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Notes and References PREFACE Marie Mulvey Roberts 1. This line is spoken by Lord Illingworth in A Woman of No Import­ ance; see Oscar Wilde, Works, ed. G. F. Maine (London: Collins, 1948), p.428. 2. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 71. 3. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text, trans. Richard Miller (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p. 58. 4. Ibid., p. 57. 5. Ibid. 6. See Peter Quennell, The Pursuit of Happiness (London: Constable, 1988). 7. See Wilde, Works, p. 1113. 1. ENLIGHTENMENT AND PLEASURE Roy Porter 1. For the Greeks, see A. W. H. Adkins, From the Many to the One: A Study of Personality and Views of Human Nature in the Context of Ancient Greek Society, Values and Beliefs (London: Constable, 1970); C. M. Bowra, The Greek Experience (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1957); H. North, Sophrosyne: Self-knowledge and Self-restraint in Greek Literature (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966). On these and other issues, there is a wealth of learning in John Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man (London: Duckworth, 1972); see also Peter Quennell, The Pursuit of Happiness (London: Constable, 1988) . 2. For Renaissance ideas of human nature and destiny, see Marsilio Ficino, Three Books on Life, trans. Carol V. Kaske and John R. Clark (Binghamton, NY: The Renaissance Society of America, 1989); Paul Kristeller, Renaissance Thought and its Sources (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); Herschel Baker, The Dignity of Man (Cam­ bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947); J. B. Bamborough, The Little World of Man (London: Longman, Green, 1952). 3. R. Williams, The Country and the City (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973); Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). 4. For Christian attitudes, see Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988). 207 208 Notes and References 5. W. Kaiser, Praisers of Folly (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963); M. M. Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World, trans. H. Iswolsky (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968); for the ambiguities of the traditonal body, see Gail Kern Paster, The Body Embarrassed: Drama and the Disci­ plines of Shame in Early Modern England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993). 6. Eric Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley, CA: Univer­ sity of California Press, 1951). 7. See the excellent section in Alisdair Macintyre, A Short History of Ethics (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), and Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London: Thames & Hudson, 1971). 8. For Christianity see E. Pagels, Adam, Eve and the Serpent (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988); T. S. R. Boase, Death in the Middle Ages: Mortality, judgement and Remembrance (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972); M. W. Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1952); John Bowker, Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970); Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th-18th Centuries (New York: St Martin's Press, 1990). Theological rigorism and ecclesiastical repression are explored in R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Eu­ rope A.D. 950-1250 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Jeffrey Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation. Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (Lon­ don: Routledge, 1990); Piero Camporesi, The Fear of Hell: Images of Damnation and Salvation in Early Modern Europe, trans. Lucinda Byatt (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990). 9. For death, see L. P. Kurtz, The Dance of Death and the Macabre Spirit in European Literature (New York: Institute of French Studies, 1934); J. M. Clark, The Dance of Death in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Glasgow: Jackson, 1950); Nigel Llewellyn, The Art of Death (London: Reaktion Books, 1991); Philippe Aries, Western Attitudes Towards Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present (London: Marion Boyars, 1976). For later, less macabre attitudes, see John McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). 10. John Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought - Eden to Smollett (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977); K Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I (Cambridge: Cambridge Univeresity Press, 1987). Not least, moralists denounced such traditions as sexually corrupt: Jonathan Goldberg, Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992). 11. The new rational theologies will be examined below, but for general viewpoints see G. R. Cragg, From Puritanism to the Age of Reason: A Study of Changes in Religious Thought within the Church of England, 1660-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950); G. R. Cragg, The Church and the Age of Reason (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960); G. R. Cragg, Reason and Authority in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Notes and References 209 Cambridge University Press, 1964); N. Sykes, Church and State in Eng­ land in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934);]. V. Price, 'Religion and Ideas', in Pat Rogers (ed.), The Context of English Literature: The Eighteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1978), pp. 120-52; E. G. Rupp, Religion in England, 1688-1791 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). 