DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Oklahoma Graduate College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Oklahoma Graduate College ! UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THREAT, MODELING AND MISCONCEPTIONS: A COORIENTATIONAL STUDY OF CITIZEN PHOTOJOURNALISTS’ AND PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISTS’ VALUES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TARA M. BUEHNER Norman, Oklahoma 2013 ! ! THREAT, MODELING AND MISCONCEPTIONS: A COORIENTATIONAL STUDY OF CITIZEN PHOTOJOURNALISTS’ AND PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISTS’ VALUES A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GAYLORD COLLEGE OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION BY _________________________________ Dr. Peter Gade, Chair _________________________________ Dr. David Craig _________________________________ Dr. Julie Jones _________________________________ Dr. Charles Self _________________________________ Dr. Christopher Carter ! ! "!#$%&'()*+!,&!-./.!012342/!5678! .99!/()*+:!/;:;'<;=>! ! ! ! ! ! Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to an amazing advisor and mentor, Dr. Peter Gade. This man spent hundreds of hours advising me on this dissertation. He is a rare professor who genuinely wants to see his students do the very best work possible, even if that means a great deal of extra time and effort for him. It would have required much less work for him to advise a mediocre dissertation, but he wanted me to be excellent. He often sent me emails on the weekends after looking through my drafts, and sacrificed much of his own research time to invest in me. There was never a time that he was too busy to talk with me. He is a fiercely rational man who kept me focused on the task at hand throughout, reminding me that it was not fruitful to be frustrated or apathetic. There were numerous times when he should have been outwardly frustrated with me, but he always managed to guide me in a clear and direct manner. The patience he demonstrated was incredible, even when I repeated the same mistakes over and over again. Dr. Gade is a brilliant scholar from whom I have learned much of what I know. It goes without saying that this dissertation would be nothing without his help. I am so appreciative of his generous, selfless advising. Dr. David Craig, Dr. Julie Jones, Dr. Charles Self, and Dr. Christopher Carter helped me tremendously throughout the dissertation process. Dr. Craig is one of the kindest, most genuine people I know. I have always been appreciative of his true concern for my PhD studies and my experience in general. I learned a tremendous amount from him, and was very fortunate to be able to work with him. Dr. Julie Jones had a huge influence in the direction of ! "<! ! my studies. She was the one person in the program who had an expertise in the field of study that I wanted to pursue. She spent many, many hours introducing me to the great scholars of visual communication and online media creation. She also provided much-needed levity in my studies every time I could hear her laughing loudly way, way down the hall in the building. Dr. Charles Self stretched my thinking more than anyone. He forced me to think about things in ways that I didn’t know my brain was capable of doing. I’m grateful for his insistence on making me a more well-rounded scholar. I can only hope to have a small fraction of his brilliance at some point in my career. And finally, Dr. Christopher Carter has been the best outside committee member I could possibly ask for. He was gracious enough to join my committee late in the process, and has been very interested in and encouraging of my research. His insight added much to my dissertation. I am so fortunate to have all of these intelligent people take time out of their lives to invest into me. My fiancé, Chad Mortensen, also played a huge role in supporting me during the dissertation process. No one listened to me whine, sob and despair over this project more than he did. The poor guy was the first one I would call when I did not think I could handle the stress any more. He has a funny way of making me laugh and smile even through torrents of tears and smeared make- up. I went through a good eight months of being generally grumpy and depressed, and he stuck with me. I love him dearly. Many friends and colleagues from the Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication have provided support and camaraderie. I especially appreciate the friendship of Erich Sommerfeldt, Aimei Yang, Kenna Griffin, Nur ! <! ! Uysal, Anna Klyuva, Christal Johnson and Jared Schroeder. These were the only people who truly knew what I was going through. I don’t think I could have or would have wanted to go through something as difficult as a doctoral program without friends like these. They were there to listen to me vent when things were tough, and cheer me on when things were going well. I appreciated that very much. Few people were more personally supportive of me than John Schmeltzer. John is one of the only people from the Gaylord College with whom I can really discuss what’s going on in my academic life. He reminds me not to take everything so seriously. He has always been a fantastic supporter of mine. I absolutely adore that guy. Thanks, Schmeltz. Kelly Storm was also such an integral part of the graduate experience at Gaylord. She is one of the most positive people I’ve ever met, and the best secretary in the world. I cannot believe how patient she was with me when I constantly lost forms, forgot to turn things in, or just generally had no idea what was going on. I will really miss hearing her yell down the hall “BEAN!” to greet me. Finally, my parents have also stood behind me and encouraged me. They have supported me emotionally and financially as I’ve struggled through graduate school. I could not have done any of this without their help. Thanks, everyone. ! <"! ! Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................ xii List of Figures ...................................................................................................... xv Abstract ............................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: The Changing Media Landscape ....................................................... 14 Economic Impact of Changing Media Landscape on Journalism ................... 17 Cuts in budgets, staff and content. ..................................................................... 21 Foreshadowings of the Current Media Landscape .......................................... 20 Postmodernism. ....................................................................................... 