986 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER,1909 Adjuntas, near the south-central part of the island, a region of in February at pracbically all stations having a record of more coffee plantations; (3) a group of peaks in the west-central than 7 or S years. From February there is a steady increase in part, among which nestle the towns of Maricao, Las Marias, the rainfall through May. From May t.0 November there is no San Sebastian, and Lares, also a region of rich coffee planta- uniforniity in the variations. For t.he island, as a whole, the tions. In all of these centers the average annual rainfall inasiinuni is reached in Oct40ber(see fig. 4), though the amounts exceeds 100 inches (see fig. 1). from May to Noveniber are so nearly alike that a periocl of heavy The rainfall of the north side of the island differs froin that rains may reacliiy throw the masimuni from one month into of the south side not only in being greater in quantity hut also another, even wit.h a record of 10 years or more. This was in being niore certain to fall in amounts sufficient for all the ahundant~lyillustmt,ecl by t.he heavy rains of November, 1909, needs of plant growth at all seasons of the year. On the increasing the average value for tlie month in many localities south side periods of 4 or 5 weeks with little or no rain are of t,o such an estent. as t.0 change the niasiiiium from October to frequent occurrence, while periods of 2 to 3 months with less Noveinher. Charting the t.imeof niasiinuni rainfall (see fig. 6) than an inch of rainfall are not uncommon. we find a rough division of t.he islniicl int,o t.liree areas: South of The schenie of irrigation now being provided for :tlong the the main divide the niasimuni occurs almost without exception south coast will, in great measure, reinedy the evils of an in 0ct.ober: dong tlie north coast. it, occurs in November; in the irregular and insufficient rainfall. In the iiioiintaiiis, hiit 3 interior and on t.he west, coast it. falls in t.he summer months, few miles distant, there is an ahunclant water supply, availalde from May t.o August,. On hhe east coast it occiirs in September. at all seasons of the year, which can be carried to the cane In t8heseasonal did,ribut.ion there is a progressive increase in fields at comparatively small cost. At the present time it in the amount of rainfall, for t,he island as a whole, t.hough the costing the planters from 235 to $50 per acre per year to punip st,at,ementdoes not. apply t.0 iiidiviclual stations (see figs. 2 to 5). ground water for irrigating their cane fields. The figures are: Wint.er, 11 inches; spring, 18 inches; summer, There are no well-defined wet aiid dry seasons on the island. 23 inches; aiid aut>unin.28 inches, making up the total of 77 The winter rains (fig. 5) are comparatively light.,with a niiniiiiuni inches for the average annual ainount for thc island.

WEATHER, FORECASTS, AND WARNINGS FOR THE MONTH. By Prof. E. B. CAERICTT.In charge of Forecast Division. A barometric depression tmliatsadvanced from the nort,li Pa- was dest,royetl, aiid much ot.her (1:trn:tge caused by floods and cific coast from 0ct.ober 28 t,o November 3 was preceiletl hy high wii!tls. The lowest, I:)nromet,er reading at Iiingst,on unusually mild temperature for t.he season ant1 atkenrled by (luring the st,orni was 29.70 inches on . By general rains in inicldle and nort,hern t1istrict.s and by high the morning (Jf t.he stoim-center hac1 advanced winds on t,he Great Lakes and along the northern c0ast.s. Fol- t,o a point, near the west. roa,st, of Haiti, where great lowing the passage of the storm-center there wa.s a sha.rp fall tlaniage by flood was reporbed. Saiit,o Doiningo was also in temperature. Tlie appearance ant1 