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TURKEY a Review of the Impact of the Reform of Agricultural Sector Subsidization

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34641 Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Unit Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized TURKEY A Review of the Impact of the Reform of Agricultural Sector Subsidization Volume II Statistical Annex January 7, 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mark Lundell Julian Lampietti Rashid Pertev Lorenz Pohlmeier Halis Akder Ebru Ocek Shreyasi Jha Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 1. Agricultural Land Use by Province, 1997 – 2001 Page 1 Table 2.a. GDP by Sector and Region Page 11 Table 2.b. GDP by Sector and Region Page 11 Table 2.c. GDP by Sector and Region Page 12 Table 2.d. GDP by Sector and Region Page 12 Table 2.e. GDP by Sector and Region Page 13 Table 2.f. GDP by Sector and Region Page 13 Table 2.g. GDP by Sector and Region Page 14 Table 2.h. GDP by Sector and Region Page 14 Table 3. Agricultural GDP by Region Page 15 Table 4.a. Rural and Urban GDP Page 15 Table 4.b. Rural and Urban GDP Page 16 Table 5.a. Rural GDP Page 16 Table 5.b. Rural GDP Page 17 Table 6. Rural and Urban Population Share Page 17 Table 7. Turkey GDP by Sector Page 18 Table 8: GDP Breakdown Page 18 Table 9. Rural Per Capita GDP by Province Page 19 Table 10. Breakdown of Rural Population According to Main Occupation 1990 Page 20 Table 11. Loan / GDP Ratio Page 20 Table 12. Ziraat Bank Loans By Source Page 21 Table 13. ACC Loans By Source Page 21 Table 14. Breakdown of GDP 2000 Page 22 Table 15. Supply of Loans in Agriculture Page 22 Table 16. a. Consumption of Agricultural Chemicals Page 23 Table 16. b. Share of Consumption of Agricultural Chemicals Page 23 Table 16. c. Change in Consumption of Agricultural Chemicals Page 24 Table 17. Agricultural Chemicals Use, 1963-2000 Page 25 Table 18. Fertilizer Consumption, tons, 1988-2002 Page 26 Table 19. Agricultural GDP and Income Page 26 Table 20. Real Agricultural GDP in US $ Page 27 Table 21. Fertilizer Prices and Subsidy Page 27 Table 22. Fertilizer Consumption Wheat Page 28 Table 23. Fertilizer Consumption Sunflower Page 28 Table 24. Fertilizer Consumption Cotton Page 29 Table 25. Fertilizer Consumption Sugar beet Page 29 Table 26. Fertilizer Consumption Fruits, Nuts, Vineyards Page 30 Table 27. Fertilizer Consumption Vegetables Page 30 Table 28. Fertilizer Consumption Other Crops Page 31 Table 29. Total Fertilizer Consumption Page 31 Table 30. a. Fertilizer Consumption by Crops Page 32 Table 30. b. Share of Fertilizer Consumption by Crops Page 32 Table 31. a. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 33 Table 31. b. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 33 Table 31. c. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 34 Table 31. d. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 34 Table 31. e. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 35 Table 31. f. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 35 Table 31. g. Regional Fertilizer Consumption Page 36 Table.32. 21 % Nitrogen Consumption by Regions. Page 36 Table.33. 16-18 % Nitrogen Consumption by Regions. Page 37 Table.34. 48-52 % Nitrogen Consumption by Regions Page 37 Table.35. Total Fertilizer Consumption Share by Regions Page 38 Table.36. Total Fertilizer Consumption by Regions Page 38 Table 37. Fertilizer Consumption by Crop, 1971-2000 Page 39 Table 38. Fertilizer Consumption by Region, 1996-2001 Page 43 Table 39. a. Fertilizer Prices Page 55 Table 39. b. Fertilizer Prices : Farmer Price / Adjusted Import Ratio Page 55 Table 40. Loans of Ziraat Bank by Type in 1000 TL 1993-2001 Page 56 Table 41. a. New Loans of Ziraat Bank in USD Page 58 Table 41.b. Share of New Loans of Ziraat Bank Page 58 Table 42. a. Loans Outstanding of Ziraat Bank by Type in USD Page 59 Table 42. b. Share of Loans Outstanding of Ziraat Bank Page 59 Table 43 a. Operational and Investment Loans Overdue of Ziraat Bank in USD Page 60 Table 43 b. Share of Operational and Investment Loans Overdue Page 60 Table 44.a. Operational and Investment Loans in Litigation of Ziraat Bank in USD Page 61 Table 44.b. Share of Operational and Investment Loans in Litigation Page 61 Table 45. Number of Bankable Agri-Producers by Revenue Segments in Regions Page 62 Table 46. Fruits, Vegetables and Field Crops Production by Crop Type, 2001 Page 63 Table 47. a. Crop Production Graph in ‘000’ Tons Page 65 Table 47.b. Crop Production Data in Tons Page 65 Table 48. Gross Value of Agricultural Production for Crops and Livestock 1997 – 2001 Page 66 Table 49. Production Indices for Crops and Livestock Products Page 67 Table 50. Value Indices for Crops and Livestock Products Page 68 Table 51. Value Indices for Crops and Livestock Products Page 69 Table 52.a. Cereals Production , Exports & Imports Data 1997-2002 Page 70 Table 52.b. Cereals Production, Exports & Imports Graph 1997-2002 