22 The communitarian critique and civic journalism. ................................. 25 Network society. ....................................................................................... 28 Summary: The Changing Media Landscape ................................................... 32 Chapter 3: Journalism Professionalism .............................................................. 34 Professions ........................................................................................................ 35 Journalism as a profession. ...................................................................... 38 Normative theory. .................................................................................... 42 Libertarian Theory. ............................................................ 42 Social Responsibility. ......................................................... 48 Objectivity: Its history as a journalistic norm ................... 53 The social construction of reality. ................................................. 57 ! <""! ! Journalism routines. .................................................................... 58 Journalistic values in contemporary practice. .................................................... 63 Summary: Journalism Professionalism .......................................................... 64 Chapter 4: Photojournalism Professionalism .................................................... 67 The Development of Photography ................................................................... 68 Early Uses of Photography .............................................................................. 69 The Joining of Photography and Journalism .................................................. 70 ?*%+%)(@&*'!@A=!B%C"@9!.D@(;A;::!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!E6! ! The Professionalization of Photojournalism .................................................... 72 Summary: Professional Photojournalism ........................................................ 76 Amateur Photography Values ........................................................................... 77 Amateur photography in a pre-digital age. .............................................. 78 Amateur photographers in the digital era. .............................................. 80 Summary: Professional and amateur photojournalism. ......................... 85 Chapter 5: Journalism in a Postmodern, Networked World .............................. 87 Inviting the Audience ....................................................................................... 88 Inviting visual content. ............................................................................. 95 Impact on Professional Journalists and Photojournalists .............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 19 Mapping the Citizen News Landscape: Blurring Boundaries, Promises, Perils, and Beyond
    An Nguyen and Salvatore Scifo 19 Mapping the Citizen News Landscape: Blurring Boundaries, Promises, Perils, and Beyond Abstract: This chapter offers a necessary critical overview of citizen journalism in its many forms and shapes, with a focus on its promises and perils and what it means for the future of news. We will start with a review of the concept of “citizen journalism” and its many alternative terms, then move to briefly note the long history of citizen journalism, which dates back to the early days of the printing press. This will be followed by our typology of three major forms of citizen journal- ism (CJ) – citizen witnessing, oppositional CJ, and expertise-based CJ – along with an assessment of each form’s primary actions, motives, functions, and influences. The penultimate part of the chapter will focus on CJ’s flaws and pitfalls – especially the mis/disinformation environment it fosters and the “dialogue of the deaf” it engenders – and place them in the context of the post-truth era to highlight the still critical need for professional journalists. The chapter concludes with a brief review of the understandably but unnecessarily uneasy relationship between citi- zen and professional journalism and calls for the latter to adopt a new attitude to work well with the former. Keywords: citizen journalism, alternative journalism, citizen witnessing, social media, fake news, post-truth 1 One thing, many labels? Within a short time, citizen journalism (CJ) went from something of a novelty to a naturalized part of the news ecosystem and entered the daily language of journal- ists, journalism educators, and a large segment of the global public.
    [Show full text]
  • Icts for Citizen and Peace Journalism
    ICTs for Citizen and Peace Journalism Summer 2011, [email protected] “Too strong a media emphasis on death and violence can lead to despair.” -- The 14 th Dalai Lama Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 2 2. ICTs for Journalism ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Collecting Information ................................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Publishing Information ................................................................................................................ 4 3. Citizen Journalism .................................................................................................................................. 5 4. Peace Journalism ..................................................................................................................................... 7 5. Next-generation ICTs for Journalism .............................................................................................. 8 6. Problems with ICTs for Journalism ............................................................................................... 11 6.1. Anonymity vs. Veronymity ...................................................................................................... 12 6.2. Online Collectivism ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • American Public Journalism Versus Other International Media Models
    This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Romano, Angela (2010) American public journalism versus other international media models. In Romano, A (Ed.) International journalism and democracy: civic engage- ment models from around the world. Routledge, United States, pp. 16-32. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39415/ c Copyright 2010 Please consult the author. This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. http:// www.routledge.com/ books/ details/ 9780203852040/ QUT Digital Repository: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/ This is an extended abstract of the following book chapter: Romano, Angela R.