passage of this st.oriii severely visit.ed. Moving t.hence nort.lieastwart1 the center of was announced in a special forecast. t,liat was issued Oct.olwr (listurlmice passed near and nort,li of t,he Azores during Novem- 36. The following editorial from t,he Portland, Ureg., Ore- ber 15 and 16, wit,h minimum report.ed pressure at the Horta gonian of November 7 refers to t.liis forecast and also 60 a hur- 0bservat.ory of 28.S4 inches and inasimum wind velocity of ricane that had occurred in southeasbern maters : 58 miles an hour froin t.he sout.hwest. Vessels in the path of A general storm warning was wnt out. about 10 thys :&go,:i.ntl IJCCLUS~ t,he storm, hotli in the Wintlwartl Passage aiid on the Atlantic, Porbland niised the storm cent.er and failcd to witness iniinetlintc rrsults, it esperiencerl gales of esceptional violence. For several days was ssaumed that the Weat.her Bureau had mad^ a bnd giitw. But out. following pressure continued low between the at sea, just. beyond the shore line and t.0 the nort,h and sout.h, Old Uorr:w was holding high carnival, and for many days sft,erwarrl newly (wry rraft. Azores and the coast. of Portugal, and severc weat.her was un- that, entered nort,h Pacific ports bronpht.t.nh of :t fearful strupglt-with tlic. doubtedly esperienccd in that region. elements, in which deck loads were lost,, sails blown sway, :tiid housw During t:he preva.lence of this st,orni over the tropical and smashed in by t.he seas. Here on t,he Pncifir. wit.h no neai4>y st.:tt.ion*1 o suht.ropica1 At.lantic, two t,yphoons visited the Philippine Is- the westward, and wireless not in sufficient. uw to en:tblc steaiiicrs to report. conditions, the service is not yet. infallible on st.ornis approaching from t.he lands. Onr swept. over t,he island of Panay, Visayas group, sea. As an esaniple of what. can be donc with reporting ststions in nll di- on November 7 and caused considerable destruction of prop- wtions, the Weather Bureau service on t,he two W'wt In+n Iiurriranc* erty and crops? and the other crossed the Philippines on the that. struck the S0ut.h Atlant.ic States in Sept.cn~berand 0ct.oher was re 15th and apparent,ly recurved thence northward over the markable. By giving warnings of these t.wo hurrictlnw 6 days lwforr t.1ie.v rearlird t.hv Japanese Islands and theiicc nort.heastward and eastward over Louisiana, Miesidppi, and Florida co:wt,s, it. is est.imnt.etlt.hnt. there wtis a the Pacific. saving in property alone of no less t.hnn ~~,OOO,OOO.Hcverrsl liundretl small During the first half of the second decade of the month severe boats were wrecked in the harbor of Key \Vest alone. Had thc storm wnrn- storins prevailecl in iiort,liwcetern and north-central Europe. ings not kept them in port, they would have been lost at.sea with t.heir crews, numbering many hundreds. At this season of the yctir t.hc goid work of At, C'usharen t.he barometer fell to a reported reading of 28.80 the Bureau is shown t,ot.he best. ntlvnntage in saving fife :tiid property nlolig inches on t.he 13t11, and on t.he 14th a reading of 28.96 inches the seacoast. At other .seasons of t.he year it.s nccur2tt.e preclict,ionsof rain rJr was reported at St. Petersburg. Tlie storms encount,ereddur- frost enable farmers and planters to guard most. ctrwtirely against. loss. ing this periocl on the North Sen were esceptioiially severe. Areas of low barometer of slight intensity that moved east- On a special forecast announced a week or ward along the northern border of the country from t,he 51.11 10-day period of cooler weather for t,he eastern portmionof the to 8th and 8th to 12th were at,t,endcd by ra,iiis in the nort,li- Unit,ed States, with tlist,urbances attended by rain in southern central States and caused