Powersys

SUPERCACITOR MODEL IN PSIM

Adrien MICHEL POWERSYS

International Workshop on Supercapacitors and Energy Storage « SUPERCAPACITORS: On the Pulse of a Revolution »

Tuesday 23rd May 2017, ENEA - Bologna, Italy Outline Presentation

✓ POWERSYS overview ✓ PSIM overview and main functions / capabilities ✓ PSIM model for Supercapacitor ✓ Application on automobile hybrid energy storage Powersys: Presentation

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Dynamic Simulation Platform for Power Electronics and Motor Drives About PSIM

• The Developer of PSIM is www.powersimtech.com

• PSIM is born in 1994 in United States

• Powersys is the exclusive distributor in Europe

• Used in over 70 countries worldwide by thousand of customers

PSIM Accelerates Your Pace of Innovation! What is PSIM?

• PSIM is a simulation software specifically designed for power electronics, motor drives, and energy conversion applications.

• Old version It is positioned between a device/circuit simulator (such as SPICE) and a system/control simulator (such as Matlab/).

• New version (v11) Integrated SPICE engine available.

Device and Circuit System and ControlSystem and Control Ideal toolSimulation for system Simulation level simulations Simulation

SPICE Matlab/ • Fast Simulink • Easy to use • Affordable • Expandable Key Features and Advantages of PSIM

• Friendly and very easy to use.

• Fast and robust computation engine

• Comprehensive power and control libraries

• Powerful control simulation (op. amp., s-domain, z-domain, code, or Matlab/Simulink)

• Thermal Module for quick power loss estimation

• Automatic code generation for hardware implementation

• Link to 3rd-party software (e.g. Matlab/Simulink, JMAG, MagNet)

• Design Suites to provide power and control solution directly from user specifications

Both device simulation and system/control simulation PSIM Simulation Environment

DESIGN SIMULATE IMPLEMENT

SmartCtrl TI Targets

Digital Motor Drives Power Electronics Control TI C2000 Processor-In- Thermal Renewable Energy SimCoder Loop (PIL) Design Suites

Spice ModCoupler

MagCoupler/ ModelSim SimCoupler MagCopuler RT

Simulink JMAG PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Introduction on Supercacitors:

 Until recently, batteries were the only affordable energy storage system in conventional applications.

 Nowadays, supercapacitors are a sound alternative with high power density, fast recharge and long lifetime (up to 1 million of charge/discharge cycles).

 On the other hand, since the energy density available in supercapacitors is lower than in batteries, the most common application is in hybrid (batteries/supercapacitors) energy storage systems, for example to sustain the load peaks, to reduce the system weight or to extend its lifetime. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

The PSIM Supercapacitor model is presented below:

- Number of Cells in Series - Number of Cells in Parallel - Capacitance per Cell - Coefficient Kv - Resistance R1 - Capacitance C1 - Resistance R2 - Capacitance C2 - Resistance R3 - Capacitance C3 - Resistance R4 - Maximum Voltage Vrated - Initial Voltage PSIM model for Supercapacitor

To determine the model parameters, we need: ✓ Information from the datasheet. ✓ Experimental measurement of the supercapacitor voltage under a charging and discharging process. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Parameters Kv, R1, and C1 affect the short-term response (in seconds). They are calculated based on the charging current and capacitor voltage at 0, t2 and t3. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Parameters R2 and C2 affect the short-to-medium term response (in minutes). They are calculated based on the capacitor voltage at t3, t5, and t6. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Parameters R3 and C3 affect the medium-to-long term response (in hundreds of minutes). They are calculated based on the capacitor voltage at t7, t8, and t9. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

The parameter R4 represents the losses due to capacitor self-discharge. It is calculated from the datasheet using the leakage current. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Given the times and voltages as highlighted in the figure below, as well as the charge current, leakage current, and rated voltage, all the model parameters can be calculated using the “Ultracapacitor Model Tool of PSIM”. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Example: Maxwell Ultracapacitor 58F 16V (model BMOD0058-E016-B0)

The Maxwell 16V 58F ultracapacitor BMOD0058-E016-B0 is used as an example. From the manufacturer datasheet, the following information is obtained: Rated Capacitance: 58F Rated Voltage: 16V Leakage current at 25°C: 25mA

Lab experiment of a single cell capacitor is conducted with a charge current of 35A.

Time (s) Vc (V) 0 0.740448 8.538 6.48874 25.614 15.9667 353.86 14.4566 1051.37 13.8246 2077.13 13.2116 3102.88 12.7378 4128.64 12.3075 PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Example: Maxwell Ultracapacitor 58F 16V (model BMOD0058-E016-B0)

Click on Start Calculating. After less than a minute, the curve fitting error is around 0.36%. We would stop the calculation at this point. The dialog window is shown below. PSIM model for Supercapacitor

Example: Maxwell Ultracapacitor 58F 16V (model BMOD0058-E016-B0)

A test circuit as shown below is set up to validate the model parameters obtained above. The figures below show the comparison of the simulation result Vc_simu (in red) and the experimental result Vc_exp (in blue). Automobile Hybrid Energy Storage Application

✓ Maxwell Technologies K3400 6-cell module in hybrid combination with Lithium-ion battery model illustrating UC handling load dynamics.

- An ultracapacitor is connected to a buck-boost converter. - The output is connected to a constant-power load. - A Li-Ion battery is connected in parallel to the load. Automobile Hybrid Energy Storage Application

 The load current VIload has sudden changes, going up to 450A, and coming down to around 300A, and then to 0.  The bulk of the load current is supplied by the battery VIb.  The difference, which is the sudden change part, is supplied by the ultracapacitor VIout. ✓ This illustrates ultracapacitor's capability to supply current with high dynamic change.

VIb VIload VIout

500

400

300

200

100

0

-100

-200

0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (s) Comparison: Supercapacitors models Comparison: Supercapacitors models

The current driving profile ECE15 is applied:

Miller model: Comparison: Supercapacitors models

The current driving profile ECE15 is applied:

Zubieta model = PSIM model Comparison: Supercapacitors models

The current driving profile ECE15 is applied:

Thevenin model: Conclusion

Features summary of supercapacitor models:

This table summarizes the main features of the analyzed models, which allows selecting to the designer the most appropriate supercapacitor model depending on the specific application.

Zubieta model is the model that reaches a better relationship between accuracy-complexity for Hybrid Electric Vehicle applications.

Zubieta electric model presents better accuracy than Thevenin model being the model that best reproduces the dynamic and static responses. Thank you for your attention !

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