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Home , Alveolar duct, Bronchiole, Bronchus, Cricoid cartilage, Epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage

Respiratory System

Part 1 Respiration

 Cardiopulmonary system  Respiratory and conducting divisions  Three processes 1. 2. Exchange of gases 3. Use of

Respiration  Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the  External respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

 Transport: O2 and CO2 in the blood  Internal respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues Functional  Structures  Nose   Lungs  Bronchial tree  Pleurae

Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea Left main (primary) Carina of trachea Right main Left (primary) bronchus Right lung Diaphragm

Figure 22.1 Nose  Functions  Provides an airway for respiration  Moistens and warms entering air  Filters and cleans inspired air  Resonating chamber for speech  Olfactory receptors Epicranius, frontal belly

Root and bridge of nose

Dorsum nasi Ala of nose

Apex of nose

Naris (nostril)

Philtrum

(a)Surface anatomy Pg 5 study guide Figure 22.2a Frontal

Nasal bone Septal

Maxillary bone (frontal process)

Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar

Dense fibrous

Major alar cartilages

(b) External skeletal framework

Figure 22.2b Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Posterior nasal Nasal cavity aperture Nasal conchae Nasopharynx (superior, middle and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses Opening of (superior, middle, pharyngotympanic and inferior) tube Nasal vestibule Uvula Nostril Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Larynx cartilage Vocal fold Trachea Thyroid (c) Illustration

Figure 22.3c Pharynx Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

(b) Regions of the pharynx

Figure 22.3b Pharynx  “”  Between internal nares and larynx  Three regions Transports air

1. Nasopharynx Transports air, 2. Oropharynx liquids and solids 3. Laryngopharynx Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Posterior nasal Nasal cavity aperture Nasal conchae Nasopharynx (superior, middle and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses Opening of (superior, middle, pharyngotympanic and inferior) tube Nasal vestibule Uvula Nostril Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Soft palate Isthmus of the fauces Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Vestibular fold Vocal fold Trachea Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland (c) Illustration

Figure 22.3c Larynx  Cartilage framework   Epiglottis  Functions 1. Provides a patent airway 2. Routes air and food into proper channels 3. Sound production Epiglottis

Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane

Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

Cricothyroid Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament

Tracheal cartilages

(a) Anterior superficial view

Figure 22.4a Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid Thyrohyoid membrane membrane Fatty pad Cuneiform cartilage Vestibular fold Corniculate cartilage (false vocal cord) Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages

(b) Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right

Figure 22.4b Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage

(a) Vocal folds in closed position; (b) Vocal folds in open position; closed glottis open glottis

Figure 22.5 Sound Production  Vocal folds  Sound = vibration of folds  Pitch  Tension of the  Loudness  Air pressure Sound Production  Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality  Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and

Trachea  Windpipe  From the larynx into the and connective tissue  C-shaped rings Posterior

Mucosa

Esophagus Trachealis of Seromucous gland muscle trachea in submucosa Adventitia

Anterior (a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus

Figure 22.6a Lungs  Left  2 lobes  Right  3 lobes Intercostal muscle Parietal pleura Trachea Lung Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Apex of lung

Right superior lobe Left Horizontal fissure superior lobe Oblique (in mediastinum) fissure Right middle lobe Left inferior Oblique fissure lobe Right inferior lobe Diaphragm Base of lung Cardiac notch (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

Figure 22.10a Lungs and Bronchial Tree Trachea

Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) Superior lobe bronchus of right lung Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental Middle lobe (tertiary) of right lung bronchus

Inferior lobe Inferior lobe of right lung of left lung

Figure 22.7 Bronchial Tree  Trachea  Primary bronchi  Right bronchus  Shorter  Branches into 3 secondary bronchi  Left bronchus  Branches into 2 secondary bronchi

Bronchial Tree

Trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi Respiratory zone terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveoli

Right lung Left lung

Right superior Left superior lobe (3 lobe segments) (4 segments)

Right middle lobe (2 segments)

Right Left inferior inferior lobe (5 segments) lobe (5 segments)

Figure 22.11

Bronchogram of right lung Alveoli   Large surface area + small diameter = high surface tension  Pulmonary  Infant respiratory distress syndrome Alveoli

Respiratory Alveolar duct bronchioles

Terminal Alveolar sac

(a)

Figure 22.8a Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar Alveolar duct pores

Alveoli

Alveolar sac (b)

Squamous with an elastic membrane

Figure 22.8b Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole

Smooth muscle

Elastic fibers

Alveolus

Capillaries (a) Diagrammatic view of -alveoli relationships

Figure 22.9a Red blood cell Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell Alveolar pores Capillary

O2 Capillary Type I cell CO2 of alveolar wall Alveolus Macrophage Alveolus Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes of the Respiratory alveolar epithelium Red blood cell membrane and the capillary Alveoli (gas-filled in capillary Type II (surfactant- endothelium air spaces) secreting) cell Capillary endothelium (c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

Figure 22.9c Figure 22.9b Pleurae  Thin, double-layered serosa  Parietal pleura  Thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm  Visceral pleura  External lung surface  Pleural fluid  Lubrication

Pleurae  Three functions 1. Reduction of friction 2. Pressure gradient 3. Compartmentalization Esophagus Vertebra Posterior (in mediastinum) Root of lung Right lung at hilum Parietal • Left main bronchus pleura • Left pulmonary Visceral • Left pulmonary pleura Left lung Pleural Thoracic wall cavity Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Anterior (c) Transverse section through the , viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

Figure 22.10c Atmospheric pressure Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 760 mm Hg –756 mm Hg = 4 mm Hg

756 Intrapleural pressure 760 756 mm Hg (–4 mm Hg)

Intrapulmonary Lung pressure 760 mm Hg Diaphragm (0 mm Hg)

Figure 22.12 Questions?

Homework #5, page 9 in Homework Section Due in lab this week