an unusual prevalence of warm s0ut.h- aiitl snow in nort4hern c1istrict.s and followed by cool weather erly winds generally over the country. t.hat woulil probahly carry the frost line into the Gulf and During the latter half of the first decade of t,he month a South At,laiitic States. Supplementing this forecast middle storm that apparently acquired intensitry in that neighborlioocl and north Pacific coast stations were advised on tlie 16th that a and remained nearly stationary for a period of 4 or 5 days dist.urhance woiild reach t,hat coast. by Thursday tlie 16th. caused esceptionally heavy rains in Jamaica. Froni November Froni the 15th to 1it.h a dist.nrbance of marked strength 5 to 11, inclusive, t,he rainfall at Kingston was 30.45 inches. advanced from tlie southern Rocky hiountain region eastward Six lives were lost, about 30 per cent of the banana crop and northeastward to the Atlantic coast, attended by snow Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/25/21 03:48 AM UTC NOVEMBER,1909. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 987 from the States of the Missouri Valley over the Upper Missis- caused some high northerly winds along the New England sippi Valley, the Lake region, New Englsncl and tlie int.erior coast on the 29th and 30th. of New York and Pennsylvania and hy rain generally over the The Alaska disturbance sent an offshoot to the eastward Southern Statcs. over tlie British Northwest during the 39th and 30th, without In the Valley of tlie R.ed River of the North snow, tlrift.ed marked effect!, except! some additional rains over the northern by high winds, int,erruptecl railroad traffic, ancl on the Great districts west of the Rocky Mountains and in California. At Lakes a number of vessels were wrecked or lost, owing to gales tlie same time another niicldle Plateau disturbance moved or snow. Following the disturbance there was a marked fall east.wart1, causing general rains over the Plains States, the in temperature, wit,li frost in the interior of the Gulf and South Arkansas ant1 hfissouri valleys, and some snows in the central At,lantic St.at.es, and light frost in iiorthern Florida on the ani1 southern Rocky Mountain region. morning of . On the morning of Noveinber 18 a disturbance of marked i1itensit.y had appeared on the 1iort.h Aoetage kniperalurea and departurea from the mal...... ~ Pacific coast. The winds attending this disturbance att.ained Average velocities of 40 to GO miles an hour on the iiort,h coast., and its tempera- Departurn Average turem for rain area estentlecl southward over the northern half of t,he Dhtrlcta. 'dJ for the current departurea ""z- State of California. Floods, said to have been tlie severest the cumnl month. &% ,. January 1. of record for the time of the year, occurred generally though- month. out Washington and Oregon. During November 19 and 20 this disturbance moved soubheastwnrtl over t.he Rocky hJount.- New England ...... 12 + 6.6 -I- 0.5 Middle Atlantic...... 16 + 8.2 + 0.8 ain districts, and recurved thence owr bhe cent,ral valleys mcl South Atlantlc ...... IO +l2.6 + 1.1 the Lake region during November 31 aiicl 23, reaching tlie Florida Peninsula*...... 8 6P.O + 1.6 4-17.3 + 1.6 East Gulf ...... 11 I 62.0 + 6.2 +21.0 + 1.8 St. Lawrence Valley on Noveiiiber 33, att$entledby rains over West Gulf ...... 10 I 64.4 I + 8.6 +25.9 + 2.4 Ohio Valley and Tennetlsee...... 13 53.6 + 3.5 .+11.6 + 1.1 the southern antl snows over the northern tlistrict.s, hy marked Lower Lakes ...... 10 41.8 + 5.9 +2.2 +o.2 temperature changes and by high winds over t.he Great, Lakes Upper Lakes ...... 12 : 40.8 + 6.7 +10.8 + 1.0 North Dakota...... 9 : 38.4 I + 3.5 + 3.7 + 0.3 and along the middle and nort,hern Pacific ant1 Atlantic c0ast.s. Upper Mlsslaalppl Valley ...... 