 30-32 8. Attitudes in Vienna towards Bosnia 32-35 9. Hungarian Attitudes towards Russia and Serbia 35-37 10. The Croats, the Military Border and Serbia 37-40 11. The Hungarian Serbs 40-42 12. The Principality of Serbia 42-43 13. Serbo-Hungarian Relations 1861-66 43-46 14. The Krstic Mission of 1867 46-49 15. Serbia, the Powers and the Talks at Salzburg 49-50 16. The Meeting at Ivânka 50-57 17. Prince Michael's U-Tum 57-58 Notes 59-65 CHAPTER 2: KÂLLAY GOES TO BELGRADE 18. A Hungarian for Belgrade 66-67 19. Kâllay’s Political Career 67-72 20. Beust's Instructions of April 1868 72-74 21. First Moves 74-77 22. The Andrâssy-OreSkovié Negotiations 77-83 Notes 84-88 CHAPTER 3: THE OBRENOVlé ASSASSINATION 23. The Topôider Murders 89 24. Blaznavac Takes Charge 89-91 25. The Debate on Intervention 91-99 26. Turkish Recognition 99-100 27. The Roots of the Conspiracy 101-104 28. Hungarian Domestic Consequences 104-106 29. The Regents, Miletic and the 106-108 30. Consolidating Influence? 108-110 Notes 111-116 CHAPTER 4: THE KARADORDEVié PROSECUTION 31. The Illusion of Serbo-Hungarian Friendship 117-119 32. The Debate on Extraditing Karadordevic 119-122 33. The Preliminaiy Investigations 122-127 34. Political Implications of Delay 127-128 35. Mistrial and Re-Indictment 128-130 36. Second Trial and Acquittal 130-133 37. Consequences of Acquittal 133-135 Notes 136-140 CHAPTER 5: THE BOSNIAN QUESTION 1868-70 38. Importance and Paradox of the Bosnian Plan 141-143 39. Confusion in Vienna and Abroad 143-145 40. Kâllay Convinces Blaznavac 145-147 41. The Meeting at Terebes 147-149 42. Ristid’s Doubts 149-151 43. Andrâssy Confronts the Emperor and Beust 151-152 44. Emerging Defects of the Plan 152-154 45. Beust’s and Prokesch's Objections 154-157 46. Increased Pressure on Vienna and Belgrade 157-160 47. Calculations of the Military and Beust 160-164 48. Beust Gives Way 164-166 49. Negotiations Resume 166-169 50. The Regents Hang Back 169-172 51. Doubts on Both Sides 172-175 Notes 176-183 CHAPTER 6: EFFECT OF THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR 52. The Crown Council of 18 July 1870 184-186 53. ’Neutralising’ Serbia 186-189 54. The Regents’Dilemma 189-191 55. The Crown Council of 22 August 191-194 56. Continuing Difficulties with the Bosnian Plan 194-200 57. Russia’s Repudiation of the Black Sea Clauses 200-204 Notes 205-209 CHAPTER 7: THE BOSNIAN QUESTION REVISITED 1870-71 58. Genesis of the Beust Circular 210-212 59. The Bosnian Negotiations of November 1870 212-218 60. The Draft Treaty of Alliance 218-220 61. The Regents’ Reservations 220-225 62. Effects of the Beust Circular 225-230 Notes 231-235 CHAPTER 8: SERBIA'S SWING TOWARDS RUSSIA 1870-71 63. Reactions to Karadordevic's Acquittal 236-238 64. Karadordevic’s Re-Conviction and Appeal 239-242 65. Karadordevic's Final Acquittal 242-243 66. The Deportation Question 243-247 67. Mutual Disillusionment and Suspicion 247-253 68. The Regents' Turn towards Russia 253-255 69. Ignatiev's Proposal of a Visit to the Tsar 255-257 70. The Trip to Livadia 257-259 71. Reactions to Livadia 259-263 72. Andrâssy Takes Over from Beust 263-266 73. Apprehension in Belgrade 266-270 74. Reversal of Andrâssy's Serbian Policy 270-272 75. The Negotiations of December 1871 272-274 76. Summary 274-276 Notes 277-283 BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Primary Sources 284-286 B. Secondary Sources 286-293 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES APP Die Auswartige Politik Preufiens 1858-1870, 10 vols., ed. Erich Brandenburg etal. (Oldenburg 1933-39). DDF Documents diplomatiques français 1871-1914, 32 vols. (Paris, 1929- 1955). DDI I documenti diplomatici italiani, 1st series: 1861-1870; 2nd series: 1870-1896 (Rome, 1952-83,1960-84). Dnevnik DnevnikBenjamina Kalaja 1868-1875 [The Diary of Benjâmin Kâllay], ed. Andrija Radenic (Belgrade: Istorijski Institut, 1976). FH Folio Hungarici. FO Foreign Office files (Public Record Office, Kew). HHSA Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Osterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna). Hristic Letters Pisma Filipa Hristica Jovanu Risticu (1868-1880) [The Letters of Filip Hristié to Jovan Ristié], ed. Grgur Jak§i6 (Belgrade, 1931). KA Kriegsarchiv, Vienna. Kâllay Diary Kâllay Béni naplôja [The Diaiy of Béni Kâllay], Magyar Orszâgos Levéltâr, Budapest, P344, C.d. 1-4 (31-34 k.) MOL Magyar Orszâgos Levéltâr [Hungarian National Archive], Budapest. ODG Les origines diplomatiques de la guerre de 1870-71, 29 vols. (Paris: 1910-32). OSZK Orszâgos Széchenyi Kônyvtâr [National Széchenyi Library], Budapest. PA Politisches Archiv, Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna. Petrovié Nikola Petrovié (éd.), Svetozar Miletic i Narodna Stranka: Graâa 1860-1885', vol. I: 1860-1869', vol. II: 1870-1875 (Sremski Karlovci, 1968,1969). PRO Public Record Office, Kew. Ristic Letters Pisma Jovana Ristica Filipu Hristicu od 1870 do 1873 i od 1877 do 1880 [The Letters of Jovan Ristié to Filip Hristié from 1870 to 1873 and from 1877 to 1880] (Belgrade, 1931). Vudkovié Vojislav J. Vuékovié (éd.), Politicka akcija Srbije u juznoslovenskim pokrajinama Habsburske monarhije 1859-1874 [Serbia's Political Activity in the South Slav Provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy] (Belgrade, 1965). INTRODUCTION 1: Thesis This study is concerned with the changes effected in the policy of the Habsburg Monarchy towards Serbia between iht Ausgleich of 1867, when a 'Hungarian factor' appeared in the formulation of that policy, and the appointment of a Hungarian, Count Gyula Andrâssy, as joint foreign minister late in 1871. The rôle of Benjâmin Kâllay is of importance here, not just because he was Austria-Hungary's consul-general in Belgrade throughout this period, but also because, as Andrâssy's nominee for the post, he represented a particular, Hungarian view of how relations with Serbia should be conducted. Yet Kâllay's views, as well as Andrâssy's, had undergone significant modifications by 1871. It is one of the purposes of this study to show how fateful those shifts of emphasis were for the subsequent development of relations between the Habsburg Monarchy and Serbia. It is impossible to avoid the conclusion that the whole course of Austro-Serbian relations, right down to 1914, was determined by policies laid down in the late 1860's and the 1870's; and that these policies bore a distinctly Hungarian stamp. Their essential feature, as evolved by 1878, was the imposition on Serbia of a strait-jacket of economic and political controls, which were designed to nullify Serbian nationalism, to ensure Serbia's availability as a source of foodstuffs and a market for manufactures, and to do all this without the necessity of annexing the country and thus further complicating the nationalities question inside the Habsburg Monarchy.
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