Page 70 Table 53. Vegetables, Fruits and Nuts Production, Exports & Imports, 1997-2002 Page 71 Table 54. Sugar, Sugar beet and Tobacco Production, Exports & Imports, 1997-2002 Page 71 Table 55. Oil Seeds, Oil, Fats and Fodder Production, Exports & Imports, 1997-2002 Page 72 Table 56. Agricultural and Food Products Exports & Imports by Tons/Value for 1997-2001 Page 73 Table 57. Exports of Unprocessed Agricultural Products Page 74 Table 58. Exports of Processed Agricultural Products Page 74 Table 59. Exports of Processed and Unprocessed Agricultural Products Page 75 Table 60. Imports of Unprocessed Agricultural Products Page 75 Table 61. Imports of Processed Agricultural Products Page 76 Table 62. Imports of Processed and Unprocessed Agricultural Products Page 76 Table 63. a. Foreign Trade Balance of Agricultural Products Page 77 Table 63.b. Foreign Trade Balance of Agricultural Products Percentage Shares Page 77 Table 64. Exports of Animal Products Page 78 Table 65. Imports of Animal Products Page 78 Table 66. Exports of Vegetable Products Page 79 Table 67. Exports of Other Agricultural Products Page 79 Table 68. Imports of Vegetable Products Page 80 Table 69. Imports of Other Agricultural Products Page 80 Table 70.a. Implicit Export Prices Page 81 Table 70.b. Implicit Export Prices Page 83 Table 71. Variation of Agricultural Productivity by Province ($/ha) Page 84 Table 72. Area Sown by Province and Region for Field Crops, Fruits and Vegetables, in Hectares 1996-2001 Page 87 Table 73. Area Sown by Region for Field Crops 1996-2001 Page 90 Table 74. Area Sown by Region for Fruits 1996-2001 Page 90 Table 75. Area Sown by Region for Vegetables 1996-2001 Page 91 Table 76. Turkey: Estimates of Support to Agriculture and Main Indicators by Commodity Page 92 Table 77: Main Indicators by Commodity Page 93 Table 78. Terms of Trade Index Page 94 Table 79. Aggregate Regional Crop PSEs Page 94 Table 80. DIS Registered Farmers by Province 2002 Page 95 Table 81. DIS Registered Farmers by Region 2002 Page 97 Table 82. Ha Planted in Hazelnut by District and Province 1996-2001 Page 98 Table. 83. Hazelnut Exports of Italy, Spain, Turkey and USA 1970-2001 Page 103 Table 84. Hazelnut Exports Value and Price of Turkey 1976-2001 Page 104 Table 85. Scope and Incidence of Agricultural Subsidy Phase Out, 2002 compared to 1999 Page 105 Table 86. Agricultural / Non-Agricultural WPIs and GDP Deflator Ratios Page 105 Statistical Annex Table 1. Agricultural Land Use by Province, 1997 – 2001 Tarim alanlari - Agricultural Land -1997 Hektar-Hectare Islenen tarla alani Sebze Meyve, zeytin agaclarinin Cultivated field area bahçeleri kapladigialan ve bag alani Toplam alan Ekilen Nadas Vegetable Area of fruit trees, olive treess il - Province Total land Area sown Fallow land gardens and vineyards Toplam - Total 26 863 506 18 605 317 4 916 998 774 563 2 566 628 Adana 601 272 522 443 10 100 31 449 37 280 Adiyaman 286 591 232 589 10 682 6 613 36 707 Afyonkarahisar 625 737 453 581 154 546 7 403 10 207 Agri 332 539 246 791 85 074 606 68 Amasya 237 476 204 310 21 308 6 646 5 212 Ankara 1 290 453 911 513 316 512 45 269 17 159 Antalya 417 509 279 941 58 380 32 545 46 643 Artvin 38 517 19 887 30 1 695 16 905 Aydin 427 843 163 108 3 874 17 548 243 313 Balikesir 454 529 321 977 9 517 35 611 87 424 Bilecik 108 525 78 090 9 530 9 701 11 204 Bingöl 39 629 21 854 16 900 492 383 Bitlis 127 934 77 375 48 255 792 1 512 Bolu 230 487 139 054 23 135 3 360 64 938 Burdur 193 440 166 587 14 814 6 090 5 949 Bursa 374 302 224 835 25 513 56 451 67 503 Çanakkale 283 104 220 610 7 186 16 154 39 154 Çankiri 218 192 143 342 63 978 8 668 2 204 Çorum 619 096 481 910 116 660 7 488 13 038 Denizli 360 439 278 709 16 849 14 686 50 195 Diyarbakir 739 951 642 713 47 424 23 243 26 571 Edirne 364 540 353 810 100 7 726 2 904 Elazig 158 252 92 047 43 435 4 166 18 604 Erzincan 174 805 116 848 49 853 3 740 4 364 Erzurum 290 852 219 910 68 021 1 847 1 074 Eskisehir 570 359 365 314 196 144 6 194 2 707 Gaziantep 357 941 207 175 5 550 5 362 139 854 Giresun 156 557 53 294 4 424 4 179 94 660 Gümüihane 86 181 69 813 14 100 863 1 405 Hakkari 7 356 6 485 95 528 248 Hatay 273 611 185 770 2 900 38 463 46 478 Isparta 183 124 131 795 20 813 3 806 26 710 içel 398 500 258 486 42 447 32 928 64 639 istanbul 105 482 93 709 90 8 508 3 175 izmir 359 935 184 558 737 40 036 134 604 1 Kars 220 301 219 446 - 188 667 Kastamonu 289 475 227 324 51 611 3 529 7 011 Kayseri 852 891 405 051 435 505 1 873 10 462 Kirklareli 257 223 252 600 - 3 566 1 057 Kirsehir 444 846 261 058 173 338 2 841 7 609 Kocaeli 143 431 115 554 11 170 3 602 13 105 Konya 2 588 670 1 536 370 975 340 14 663 62 297 Kütahya 398 893 307 971 77 934 6 018 6 970 Malatya 401 653 182 267 150 934 3 404 65 048 Manisa 446 486 293 342 9 262 24 803 119 079 Kahramanmaras 446 623 353 034 45 357 7 143 41 089 Mardin 374 453 321 987
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  • The Epiphytic Bryophyte Vegetation of Kamilet Valley (Artvin, Turkey)

