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Introduction to the Respiratory System

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Respiratory System Part 1 Respiration Cardiopulmonary system Respiratory and conducting divisions Three processes 1. Breathing 2. Exchange of gases 3. Use of oxygen Respiration Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs Respiratory system External respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood Transport: O2 and CO2 in the blood Circulatory system Internal respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues Functional Anatomy Structures Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Bronchial tree Pleurae Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main (primary) Carina of bronchus trachea Right main Left lung (primary) bronchus Right lung Diaphragm Figure 22.1 Nose Functions Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms entering air Filters and cleans inspired air Resonating chamber for speech Olfactory receptors Epicranius, frontal belly Root and bridge of nose Dorsum nasi Ala of nose Apex of nose Naris (nostril) Philtrum (a)Surface anatomy Pg 5 study guide Figure 22.2a Frontal bone Nasal bone Septal cartilage Maxillary bone (frontal process) Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Dense fibrous connective tissue Major alar cartilages (b) External skeletal framework Figure 22.2b Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Posterior nasal Nasal cavity aperture Nasal conchae Nasopharynx (superior, middle and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses Opening of (superior, middle, pharyngotympanic and inferior) tube Nasal vestibule Uvula Nostril Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Soft palate Isthmus of the fauces Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Vestibular fold Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold Trachea Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland (c) Illustration Figure 22.3c Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx (b) Regions of the pharynx Figure 22.3b Pharynx “Throat” Between internal nares and larynx Three regions Transports air 1. Nasopharynx Transports air, 2. Oropharynx liquids and solids 3. Laryngopharynx Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Posterior nasal Nasal cavity aperture Nasal conchae Nasopharynx (superior, middle and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses Opening of (superior, middle, pharyngotympanic and inferior) tube Nasal vestibule Uvula Nostril Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Soft palate Isthmus of the fauces Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Vestibular fold Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold Trachea Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland (c) Illustration Figure 22.3c Larynx Cartilage framework Glottis Epiglottis Functions 1. Provides a patent airway 2. Routes air and food into proper channels 3. Sound production Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages (a) Anterior superficial view Figure 22.4a Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid Thyrohyoid membrane membrane Fatty pad Cuneiform cartilage Vestibular fold Corniculate cartilage (false vocal cord) Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages (b) Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right Figure 22.4b Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage (a) Vocal folds in closed position; (b) Vocal folds in open position; closed glottis open glottis Figure 22.5 Sound Production Vocal folds Sound = vibration of folds Pitch Tension of the vocal cords Loudness Air pressure Sound Production Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips Trachea Windpipe From the larynx into the mediastinum Smooth muscle and connective tissue C-shaped rings Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Submucosa Trachealis Lumen of Seromucous gland muscle trachea in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior (a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus Figure 22.6a Lungs Left 2 lobes Right 3 lobes Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Trachea Lung Pleural cavity Thymus Visceral pleura Apex of lung Right superior lobe Left Horizontal fissure superior lobe Heart Oblique (in mediastinum) fissure Right middle lobe Left inferior Oblique fissure lobe Right inferior lobe Diaphragm Base of lung Cardiac notch (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. Figure 22.10a Lungs and Bronchial Tree Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) Superior lobe bronchus of right lung Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental Middle lobe (tertiary) of right lung bronchus Inferior lobe Inferior lobe of right lung of left lung Figure 22.7 Bronchial Tree Trachea Primary bronchi Right bronchus Shorter Branches into 3 secondary bronchi Left bronchus Branches into 2 secondary bronchi Bronchial Tree Trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles Respiratory zone terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveoli Right lung Left lung Right superior Left superior lobe (3 lobe segments) (4 segments) Right middle lobe (2 segments) Right Left inferior inferior lobe (5 segments) lobe (5 segments) Figure 22.11 Bronchogram of right lung Alveoli Gas exchange Large surface area + small diameter = high surface tension Pulmonary surfactant Infant respiratory distress syndrome Alveoli Alveolar duct Respiratory Alveolar duct bronchioles Terminal Alveolar bronchiole sac (a) Figure 22.8a Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar Alveolar duct pores Alveoli Alveolar sac (b) Squamous epithelium with an elastic membrane Figure 22.8b Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Smooth muscle Elastic fibers Alveolus Capillaries (a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships Figure 22.9a Red blood cell Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell Alveolar pores Capillary O2 Capillary Type I cell CO2 of alveolar wall Alveolus Macrophage Alveolus Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the Respiratory alveolar epithelium Red blood cell membrane and the capillary Alveoli (gas-filled in capillary Type II (surfactant- endothelium air spaces) secreting) cell Capillary endothelium (c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane Figure 22.9c Figure 22.9b Pleurae Thin, double-layered serosa Parietal pleura Thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm Visceral pleura External lung surface Pleural fluid Lubrication Pleurae Three functions 1. Reduction of friction 2. Pressure gradient 3. Compartmentalization Esophagus Vertebra Posterior (in mediastinum) Root of lung Right lung at hilum Parietal • Left main bronchus pleura • Left pulmonary artery Visceral • Left pulmonary vein pleura Left lung Pleural Thoracic wall cavity Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Sternum Anterior mediastinum Anterior (c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Figure 22.10c Atmospheric pressure Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 760 mm Hg –756 mm Hg = 4 mm Hg 756 Intrapleural pressure 760 756 mm Hg (–4 mm Hg) Intrapulmonary Lung pressure 760 mm Hg Diaphragm (0 mm Hg) Figure 22.12 Questions? Homework #5, page 9 in Homework Section Due in lab this week .
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