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Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub~ STUDIES ON GUAR1 - CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB~ By THEODORE HYMOWITZ 0\. Bachelor of Science Cornell University Ithaca, New York 1955 Master of Science University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 1957 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August, 1963 OKLAHOMA St JE UNtVE UBRARY JAN 8 1964 STUDIES ON GUAR - CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB. Thesis Approved: 5420~7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful acknowledgement is made to the faculty and staff of the Agronomy Department, Oklahoma State University, for their encouragement and assistance during the course of these investigations. The author is especially indebted to: Dr. R. S. Matlock, his major advisor, for the aid and consideration so generously extended; Dr. L. R. Bruneau, Dr. J. R. Harlan, Dr. H. F. Murphy, and Dr. U. T. Waterfall, the members of his committee; Dr. R. D. Morrison, Mr. W. Gurley, and Mrs. J. Bedingfield for their aid in the statistical analysis of the data; Dr. H. L. Hyland and Dr. W.R. Langford, U.S.D.A., for their assistance in obtaining the plant introduc­ tions Gf Cyamopsis; Mrs. M. E. Howland of the library staff for her aid in acquiring pertinent documents; Dr. C. L. Leinweber, former Agronomy Department staff member, for the use of his seed germinators; Mr. J. A. Ameen, undergraduate student, for his aid in collecting data on experiments conducted on iii guar seedcoat color; Mr. D. F. Owen and Mr. E. F. Young, Jr., fellow students, for their suggestions and assistance in the preparation of the manuscript; The Oklahoma State Experiment Station for a re­ search assistantship, the United States Department of Agriculture for financial assistance, the Loeb Foun­ dation for a fellowship, and the United States Depart­ ment of State for a Fulbright fellowship to India; Ann E. Hymowitz, the author's wife, for her extreme patience and encouragement; and Mrs. D. Owen, for typing the manuscript. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION ............................ ......, - .1 I. THE HISTORY OF GUARIN THE UNITED STA TES. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 A. The History of Guarin the United States Prior to World War II ••• • •• •• •••••• 3 B. The History of Guarin the United States During World War II and the Immediate Post-War Era. ........... ........ 12 C. Recent Advances in Chemistry, Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Cultural Practices •••..••••••• ~•••••••••••••••••••• 20 . ' II. A STUDY OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE PLANT INTRODUCTIONS OF THE GENUS CYAMOPSIS •••••••••• 33 III. COMPETITION STUDIES IN GUAR ••••••••••••••••••• 54 IV. STUDIES ON SEEDCOAT COLOR, ••••••••••••••••••••• 75 A. Variations in Seedcoat Color of Groehler Guar -- Genetic or Environmental? •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75 B. The Effect of Temperature, t.he ., Light __ . Reflectance of the Seedcoat, : and: Scari­ ficatiqn.:.of tl'ieCSeel:!" on t he -Germinati on .. of Groehler Guar.-.. ... ..... .. .. ....... 78 C. The Influence of the Light Reflectance of the Seedcoat on Seedling Emergence and on the Rate of Growth of Groehler Guar During the Growing Season •••••••••••• 82 V. AN INVESTIGATION ON THE BRANCHING HABIT OF TEXSEL VARIETY OF GUAR ••••••••••••••••••••• 87 VI. DETERMINATION OF THE ·CRITICAL POINT FOR X-RAY DOSAGE OF DORMANT SEED OF GOAR ••••••••• •• ••••• 92 LITERATURE CITED •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9,7. V LIST OF TABLES Table Page CHAPTER I 1. Plant Introductions of Guar P~ior to 1940 ....... 0••···························· 5 2. Locations and Dates Where Guar Intro­ ductions were Grown in the New World · Prior to World War II •••••••• ~············ 6 3. Patent Number, Author, Reference Cited, and Title of Patents Issued from 1955 to 1960 Concerning Guar Gum............... 25 CHAPTER II 1. Plant Introductions of the Genus Cyamopsis, Oklahoma G Number, Plac·e of Origin, Year Introduced, :.aridLGenetic ~Code for'·Eabh Introduction •.•••••••••.••.•••••••••••••••• 36 2. Source and Availibility of the Plant Introductions of the Genus Cyamopsis ••••••• 46 3. Summary of Data on the Absence or Presence of Biramose Hairs in the Plant Intro- ductions of the Genus Cyamopsis ••••..•••••• 47 4. Summary of Data on Pod Size in the Plant Introductions of the Genus Cyamopsis ••• o••• 48 5. Summary on Branching Habit in the Plant Introductions of the Genus Cyamopsis ••••••• 48 CHAPTER III 1. Varieties, Spacings, and Population Rates Used in Guar Competition Study ••••••••••••• 56 2. Mean Squares for Plant Height, Number of Branches, and Total Number · of Pods for the Guar Competition Study, 1960 •••••••••••••.• 59 vi Table Page 3. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Mean Plant Heights in Cm. of Three Varieties of Guar •••••••••••• 60 4. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Mean Plant Height in Cm. of Three Spacings of Guar ••••••••••••• 60 5. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Number of Branches of Three Varieties of Guar ••••••••••••••••••• 61 6. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Number of Branches of Three Spacings of Guar •••••••••••••••••••• 62 7. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Number of Branches of Three Populations of Guar ••••••••••••••••• 62 S. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Total Number of Pods of Three Varieties of Guar •••••••••••••••• 64 9. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Total Number of Pods per Plant for Three Spacings of Guar ••••••••••• 64 10. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Total Number of Pods per Plant for Three Populations of Guar •••••••• 64 11. Mean Squares for the Number of Mature Pods, Total Weight of Mature Pods, and Total Weight of Seed of the Guar Competition Study, 1960 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.. ~ ••• 66 12. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Number of Mature Pods Per Plant for Three Varieties of Guar •••••• 67 13. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Plant Competition on the Number of Mature Pods per Plant for Three Spacings of Guar o ••• o •••• o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6.7 14. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Compet.f'. t:i·9n con '.: the , Number· ·of . Mature . Pods ~- Pe,r P+ant for;, Trn.ree 'i :P.o-~1;t]att6rls, ·.. of . Cl,tlar • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6:7 vii Table Page 15. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Plant Competition on the Weight of .Mature Pods per Plant for Three Varieties of Guar • ••••••• o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 7 16. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Plant Competition on the Weight of Mature Pods per Plant for Three Spacings of Guar • ••• o •••••••••••••••• o o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6g 17. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Plant Competition on the Weight of Mature Pods per Plant for Three Populations of Guar ••••••• o••••o•o••••o•••••••••••••••~· •• f.g 18. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Plant Competition on the Weight of Seed per Plant from Three Varieties of Guar••••••••o••••• 68 19. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Com­ petition on the Weight of Seed from Mature Pods per Plant for Three Spacings of Guar •• 6$' 20. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Plant Competition on the Weight of Seed from Mature Pods per Plant for Three Populations of Guar ••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 21. Mean Squares for the Per Cent Mature Pods . and Threshing Percentage of Guar Com- petition Study, 1960 •••.• o•••••••••••••••• 70 22. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Per Cent Mature Pods Per Plant for Three Varieties of Guar ••••• 72 23. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Threshing Perce·ntage Per Plant for Three Varieties of Guar ••••• 72 24. Multiple Range Test for the Effect of Competition on the Threshing Percentage Per Plant for Three Populations of Guar ••• 72 25. Range of Correlation Values Among Weight of Pod, Weight of Seed in Pod, Pod Length, and Number of Seed in Pod ••••••••••••••••• 73 viii Table Page CHAPTER IV 1. Percentage and Color of Guar Seed Separated by Light Reflectance of the Seedcoat in 1959 and Percentage of each Group in Progeny Grown in 1960 from Original Seed Separates ••• 77 2. Analysis of Variance of the Effect of Temperature and the Light Reflectance of the Seedcoat on the Germination of Groehler Guar • •••••••••••••• e o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 79 J. Multiple Range Test of the Effect of Temp­ erature on the Per Cent Germination of Groehler Guar •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 79 4. Multiple Range Test of the Effect of Light Reflectance of the Seedcoat on the Per Cent Germination of Groehler Guar ••••••••••••••••• 80 5. Influence of the Light Reflectance of the Seedcoat on Per Cent Germination ••••••••••••• 84 6. Mean Plant Height in Centimeters of Each Category of Light Reflectant Seedcoats During the Growing Season •••••••••••••••••••• 85 CHAPTER V 1. The Effect. of Spacing Rate on the Percentage of Branching and Non- Branching Parents of Texsel Variety of Guar ••••••••••••••••••••••• 90 CHAPTER VI 1. Comparison of the Mean Number of Plants of Groehler Guar that Emerged and Survived, for a Control and Four X-ray Radiation Treatments . o ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _. 94 2. The Lethal Dosage of R&di&tion ;Recei~ed_~y Guar"Seed'a't the .End of the .Fourth Week •....• 94 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page CHAPTER I! 1. Pod and
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