    The Epiphytic Bryophyte Vegetation of Kamilet Valley (Artvin, Turkey)

    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2019) 43: 551-569 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1812-38 The epiphytic bryophyte vegetation of Kamilet Valley (Artvin, Turkey) 1, 2 3 Mevlüt ALATAŞ *, Nevzat BATAN , Tülay EZER 1 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey 2 Maçka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey Received: 19.12.2018 Accepted/Published Online: 08.04.2019 Final Version: 08.07.2019 Abstract: In this study, the vegetation of epiphytic bryophytes in the Kamilet Valley and its surroundings (Arhavi, Artvin) was investigated. The study area is located within the borders of the Eastern Black Sea Mountains and is one of the 122 important plant areas in Turkey. The investigation of epiphytic bryophyte communities was carried out in 2016 during different vegetation periods according to Braun-Blanquet’s phytosociological methodology. Phytosociological data obtained from 65 relevés were ordinated using detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) and classified using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). Consequently, six epiphytic bryophyte communities new to Turkey were determined with TWINSPAN and DECORANA: Leucobryo-Tetraphidetum pellucidae, Anomodonto attenuati-Neckeretum crispae, Frullanio tamarisci-Exsertothecetum crispae, Ulotetum crispae, Anomodonto attenuati-Neckeretum crispae-leucodontetosum sciuroidis, and Ulotetum crispae-isothecietosum alopecuroidis. All syntaxa are presented by analyzing them in terms of their ecological and floristic classifications. Key words: Bryophyte, epiphytic vegetation, Kamilet Valley, Turkey 1. Introduction described by the WWF due to the presence of threatened Nutrient-rich tree roots, cracks on bark, irregular surfaces plant species and the rare habitats that make these sites on branches, and collapsed branches are all suitable special.
  • State Imposed Place Name Change in Turkey and the Response of Giresun Residents