    [Show full text]
  • Media and Democracy
    Media and Democracy A Report of the 2008 Aspen Institute Forum on Communications and Society Richard P. Adler Rapporteur Communications and Society Program Charles M. Firestone Executive Director Washington, D.C. 2009 To purchase additional copies of this report, please contact: The Aspen Institute Publications Office P.O. Box 222 109 Houghton Lab Lane Queenstown, Maryland 21658 Phone: (410) 820-5326 Fax: (410) 827-9174 E-mail: [email protected] For all other inquiries, please contact: The Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program One Dupont Circle, NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: (202) 736-5818 Fax: (202) 467-0790 Charles M. Firestone Patricia K. Kelly Executive Director Assistant Director Copyright © 2009 by The Aspen Institute The Aspen Institute One Dupont Circle, NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20036 Published in the United States of America in 2009 by The Aspen Institute All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0-89843-503-X 09-006 1719CSP/09-BK Contents FOREWORD , Charles M. Firestone ............................................................... v MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY , Richard P. Adler The State of the Newspaper ................................................................... 4 The State of Journalism ......................................................................... 5 Media and Elections ............................................................................... 6 Election 2008 .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways to Engagement: Understanding How Newsrooms Are Working with Communities
    PUBLIC SQUARE PROGRAM Pathways to Engagement: Understanding How Newsrooms are Working with Communities BY ANGELICA DAS EDITED BY JESSICA CLARK MARCH 2017 PREFACE Journalists are working with their communities in a range of new ways that are reshaping how newsrooms report, publish, and pay the bills. This emerging trend has roots in past journalism industry movements but has taken on unique contours in the digital age. As Democracy Fund seeks to support new tools and practices that can expand community engagement in journalism, we wanted to understand the landscape of the field in more detail. We commissioned this paper to help us create a taxonomy of engagement practices. In this paper, we have documented a broad spectrum of efforts that help position communities at the center of journalism. Different approaches are outlined, along with useful examples from the field. We don’t seek to prioritize or rank these different models, but rather understand that each meets different newsroom goals and community needs. Together, we refer to the full spectrum of ideas presented here as “Engaged Journalism.” Engagement is an emergent practice in journalism although it has been explored and debated for years in other fields, which have invested greatly in documenting, training, and supporting innovation and best practices. But as newsrooms grapple with these ideas anew, it is to be expected that the language they use will be a bit of a contested terrain. It is in language where we hash out the core ideas that shape how we operate in the world. We undertook this study of engagement to clarify our own thinking, not to enforce a uniformity on others.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiles in Blogging: How Bloggers Around the World Practice Their Craft
    Profiles in Blogging: How Bloggers Around the World Practice Their Craft By Christopher Connell August 8, 2013 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), at the National Endowment for Democracy, works to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of independent media development throughout the world. The Center provides information, builds networks, conducts research, and highlights the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies. An important aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. The Center was one of the of the main nongovernmental organizers of World Press Freedom Day 2011 in Washington, DC. CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance. Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, DC 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://cima.ned.org About the Author Christopher Connell Christopher Connell is an independent writer, editor, and photographer. He is a former assistant bureau chief for the Associated Press in Washington, where he covered education, politics, health, and other topics. Since establishing his own writing business in 1999, he has written magazine articles, white papers, and book-length reports for leading foundations and non-profit groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Literacia Para Os Média E Cidadania Global: Caixa De Ferramentas Ideias Para Debate E Ao Provocações Espírito Crítico De Qualquer Cidadão
    plano capa 4change AF2.pdf 1 06/01/17 12:17 lombada Quem, ao longo da sua vida de consumidor de Literacia para os Média e Cidadania Global: Caixa de Ferramentas informação, nunca duvidou ter recebido alguma informação, imagem ou mensagem que sabe ser falsa, deturpada ou parcial? Esta caixa de ferramentas foi criada no âmbito do projeto “Acima da Média! Descodificação dos Média ao Serviço da Cidadania Global”, precisamente para dar uma primeira resposta à inquietação que os média provocam hoje nos cidadãos – especialmente nos educadores e organizações que trabalham com jovens em contextos não-formais. Não se trata aqui de fomentar uma rebelião contra os média – os média estão no meio de nós, cada vez mais imbricados na nossa vida quotidiana, cada vez mais rápidos e sinestési- cos. Trata-se de alimentar uma literacia, uma capacidade de ler, de questionar e de saber usar estes média – que oferecem hoje oportuni- dades sem precedentes para nos expressar- mos, participarmos ativamente na sociedade e mobilizarmos outros a fazer o mesmo. Juntámos nesta caixa algumas ferramentas participativas e jogos experienciais, muitas ideias para debate e provocações ao espírito crítico de qualquer cidadão. Propomos uma viagem ao ecossistema dos média em que vivemos, sempre guiada pela bússola dos valores de uma cidadania global. Literacia para os Média e Cidadania Global: Caixa de Ferramentas Glossário APP: Aplicação ou programa informático para realizar tarefa num computador ou dispositivo móvel Cidadania Global: A ativação e ‘formação de cidadãos e cidadãs
