Humaniora, 11(3), November 2020, 235-244 P-ISSN: 2087-1236 DOI: 10.21512/humaniora.v11i3.6682 E-ISSN: 2476-9061
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTION ON ADOLESCENTS
Rr. Setyawati1*; Nurul Hartini2; Suryanto3
1,2,3Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga Jl. Airlangga No. 4-6, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Received: 03rd September 2020/ Revised: 19th September 2020/ Accepted: 26th October 2020
How to Cite: Setyawati, R., Hartini, N., & Suryanto. (2020). The psychological impacts of internet pornography addiction on adolescents. Humaniora, 11(3), 235-244. https://doi.org/ 10.21512/humaniora.v11i3.6682
ABSTRACT
The research aimed to reveal the impacts by adolescents who experienced internet addiction with pornographic content. It applied a qualitative approach, namely an instrumental case study. Participants were 18-25 years old, there were six adolescents who were obtained based on the initial screening, namely self-reporting through a pornography internet addiction questionnaire. The data were collected by in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Thematic analysis with NVivo 12 data management was used as the data analysis technique. The results show that adolescents experience changes in cognition and affection for sexual stimulation caused by the internet with pornographic content. The impact of cognition is shown from their obsessive-compulsive thoughts on sexual content. They always have the desire to see those photos or video over again, which lead them to sleep disorders due to visualizing scenes of sexual intercourse. The impact of affection can be seen from their desire to act in sexual activity, their being so passionate and pleased after seeing pornographic content, and their expectation to feel such immense affection. Furthermore, they might find difficulty in establishing interpersonal relationships with other people and tend to withdraw themselves from the social environment.
Keywords: psychological impacts, internet pornography addiction, adolescent addiction
INTRODUCTION the research uses the term internet addiction with pornographic content after reviewing research results The rapid advancement of internet has in several scientific journals. emerged many terms related to internet addiction In fact, research on internet addiction with with pornographic content. Several research results pornographic content still becomes a topic of debate indicate a number of terms used, which are internet for its existence by scientists and health practitioners. pornography use (Grubbs et al., 2017; Short et al., 2016); There is no specific diagnostic for addiction to internet internet pornography addiction (Love et al., 2015); pornography since it has not been included in the compulsive pornography use (Kohut & Štulhofer, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders/ 2018b; De Sousa, 2019); excessive pornography use DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2017) or (Blaszczynski, 2016) excessive internet pornography the latest version of the International Classification of use (Essig, 2015); problematic pornography use (Gola Diseases-11/ICD 11, which complicates this problem. et al., 2016, 2017); problematic internet pornography Not to mention that there is still a debate whether use (Chen & Jiang, 2020); compulsive pornography internet pornography addiction is an extension of consumption (Noor, Rosser & Erickson, 2014; sexual addiction with the internet as a medium, which Rosser, Noor & Iantaffi, 2014); compulsive use of causes negative consequences in life (Griffiths, 2012) sexually explicit internet material (Doornwaard et or is involving other types of addiction (Young, 2009). al., 2016); 2016); internet pornography use disorder Addiction, in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's (Antons & Brand, 2018; Pekal et al., 2018). Therefore, Dictionary and Thesaurus, is describes as the need or
*Corresponding Author 235 strong desire to do or to have something, or a very pornography can be seen in a person who compulsively strong liking for something. There are many experts searches porn sites or cybersex. Internet addiction who define internet addiction, however, the reference behavior on pornographic objects based on internet of experts in defining internet addiction is basically addiction criteria can be seen from several compatible almost the same, especially definition of behavioral indicators (Griffiths et al., 2016), including immersion, addiction (Caplan, 2002). Caplan et al. (2009) sees excessive time, and lack of control. Immersion here is technology addiction as part of behavioral addiction; feeling immersed in or preoccupied with the internet and internet addiction as one of the major components with pornographic content. Excessive time means that of addiction (i.e., significance, mood modification, individuals always need additional time to achieve a tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse). Griffiths certain level of satisfaction when using the internet et al. (2016) defines internet addiction as addictive to access pornographic content. The absence of behavior which involves interactions between humans control means that individuals are no longer able to and machines without the use of drugs. control, reduce, or stop using the internet to access Young (1998, 2008) defines addiction as a habit pornographic content. forced to engage in certain activities or make use of Addiction to internet pornography can be substances, not by bearing adverse consequences on the seen from several criteria according to the opinions physical, social, spiritual, mental and financial health of several figures. Internet porn addiction can be of individuals. Instead of overcoming life's obstacles, determined based on hours of use per week (Cooper et dealing with everyday stressors, and/or dealing with al., 