    State Imposed Place Name Change in Turkey and the Response of Giresun Residents

    STATE IMPOSED PLACE NAME CHANGE IN TURKEY AND THE RESPONSE OF GIRESUN RESIDENTS by Daniel Fields Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University June 2013 STATE IMPOSED PLACE NAME CHANGE IN TURKEY AND THE RESPONSE OF GIRESUN RESIDENTS APPROVED BY: Cemil Koçak ......................................... (Thesis Supervisor) Leyla Neyzi ......................................... Akşin Somel ......................................... DATE OF APPROVAL................................ ii © Daniel Fields 2013 All Rights Reserved iii STATE IMPOSED PLACE NAME CHANGE IN TURKEY AND THE RESPONSE OF GIRESUN RESIDENTS Daniel Fields Turkish Studies M.A. Thesis, 2013 Prof. Dr. Cemil Koçak Keyword: Place Names, Toponymical Change, Giresun, Turkey Abstract: In 1913, the Ottoman state began attempting to systematically impose new place names across the territory under its control. Although the intensity of the efforts varied greatly, place name change would continue through the end of the Ottoman Empire and on into the Republic of Turkey. By 1968, when a volume containing all the changes was published by the Interior Ministry, roughly thirty percent of settlement names in Turkey had been changed. Renaming continued sporadically until the 1990s. This thesis inquires into these attempts at name change in Turkey with a focus on how people responded to the changes in their everyday lives. The value of place names as formulated in human and cultural geography is explored in order to determine why people may have rejected or accepted the state imposed names. Place name change, rather than being approached solely as a nation-building project motivated by Turkification, is also considered as being a technique of governmentality.
  • Mardin-Savur Geleneksel Kent Dokusu Ve Evleri

    Mardin-Savur Geleneksel Kent Dokusu Ve Evleri

    Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 1, 2006 MARDİN-SAVUR GELENEKSEL KENT DOKUSU VE EVLERİ F. Meral HALİFEOĞLU∗ Neslihan DALKILIÇ∗ Özet: Mardin iline bağlı bir ilçe olan Savur, özgün dokusunu günümüze kadar koruyan önemli bir tarihi yerleşim merkezidir. Savur geleneksel kent dokusu, iki tepenin çevresindeki yerleşim alanlarından oluşmaktadır. Kalesi, topog- rafyaya göre biçimlenmiş sokakları, dini yapıları, konakları ve evleri ile geleneksel yerleşim düzeninin özgün değerle- rini yansıtmaktadır. Spontane olarak, organik bir dokuda gelişen kentin ana elemanları geleneksel evlerdir. Güneydo- ğu Anadolu Bölgesi geleneksel mimarisinin genel özelliklerini gösteren Savur evleri; aile yapısı, ekonomik yapı, kültürel etkileşim, iklim, topografya, jeolojik yapı ve malzemenin etkisiyle biçimlenmiştir. Evlerin birçoğu, ilk sahip- lerinin torunları tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Geleneksel yaşam ve kültürel yapı devam etmektedir. Geleneksel kent dokusu ve evleri; nüfus artışı, çarpık kentleşme, yanlış restorasyonlar, bakımsızlık ve ilgisizlikten dolayı özgün değer- lerini günden güne yitirmektedir. İlçede çok sayıda geleneksel konut olmasına rağmen, çok az sayıda (12) tescilli konut vardır. Koruma Planı olmayan Savur’un, kültürel birikiminin çağdaş yöntemlerle araştırılması ve tespit edilme- si, çözülmesi gereken sorunların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, öncelikle Savur’daki tüm geleneksel konutlar tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen evler detaylı bir biçimde araştırılarak; Savur’un geleneksel kent dokusu, genel yerleşim özellikleri ile geleneksel evlerin mimari özellikleri; plan düzeni, plan tipleri, cephe düzeni, cephe elemanları ve yapısal sistem incelenmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Savur, Mardin, koruma, tarihi çevre, geleneksel kent dokusu, geleneksel evler. Traditional City Pattern and Houses of Mardin-Savur Abstract: Savur, a small town in the province of Mardin, is an important traditional settlement that has preserved its original texture up to the present.