14 j 40.7 + 9.0 +l2.0 + 1.1 bllaaourl Valley ...... 12 I + 6.6 4-15.1 + 1.3 During the night of an area of high pressure Northern slope ...... 9 + 3.0 + 3.4 + 0.3 from the Hudson Bay region moved soiit,heastw:.arcl over the Middle slope ...... 5 I k8 i + 5.8 +13.7 + 1.2 +18.6 + 1.6 Canadian MaritmimeProvinces, antl a storm of inarkecl i1itensit.y - 3.3 - 0.3 + 5.6 + 0.5 developed near Hatteras, N. C. This conibinat.ion result,etl in +0.7 +0.1 severe northerly gales along the coast, ant1 considerable snow - 9.7 - 0.9 - 2.3 - 0.2 in the Middle AtJant,ic States. +1.3 +O.l On a storm from the Pacific appeared over Oregon and Washingt,on. This was apparenbly a ronbinua- .Regular Weather Bureau and aelected cooperetir-estations. tion of the typhoon that visited the Philippine Islaiiils Novem- Average preeipitalwn and departureajrom the mal. ber 15 and recurved thence nortliwa.rc1 and northeastward ..... -. over the Pacific. Following t.he passage of the t,yphoon over Average. Departure. the western Pacific an area of high haroniet.er of great. niagni- - Dlstrlcta. Accumu- tude settled southward over eastern cont,iiieiitalAsia, ancl on t,he Current ?ereen& Current lated morning of the 22cl a reading of 31.00 inches was report.ec1 at month. age of month. slnca normal. Jan. 1. Irkut,sk ancl 30.48 inches a.t Vlsclivostok. - - During the night of t.he 2it.h anot,lier st,orni from t,he Pacific Inches. Incka. Inchca. New England...... 11 2. B4 83 - 0.6 - 2.4 appeared on the north coast,. By t,he night of the 36th it, had Mlddle Atlantlc ...... 16 1.14 36 -1.7 -3.4 reached t.he west,ern slope of the micltlle Rockies, and a st.rong South Atlantic ...... 11 (I. 84 28 - 2.1 -10.1 Florldn Peninsula*...... 8 0.50 27 -1.6 -4.1 high area was developing to the nort.liwart1. General s~iows East Gulf ...... II 1.11 33 - 2.4 + 3.8 West Gulf ...... 10 2.10 68 - 1.0 -12.2 resulted in the Rocky Mountain region and tlie niicldle Plateau, Ohio Valley and Tennessee...... 13 2.00 57 - 1.5 + 1.5 although the low area, after reaching Colorado on t.he morning Lower Lakes ...... 10 3.03 100 0.0 + 1.0 Upper Lskea...... I2 2.88 125 +0.6 -0.7 of the 37th, gradually dissipat,ecl aft,er sending an arm of de- North Dakota' ...... 9 0.41 58 - 0.3 - 0.4 Upper Nlsslaslppl Valley ...... 15 3.79 IS1 +1.7 4-2.4 pression southward that reached the mout,h of t,he Rio Grande Misaourl Valley ...... 12 3.59 302 4-2.6 4-4.6 on the evening of t.he 2St.11, att.encled hy rains in Tesas, wit.h Northern slope ...... 9 1.35 159 +0.5 +0.4 Middle slope ...... 5 4.08 416 +3.1 +1.6 some snow in t,he Panhantlle. No unusually low t,emptn- Soutlieru slope...... 7 3.06 184 + 1.4 - 7.2 Southern Plateau'...... 11 I). 57 74 - 0.2 - 0.3 tures were recorded, escept, in cent.ra1 Wyoming. Diiring the Middle Plateau*...... 11 1.78 200 + 0.8 + 1.3 the passage of this disturbance abnorina.lly high pressure, with Northern Platenu...... I1 2. 76 177 +].a +1.3 North Paclfic...... 7 12.8s 178 + 5.7 + 2.6 generally fair weat.her and nioc1erat.e teiiiperat.ures prevailed Mlddle Pacific...... 7 3.74 133 + 0.9 + 6.0 South Pacific ...... 4 2.23 181 + 1.0 + 5.6 over the eastern half of t.he country. -- - - Another great disturbance appcarecl off t.lie coast. of Alaska 'Regular Weather Bureau and selected cooperatlve at= on the morning of tlie 37th, and on t.he morning of t,he 3St,li the barometer at, Sit,ka read 2S.iS inches. The morning of t.he Arerage relative Aumiditu and departures jrmn the normal. 29th showed four great centers of depression as follows : Vlarli- d vosbok, Siberia, B.i8 inches; Sit.ka, Alaslin, 23.90 inchrs; Hamilton, Berniuda, 30.58 inches, and Seytlisford, Iceland. Dhtrlcts. I! 28.46 inches, the latt.er depression est.ending over bile whole of i4 Europe. At the same time pressure was high over the Azores New England ...... 