12. There is no room here to explore contested interpretations of the Enlightenment: see Roy Porter, The Enlightenment (London: Macmillan, 1990). The discussion in this chapter endorses the opti­ mistic view advanced by Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpreta­ tion, 2 vols (New York: Knopf, 1967-9). A keynote of Gay's Enlightenment is the deployment of reason to bring about human happiness. See also Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1964); Robert Anchor, The Enlightenment Tradition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967) is clear; useful on England are J. Redwood, Reason, Ridicule and Religion: The Age of Enlightenment in England, 1660-1750 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976) and Roy Porter, 'The Enlightenment in England', in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 1-18. For anthologies, see L. M. Marsak (ed.), The Enlightenment (New York: Wiley, 1972); L. G. Crocker (ed.), The Age of Enlightenment (New York: Harper, 1969). 13. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. A. D. Lindsay (New York: Every­ man Library, 1953; 1st edn, London: Crooke, 1651); for the debate over Hobbes, see Samuel I. Mintz, The Hunting of Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962). The conflict between the self­ interested rational individual and the hierarchical society forms the premise of]. L. Clifford (ed.), Man Versus Society in Eighteenth Century Britain: Six Points of View (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968). 14. Rudolf Dekker, "'Private Vices, Public Virtues" Revisited: The Dutch Background of Bernard Mandeville', History of European Ideas, XIV (1992), pp. 481-98. 15. Bernard de Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, ed. Philip Harth (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970; first edn, London: ]. Roberts, 1714), p. 64. For interpretation, see E. G. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); R. I. Cook, Bernard Mandeville (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1974); M. M. Goldsmith, Private Vices, Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); T. A. Horne, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (London: Macmillan, 1978); Louis Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx: the Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1977); Dario Castiglione, 'Excess, Frugality and the Spirit of Capitalism: Readings of Mandeville on Commercial Society', in Joseph Melling and Jonathan 210 Notes and References Barry (eds), Production, Consumption and Values in Historical Perspective (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1992), pp. 155-79. 16. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, pp. 67-8. 17. Ibid., p. 69. 18. Ibid., p. 76. 19. Ibid., p. 76. 20. Leslie Stephen, English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols (New York: Brace & World, 1962); John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer­ sity Press, 1991); Charles E. Raven, Natural Religion and Christian The­ ology, vol. 1: Science and Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953); vol. 2: Experience and Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953); A. O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (Cam­ bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936); R. N. Stromberg, Religious Liberalism in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Oxford University Press, 1954). For the decline of Hell, see Philip C. Almond, Heaven and Hell in Enlightenment England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). For theistic religious thought, see Peter Gay, Deism. An Anthology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968). For secularisation, see Frank E. Manuel, The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959; Frank E. Manuel, The Changing of the Gods (Hanover and London: University Press of New
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  • Literature in Context: a Chronology, C1660­1825

    Literature in Context: a Chronology, C1660­1825

    Literature in Context: A Chronology, c1660­1825 Entries referring directly to Thomas Gray appear in bold type­face. 1660 Restoration of Charles II. Patents granted to re­open London theatres. Actresses admitted onto the English and German stage. Samuel Pepys begins his diary (1660­ 1669). Birth of Sir Hans Sloane (1660­1753), virtuoso and collector. Vauxhall Gardens opened. Death of Velàzquez (1559­1660), artist. 1661 Birth of Daniel Defoe (c1661­1731), writer. Birth of Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea (1661­1720), writer. Birth of Sir Samuel Garth (1661­1719). Louis XIV crowned in France (reigns 1661­1715). 1662 Publication of Butler’s “Hudibras” begins. The Royal Society is chartered. Death of Blaise Pascal (1623­1662), mathematician and philosopher. Charles II marries Catherine of Braganza and receives Tangier and Bombay as part of the dowry. Peter Lely appointed Court Painter. Louis XIV commences building at Versailles with Charles Le Brun as chief adviser. 1663 Milton finishes “Paradise Lost”. Publication of the Third Folio edition of Shakespeare. The Theatre Royal, Bridges Street, opened on the Drury Lane site with a revival of Fletcher’s “The Humorous Lieutenant”. Birth of Cotton Mather (1663­1728), American preacher and writer. 1664 Birth of Sir John Vanbrugh (1664­1726), dramatist and architect. Birth of Matthew Prior (1664­1721), poet. Lully composes for Molière’s ballets. “Le Tartuffe” receives its first performance. English forces take New Amsterdam and rename it New York. Newton works on Theory of Gravity (1664­1666). 1665 The Great Plague breaks out in London. Newton invents differential calculus. The “Journal des Savants”, the first literary periodical, is published in Paris.