1998) while others are based on reported increased past or present trauma, addicts respond maladaptively usage patterns (Young, 2008). Pornography addiction by turning to pseudo-coping mechanisms. Behavioral relies on participatory evaluation of the behaviors addiction is pre-occupation with the behavior, and emotional experiences associated with use. This diminished ability to control the behavior, tolerance, subjective evaluation is manifested in: the number of withdrawal, and adverse psychosocial consequences attempts made to access pornographic internet; lack (Grant et al., 2010). of control over the use of pornographic content; and Internet pornography is defined as the use emotional distress associated with its use (Grubbs et of the internet for sexual activities, such as viewing al., 2015). pornographic images, chatting about sex, exchanging Therefore, based on the previous research, the pictures or videos about sex which is sometimes researchers come up with the definition of addiction followed by masturbation (Cooper et al., 2004). The to internet pornography. It is an online compulsive definition of pornography in Law Number 44 of 2008 behavior that dominates life in a maladaptive manner concerning pornography is sexuality material made by using the internet for excessive sexual content to raise humans in the form of images, sketches, illustrations, sexual arousal with a loss of ability to control one self’s photos, writings, sounds, videos, animations, cartoons, behavior towards sexual contents made by humans conversations, gestures, or messages, and others through various forms of communication media and through various forms of communication media and public performances, which contain obscenity or public performances containing obscenity or sexual sexual exploitation violating the norms of decency in exploitation that violates the norms of decency in society. The research, with theoretical contribution, society. aims to reveal the impact experienced by adolescents Internet pornography is a merely attractive who experience internet addiction with pornographic medium due to the nature of Triple A, namely contents. accessibility, affordability, and anonymity (Cooper et al., 2003). Accessibility refers to the fact that the internet provides millions of pornographic sites and METHODS chat rooms allowing opportunities for pornographic activities online. Affordability, namely accessing The qualitative approach is chosen to carry pornographic sites provided by the internet, does not out an in-depth study on a phenomenon of internet need to be expensive. Meanwhile, anonymity means pornography addiction by delivering clear and that individuals do not need to be afraid of being in-depth elaboration from the data. The research recognized by others. Teens can hide their identity describes the psychological impact on adolescents when accessing sensitive information about sexuality who are merely addicted to pornographic contents due to privacy and anonymity (de Alarcón et al., 2019; on the internet. Creswell et al. (2007) states that a Shim & Paul, 2014). The characteristics of internet case study is a research strategy in which researchers pornography as mentioned above provide opportunities carefully investigate a program, event, activity, for adolescents to fulfill their curiosity about sexuality process, or group of individuals, whereas Stake without any restrictions that are appropriate for their (2013) states that a case-study research is to reveal developmental age. Exposure to pornographic content the peculiarities or uniqueness of the characteristics may have a risk to develop compulsive behavior in the cases. Researchers chose to use instrumental and addiction (Grubbs et al., 2019; Wetterneck et al., case study research to examine and provide in-depth 2012). understanding or explain a generalization process. Young (1998) states that addiction to internet Through the cases, the researchers intend to show that
236 Humaniora, Vol. 11 No. 3 November 2020, 235-244 there is something unique that can be learned, which relevant data for each code. The third stage is looking is different from the explanations obtained from other for themes, in which the researchers compile the code objects. into potential themes and collects all relevant data Participants should be about 18-25 years old with each potential theme. because based on the results of some studies this age The fourth step is reviewing the theme by range is included in the category of late adolescence checking whether the theme is functioning in relation towards adulthood. This period is characterized by to the results of reducing data to code (Level 1) and exploration in the fields of sexuality and identity, the entire data set (Level 2) and producing thematic as well as increased participation in risky behavior 'maps' from the analysis. The fifth step is defining and (Arnett, 2014). Six adolescents become the participants naming the themes, in which the researcher carries of this research. This number is obtained based on out a continuous analysis to make the specifications the initial screening, namely self-reporting through of each theme and the overall verbatim analysis as internet addiction questionnaires with pornography suggested before, and then produces a clear definition content and psychological examinations. and name for each theme. The sixth step is compiling According to Yin (2018) data are collected from the analysis report by selecting clear and interesting documents, archival records, interviews, observations sample extracts. The final analysis of the selected and physical devices. Therefore, data collection extracts is linked with research questions and literature procedures are conducted in-depth interviews, to produce a scientific report. observation and documentation. The research is considered trustworthy if it has According to Bogdan