76 - 2 Mlaaourl Valley ...... 77 + 6 and the interior of the United States, but. wit.li unaet.t.lcc1 Middle Atlantlc...... 72 - 3 Northerndope ...... 71 + 4 South Atlantlc...... 75 - 3 Middlealope ...... 70 + 8 weather over t,he latter clist.rict. Florlda Penlnsula...... 76 - 4 Southernslope...... 66 + 7 Enst Gulf ...... 73 - 3 Southern Plateau ...... 52 + 9 The Berniuda disturbance was apparent,ly t.lie same one t.liat West Gulf...... 74 0 Mlddle Plateau ...... 66 + 8 was reported on the 27tmhas having cut off cnhle commiini- Ohlo Valley and Tcnneasee.. . 70 - 3 Northern Plateau ...... 73 - 1 Lower~~ Lakes ...... 7i 0 North Pacific ...... 87 + 3 cation with the Windward Islands. Its northward movement Upper Lakes ...... 82 + 3 Mlddle Pacific...... 78 + 3 North Dakota ...... 83 + 3 SouthPeclfic...... 70 + 3 was yuit.e slow, and st the end of tlie month its center was ai)- Upper Mlsslsslppl Valley.. ... 77 +3 parently not far to the northward of Bermuda. This storm

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/25/21 03:48 AM UTC 988 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. NOVEMBER,1909 When the weather conditions for the month were summarized, Average cloudiness and departures from the iionnal. they disclosed the following general fads: The m0nt.h was an -__ unusually warm one, California alone report.ing t,eniperat,ures about normal. The warmest. sectmionwas t,liat extencling from eastern Texas nort,heastward through ea.st Oklahoma, Arkan- ' _I-._" I .. -...... _- sas, southeast Kansas, Missouri, west! Tennessee, western ancl I- New England...... 6.0 +l.S central Kentucky, extreme west Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Middle Atlantlc...... ! 6.5 +1.7 South Atlantlc., ...... 5.3 -I- 1.4 southern Wisconsin, where the mean temperat>iiresranged from Florida Peninsula ...... 4.5 - 0.7 9" to 18" above the seasonal average. On each side of t,liis clis- East Gulf ...... 2.7 - 0.1 \vest Gulf...... 5.5 + 1.6 trict the escess departures from t.he normal contlit.ions grad- ...... 7.7. +1.9 Lower Lakes. 8.2 ! + 0.7 ually decreased to the coasts. Maximum t.emperatures of SOo Upper Lakes...... North Dakota...... occurred as far north as central South Dakota. Upper Mlsslsslppl Valley.. .. Drought conditions continued over t.hat, port.ion of t.he coun- try extending from the Gulf Stat.es eastward and nort,heast.- ward through the Ohio Valley and the At.lantic Stat.es, escept RAINFALL IN JAMAICA. along the southern New England coast, w4t.h a nia.siinum clefi- Through the kindness of Mr. Maxwell Hall, meteorologist to ciency of nearly.33 inches in the Gulf Stat.es. There were also the government of Jamaica ancl now in charge of the meteoro- slight deficiencies in.North Dakota, east,ern and soubhern Mon- logical service of that island, we have received the following tana, and central California; elsewhere the precipit,ation was data: in excess, especially on the north Pacific coast, where from 4 t.o Coinparatire table of rainfall. 7) inches more rain fell than usual, ancl over int.erior Texas, [Based upon the averzge statlons only.] NOVEMBER, IW. Kansas, the lower Missouri and the miclclle Mississippi valleys, - . -- .... I where the excess ranged from 2 to more than 6 inches. Gen- ; Ralnfall. erally the areas of highest temperature and of inasimuiii pre- Dlvlslons. Relatlve. Numbrof ' area. stations. I - -- cipitation were coincident. ! 1909. ' Averase. From 10 to 20 inches of snow fell over northern Iowa, and i from 5 to 20 inches over Nebraska, falling heaviest. over t.he I Inched. : Inchra. Northeastern dlvlslon...... 25 17 I 38.07 10. w western counties. Northern dlvlsloo...... 