Notes and References PREFACE Marie Mulvey Roberts 1. This line is spoken by Lord Illingworth in A Woman of No Import­ ance; see Oscar Wilde, Works, ed. G. F. Maine (London: Collins, 1948), p.428. 2. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 71. 3. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text, trans. Richard Miller (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p. 58. 4. Ibid., p. 57. 5. Ibid. 6. See Peter Quennell, The Pursuit of Happiness (London: Constable, 1988). 7. See Wilde, Works, p. 1113. 1. ENLIGHTENMENT AND PLEASURE Roy Porter 1. For the Greeks, see A. W. H. Adkins, From the Many to the One: A Study of Personality and Views of Human Nature in the Context of Ancient Greek Society, Values and Beliefs (London: Constable, 1970); C. M. Bowra, The Greek Experience (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1957); H. North, Sophrosyne: Self-knowledge and Self-restraint in Greek Literature (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966). On these and other issues, there is a wealth of learning in John Passmore, The Perfectibility of Man (London: Duckworth, 1972); see also Peter Quennell, The Pursuit of Happiness (London: Constable, 1988) . 2. For Renaissance ideas of human nature and destiny, see Marsilio Ficino, Three Books on Life, trans. Carol V. Kaske and John R. Clark (Binghamton, NY: The Renaissance Society of America, 1989); Paul Kristeller, Renaissance Thought and its Sources (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); Herschel Baker, The Dignity of Man (Cam­ bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947); J. B. Bamborough, The Little World of Man (London: Longman, Green, 1952). 3. R. Williams, The Country and the City (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973); Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). 4. For Christian attitudes, see Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988). 207 208 Notes and References 5. W. Kaiser, Praisers of Folly (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963); M. M. Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World, trans. H. Iswolsky (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968); for the ambiguities of the traditonal body, see Gail Kern Paster, The Body Embarrassed: Drama and the Disci­ plines of Shame in Early Modern England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993). 6. Eric Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley, CA: Univer­ sity of California Press, 1951). 7. See the excellent section in Alisdair Macintyre, A Short History of Ethics (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), and Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity: From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London: Thames & Hudson, 1971). 8. For Christianity see E. Pagels, Adam, Eve and the Serpent (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988); T. S. R. Boase, Death in the Middle Ages: Mortality, judgement and Remembrance (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972); M. W. Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1952); John Bowker, Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970); Jean Delumeau, Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th-18th Centuries (New York: St Martin's Press, 1990). Theological rigorism and ecclesiastical repression are explored in R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Eu­ rope A.D. 950-1250 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987); Jeffrey Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation. Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (Lon­ don: Routledge, 1990); Piero Camporesi, The Fear of Hell: Images of Damnation and Salvation in Early Modern Europe, trans. Lucinda Byatt (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990). 9. For death, see L. P. Kurtz, The Dance of Death and the Macabre Spirit in European Literature (New York: Institute of French Studies, 1934); J. M. Clark, The Dance of Death in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Glasgow: Jackson, 1950); Nigel Llewellyn, The Art of Death (London: Reaktion Books, 1991); Philippe Aries, Western Attitudes Towards Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present (London: Marion Boyars, 1976). For later, less macabre attitudes, see John McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). 10. John Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought - Eden to Smollett (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977); K Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I (Cambridge: Cambridge Univeresity Press, 1987). Not least, moralists denounced such traditions as sexually corrupt: Jonathan Goldberg, Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992). 11. The new rational theologies will be examined below, but for general viewpoints see G. R. Cragg, From Puritanism to the Age of Reason: A Study of Changes in Religious Thought within the Church of England, 1660-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950); G. R. Cragg, The Church and the Age of Reason (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960); G. R. Cragg, Reason and Authority in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Notes and References 209 Cambridge University Press, 1964); N. Sykes, Church and State in Eng­ land in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934);]. V. Price, 'Religion and Ideas', in Pat Rogers (ed.), The Context of English Literature: The Eighteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1978), pp. 120-52; E. G. Rupp, Religion in England, 1688-1791 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). 12. There is no room here to explore contested interpretations of the Enlightenment: see Roy Porter, The Enlightenment (London: Macmillan, 1990). The discussion in this chapter endorses the opti­ mistic view advanced by Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpreta­ tion, 2 vols (New York: Knopf, 1967-9). A keynote of Gay's Enlightenment is the deployment of reason to bring about human happiness. See also Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1964); Robert Anchor, The Enlightenment Tradition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967) is clear; useful on England are J. Redwood, Reason, Ridicule and Religion: The Age of Enlightenment in England, 1660-1750 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1976) and Roy Porter, 'The Enlightenment in England', in R. Porter and M. Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 1-18. For anthologies, see L. M. Marsak (ed.), The Enlightenment (New York: Wiley, 1972); L. G. Crocker (ed.), The Age of Enlightenment (New York: Harper, 1969). 13. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. A. D. Lindsay (New York: Every­ man Library, 1953; 1st edn, London: Crooke, 1651); for the debate over Hobbes, see Samuel I. Mintz, The Hunting of Leviathan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962). The conflict between the self­ interested rational individual and the hierarchical society forms the premise of]. L. Clifford (ed.), Man Versus Society in Eighteenth Century Britain: Six Points of View (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968). 14. Rudolf Dekker, "'Private Vices, Public Virtues" Revisited: The Dutch Background of Bernard Mandeville', History of European Ideas, XIV (1992), pp. 481-98. 15. Bernard de Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits, ed. Philip Harth (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970; first edn, London: ]. Roberts, 1714), p. 64. For interpretation, see E. G. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); R. I. Cook, Bernard Mandeville (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1974); M. M. Goldsmith, Private Vices, Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); T. A. Horne, The Social Thought of Bernard Mandeville: Virtue and Commerce in Early Eighteenth-Century England (London: Macmillan, 1978); Louis Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx: the Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1977); Dario Castiglione, 'Excess, Frugality and the Spirit of Capitalism: Readings of Mandeville on Commercial Society', in Joseph Melling and Jonathan 210 Notes and References Barry (eds), Production, Consumption and Values in Historical Perspective (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1992), pp. 155-79. 16. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, pp. 67-8. 17. Ibid., p. 69. 18. Ibid., p. 76. 19. Ibid., p. 76. 20. Leslie Stephen, English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols (New York: Brace & World, 1962); John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer­ sity Press, 1991); Charles E. Raven, Natural Religion and Christian The­ ology, vol. 1: Science and Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953); vol. 2: Experience and Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953); A. O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (Cam­ bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936); R. N. Stromberg, Religious Liberalism in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Oxford University Press, 1954). For the decline of Hell, see Philip C. Almond, Heaven and Hell in Enlightenment England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). For theistic religious thought, see Peter Gay, Deism. An Anthology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968). For secularisation, see Frank E. Manuel, The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959; Frank E. Manuel, The Changing of the Gods (Hanover and London: University Press of New