and Biklen (1992) credibility, transferability, and dependability. To fulfill an interview is a purposeful conversation, usually the credibility, the test is intended to obtain more in- between two people directed by a person with the depth data about research participants. Testing the intention of obtaining information. Interviews are credibility data from qualitative research results, among conducted with the principle of dialogue, discussion others, is carried out by extending observations with 3 to build understanding and meaning in solving meetings with participants, by increasing persistence problems. Concurrent interviews can be carried out in research, triangulation, and having discussions with participant observation, document analysis, or with peers which involves fellow psychologists and other techniques. academics to discuss research topics. The research applies participatory observation, Transferability is external validity related to the in which the role of the researcher is as an actor and degree of agreement or application of research results as an observer (Willig, 2019). This participating to the population where the sample is taken. The observation is to observe adolescent behavior by researcher should provide a detailed, clear, systematic, indirect observation through secondary participants, and reliable description. If the readers get a clear and which are the participants’ family and friends. coherent delivery, it can provide an overview of the Documentation techniques are used to obtain research results which can be applied, thus the report supporting data that cannot be done by interviewing or meets the transferability standard. observation techniques. The documentation turns out Finally, the researchers conduct a dependability to be participant notes and psychologist examinations. test by conducting an audit of the entire research Boyatzis (1998), in Alhojailan (2012) states process. The researchers provides a progress report that qualitative research data analysis is to find the at each stage of the research process, namely: (1) meaning of natural truth believed by the researcher the research problem; (2) the research focus; (3) the and understood by readers of the research report. research field; (4) the data source; (5) data analysis; The data are analyzed using thematic analysis, which (6) data validity; and (7) the conclusions. is a process that allows the translation of qualitative symptoms/information into qualitative data as needed by the researcher. Researchers use data management RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS software NVivo 12 Plus to organize data since researchers play a major role in the research and This section elaborates the results on the analysis process. experiences of adolescents who are merely addicted to The six general steps for carrying out thematic pornography internet. The results include two themes, analysis are guidelines, which should not be used as namely the experience of accessing the internet with prescriptive, linear, and inflexible rules when analyzing pornographic content and the impacts of accessing the data (Braun & Clarke, 2006). These steps should be internet with pornographic content. used in conjunction with the research question and The responses from experience of accessing available data. The first step is familiarizing the data pornographic content are made into three categories: by making a transcript of the interview results into (1) the first-time for participants being exposed to verbatim, which are then read to obtain the initial pornography; (2) the duration of viewing pornography ideas. The second step is generating the initial code, on the internet; and (3) ways to access pornographic in which the researcher makes coding systematically contents. Table 1 presents the experience of accessing based on interesting facts from data and collects the internet with pornographic content.
The Psychological Impacts of ..... (Rr. Setyawati, et al.) 237 Table 1 Experience of Accessing the Internet with reference coded [2,48% Coverage] “Gradually, Pornographic Content the blue videos that I saw were getting longer in duration and having more various in style. The first blue videos I saw were only four to First time accessing Start to access the internet five minutes long. When I was in the end of my pornographic content with pornographic content junior high school, the video I downloaded from on the internet when they were 11-13 years the ‘waptrick’ site was fifteen minutes long.” old. The duration of Consumption of The third category is the way to access the internet with pornography is getting pornographic content. It is found that the participants pornographic content longer, and pornographic use their own cellphones, borrow cellphones from videos have various lengths friends as well as parents' cellphones to go online. of time. They use a mobile phone application to share sexual The way to access The participants use content and use Bluetooth to obtain pornographic the internet with cellphones online, borrow videos offline. Participants use an application from pornographic content cellphones from friends and the Playstore to download pornographic videos, use are taught by friends how to additional applications such as UC Browser, Share It, access pornographic content VPN, YouTube, and Twitter. These data were taken internet, and use their based on the statement from participants. parents' cellphones.
Furthermore, participants have access through Participants can tell exactly at what age they the website by entering to www.waptrick.com, accessed internet for pornography. Participants selecting videos they desired and downloading them, experience exposure to pornographic content when as seen in the transcript of the interview. they were 11-13 years old, which is conveyed by all participants as seen in the following transcripts.