42 13.66 5.98 Weat-eentral dlvlslon...... 46 6.05 Southern divlslon...... 27 4. w Means...... 100 ...... 21.42 6. w d ...... - z Stations. These excessive rains were clue to a remarkable disturbance d which affected Jamaica between the 4th and the 11th of Novem- - ...... -. ber. The rains were chiefly confined to the east end of the Ga ...... Nantucket. brass ...... Block Ihand, R. I ...... Do ...... island and to the highest mountains, ancl at Silver Hill planta- Do...... North Head, Wash...... Do...... Do...... tion, near Hardware Gap, 135 inches were recordecl. Buffalo. N. Y ...... Do...... * * * * * * * Burlington. Vt...... D~ ...... Canton, N. Y ...... Do...... The largest rainfall among the stations which report monthly Cape Henry, Va ...... I Do ...... Cleveland, Ohio...... no...... occurred at Radnor, at an elevation of 3,050 feet, namely, Columbus. Ohlo...... Do.. 125.SS inches; but as the gage overflowed once or twice, the Del Rlo Tex ...... Do...... Detrolt,'Yich...... \v . DO...... true rainfall must! have hecn at. least 130 inches. Do...... 17 54 \\'. Do...... 25 1 as se. * * * * * * * Duluth. Ylnn...... I4 54 ne. Oklahoma. Okln ...... IU 56 . 1. East ort, hie ...... 24 52 nr. Port Reye3 Llght, Cal.. 52 I 11W. These large rainfalls are in inarked contrast to the lowest, 80...... 25 70 lW. Do...... I if I 12 I IIW. Grand Haven. Mich. ....i w. namely 8.72 inches, recorded at the Negril Point light-house. Green Bay Wb...... 1. * * * * * * * Mount Ta~hpals,Cal ... n Seattle. Wash ...... 18 56 I s. Do...... IlW. Tatoosh Island. Wash.. . 1 i 15 I P. If we consider that the disturbed weather was widely dis- Do...... nw. Do...... 1s ' 57 PI Do...... IlW. Do...... ?I 50 c. tributed over this part! of the Caribbean Sea, it is remarkable Do...... i IlW. Do...... ?S 50 *\v. that its bountlary should he so clearly marked that, while Do...... IIW. "3 ' 51 P\V. Mount Weather, Va...... IlW. 47 I 64 s. the east end of the island should have deluges of rain, the west Do...... IlW. 28 1s s. Do...... 11w. 16 I 00 PW. end should have hardly any, only 3.78 inches being recorded at the Negril Point light-liouae, as already stated.

RIVERS AND FLOODS. The only serious floods of the month occurred during the passing Pine Bluff, Ark., on the 23~1,with a stage of 15.2 feet. latter portion in the Pacific Northwest, and, as they were still The same general conditions caused a marked rise in the in progress at the end of the month, the report thereof will lower Kansas Rivcr, ant1 at Topeka, Iians., a crest stage of appear in the MONTHLYWEATHER REVIEW for December, 1909. 30.3 feet, or 0.7 foot helow the flood stage, was reached on the There was a moderate flood in the Cottonwood, Neosho, 15th. X moderate wave also Came from the Missouri River, and lower Kansas rivers about. the middle of the month, between Omaha, Nehr., and Kansas C'ity, Mo., and this, with caused by heavy rains over eastern Kansas from the 12th to the water from the Kansas River, caused B rise of from 5 to 10 the 16th, inclusive. From 5 to 6 inches of rain fell cluring the feet! in the hlissouri River from Iiansas C'ity eastward. There 5 days mentioned, and stages but little below the flood stage were suine heavy rains over the iniddle Mississippi Valley were reached in the Cottonwood and upper Neosho rivers, ahout the same the, ant1 the comhinecl effect was a stage of necessitating the issue of flood warnings on the 15th The 20.5 feet at St,. Louis on the 30th. The crest passecl Cairo, crest of the flood wave reached the Arkansas River on the lgth, Ill., on the 33~1,Memphis, Tenn., on the 25th, and Vicksburg, and a rise from 8 to 10 feet resulted in that stream, the crest Miss., on the 30th.

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