    [Show full text]
  • Dialectic of Gloom
    Dialectic of Gloom How the press survived the Great Recession of2008, after slashing its wrists and writing its own obituary by Brian Gorman, M.J. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2012 Brian Gorman Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94220-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94220-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Amateur Computerist Newsletter
    The Amateur Computerist Webpage: http://www.ais.org/~jrh/acn/ Winter 2011 OhmyNews International 2004-2010 Volume 20 No. 1 OhmyNews International There were articles for example by Wooksik Cheong on inter-Korean relations, Ramzy Baroud Pioneer of Transnational on Palestinian issues, John Horvath on Eastern Eu- Journalism ropean developments, Alex Krabbe on E.U. and German events, Tim Savage on nuclear develop- ments, Chris Gelken on events in Iran, the Middle In May 2004, the Korean language online news East, and on China, and Ronda Hauben on the so- site OhmyNews began an English language edition. cial impact of the Net and netizens and on UN re- They called this English language edition lated issues. These are but some examples of arti- OhmyNews International. It was also known as cles that continued over a period of time in OMNI. It was ended on Aug. 31, 2010. OhmyNews International. This issue of the Amateur Computerist newslet- Along with articles by a set of featured writers, ter is a special issue focusing on the experience and there were contributions from journalists or volun- implications of the six years of OhmyNews Interna- teer reporters (called citizen reporters or news guer- tional. rillas) from around the world. During most of these six years OhmyNews In- From 2005 to 2008, OhmyNews International ternational was under the editorship of Todd held a yearly international forum in South Korea. Thacker who provided a helpful and supportive en- The first three forums made it possible for journal- vironment to contributors. A number of these con- ists from a number of different countries to meet for tributors, especially in the early years were journal- the few days of the forum.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiles in Blogging: How Bloggers Around the World Practice Their Craft
    Profiles in Blogging: How Bloggers Around the World Practice Their Craft By Christopher Connell August 8, 2013 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), at the National Endowment for Democracy, works to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of independent media development throughout the world. The Center provides information, builds networks, conducts research, and highlights the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies. An important aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. The Center was one of the of the main nongovernmental organizers of World Press Freedom Day 2011 in Washington, DC. CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance. Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, DC 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://cima.ned.org About the Author Christopher Connell Christopher Connell is an independent writer, editor, and photographer. He is a former assistant bureau chief for the Associated Press in Washington, where he covered education, politics, health, and other topics. Since establishing his own writing business in 1999, he has written magazine articles, white papers, and book-length reports for leading foundations and non-profit groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Foreign Correspondents Redundant?
    RISJ CHALLENGES CHALLENGES International news reporting is undergoing a profound transformation. Western Are Foreign Correspondents Redundant? Correspondents Foreign Are newspapers and broadcasters have steadily cut back on foreign correspondents and reporting over the last 20 years in the face of economic pressures. Now Are Foreign Correspondents technology and cultural changes brought by globalisation are bringing additional pressures to news organisations and the internet has also allowed new voices to be heard. News organisations are having to adapt and redefine themselves in the face of turbulent changes to how we learn about the world. Richard Sambrook has been Redundant? closely involved in reporting international news for 30 years. Here he analyses the changes underway and points towards fresh ways of reporting the world. The changing face of international news “This is a fascinating look at a rapidly changing area. The foreign correspondent of old is being replaced by a new breed, a new ethos and a new technology – all combining to change the way we see the world and the world sees us.” David Schlesinger Editor-in-Chief, Reuters Richard Sambrook “A comprehensive look at foreign reporting, why it matters and how it’s changing by one of the wisest heads in the business.” Alan Rusbridger Editor, the Guardian “No one is in a better position than Richard Sambrook to help the news industry navigate between the ‘I was there’ of the foreign correspondent and the supposed “I don’t care” of the digital generation. A clear view on a problem with no easy answers.” David Weinberger Senior Fellow, Harvard Berkman Center for Internet and Society “The testimony of the independent, well-informed eyewitness is more vital than ever in our interconnected world.
    [Show full text]
  • Citizen Witnessing: Revisioning Journalism in Times of Crisis, Underscores the Stakes for This Project As a Real- World Intervention
    Citizen Witnessing Key Concepts in Journalism Citizen Witnessing, Stuart Allan Objectivity in Journalism, Steven Maras Reinventing Professionalism, Silvio Waisbord Citizen Witnessing Revisioning Journalism in Times of Crisis Stuart Allan polity Copyright © Stuart Allan 2013 The right of Stuart Allan to be identifi ed as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2013 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5195-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5196-5(pb) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Sabon by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
    [Show full text]