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Sexual contents occurs to have impacts on
The Psychological Impacts of ..... (Rr. Setyawati, et al.) 239 What makes worse is that to find out that the relieved..” Reference 14 - 0,16% Coverage “… teacher will teach biology subjects in my class It satisfied that… mmm…. satisfying my sexual for a year. At that time when I turned that appetite…” Reference 4 - 0,27% Coverage beautiful teacher into my regular imagination in that hot slime-filled action.” Reference 4 - Finally, pornographic contents on the internet 1,54% Coverage. is considered to impact viewers’ behavior. They tend to find it difficult making friends, initiating Participants will photograph the teacher's face communication, and getting along with others in in their mind and take the image to a quiet place. In his groups or organizations since they would prefer being imagination, the teacher's figure looks beautiful and alone. real that he gasped for air in the room. This becomes his habits of hot slime-filled action. In fact, rape appears
240 Humaniora, Vol. 11 No. 3 November 2020, 235-244 contents as when they are alone. They tend to stay pornography content in the internet. Participants in their room until parents tell them to come out and initially just felt curious to know things related greet the guests. Not to mention that they tend to be to sexual content. On the other hand, participants more sensitive as they feel not much comfortable in have entered the range of puberty in which sexual having conversations with others. development begins to appear. When participants accessed pornography for the first time, they were at
The Psychological Impacts of ..... (Rr. Setyawati, et al.) 241 pornography offline or different means. Addiction to when consuming it for the first time; (3) thinking about internet pornography also affects the emotional life of sexual contents that have been watched; (4) focusing adolescents so they are prone to nightmares, feelings on the sexual content; (5) starting to be addicted to of shame, guilt, anxiety and confusion as well as self- them by imagining sexual content that has not been esteem, feelings of dissatisfaction with one's body and viewed; (6) having lack of focus on doing things and sexual anxiety. This finding is in line with research by (7) having difficulty in sleeping due to fantasies about (Doornwaard et al., 2016). sexual intercourse scenes. Behulu et al. (2019) show that adolescents The impacts of affection can be found from their receive information through pornographic content emergence of passion and pleasure from watching that emphasizes physical appearance and masters pornographic content, the urge to perform scenes and sexual intercourse techniques. Pornography will intimate relationships in the video to vent lust and have an impact on sexual attitudes, beliefs, behavior feel such immense affection. Furthermore, internet and sexual aggression, self-concept, body image, addiction with pornography has an impact on social social development, and brain function and physical behavior, which these adolescents may find difficulty development of adolescents (George et al., 2019). in establishing interpersonal relationships with other It is further explained by Jonsson et al. (2014) who people and tend to withdraw themselves from the have conducted a research on 3.503 youths in Sweden. social environment. They mention that the experience of intentional online The research represents a limited number of sexual exposure is related to internet behavior, social participants so that it cannot be used to generalize to background and psycho-social health including other individuals who are addicted to the internet with parent-child relationships. They prove a significant pornographic content. In addition, enforcement of association between intentional sexual exposure internet addiction with pornographic content considers online and a number of different forms of online that there has not been a standard to determine the harassment. Respondents have significantly worse severity and lightness of the pornography addiction. Not psycho-social health and problematic relationships to mention that internet addiction with pornographic with parents. Moreover, pornography addiction content based on self-reporting questionnaires is not a in adolescents lead to an attitude of approving psychologist's diagnosis. prostitution, supporting sexual relations without love Internet addiction with pornography content is and affection, and underestimating love (van Oosten & a problem that requires handling from several parties, Vandenbosch, 2020). Gradually, pornographic display namely the government, parents, and the community. can have a negative influence on changes in attitude Teenagers need to get internet pornography literacy to or behavior from the results of the learning process fortify themselves from exposure to the internet with through imitation. At the next stage, pornography pornographic contents that are increasingly circulating addicts tend to experience a process of increasing need without limits. Further research is suggested to which will eventually lead to deviant behavior among examine related variables such as self-efficacy, self- adolescents. concept and social relations of adolescents who These findings show that the pornographic experience pornography internet addiction. content by adolescents contains complex messages about gender, power, sexual health, body, pleasure, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS consent, performance, sexuality and sex. Repeated exposure to pornography results in findings that there On this occasion, the researcher would like to is a decrease in the sensitivity of adolescents to the thank and appreciate much to Mrs. Dr. Nurul Hartini, material being viewed and it leads to a distorted view M. Kes, Psychologist, as the Academic Advisor who of "acceptable" behavior in relationships. Duffy et has given me her best guidance, supports, suggestions al (2016) furtherly explain that cognitive distortions as well as directions in her very busy times. I am are related to the use of pornographic content. especially indebted to Mr. Prof. Dr. Suryanto the Pornographic display will gradually have a negative chairman of my committee. As a teacher and mentor, influence on changes in attitudes or behavior from he has taught more than I could ever give him credit the results of the learning process through imitation for here. This work would not have been possible will eventually trigger deviant behavior among without the financial support of the LPDP (Indonesia adolescents. Endowment Fund for Education) which has provided the fund for doctoral studies.
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