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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-67148-5 - Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing after the Second World War Hugo Service Index More information

Index

Allied Control Council in Berlin, 197 Potsdam Conference (1945); Teheran Allies’ decision to expel Germans from Conference (1943); Yalta Conference East-Central Europe. See Britain; (1945) Potsdam Conference (1945); Soviet military mission in postwar Poland, 109, 198, Union; United States of America 200 Allies’ decisions on postwar territorial changes. British Occupation Zone of Germany, 105, 107, See Britain; Potsdam Conference (1945); 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 118, 122, 197, 198, Soviet Union; Teheran Conference 200, 205, 222, 339, 341, 343 (1943); United States of America; Yalta Bukovina, 25, 307, 319 Conference (1945) Byrnes, James, 58, 240 armed underground resistance in occupied Poland, 47. See also Home Army; camps for Germans National Armed Forces in Czechoslovakia, 325 Attlee, Clement, 51, 52 in Hungary, 322 in Poland’s new territories, 101–2, 106–7, 109, Belorussia. See Belorussians; forced migration of 112, 164, 191–3, 197–8, 200, 204, 211, 241, Poles and Polish Jews from the 246, 248, 327 Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Belorussian in Poland’s prewar territories, 327 Soviet Socialist Republics (1944–7); in Romania, 321 Soviet Union in Yugoslavia, 322 Belorussians Centre against Expulsions (Zentrum gegen expulsion from postwar Poland, 54, 315, 317 Vertreibungen), 6 in interwar Poland, 21 Churchill, Winston, 44, 46, 49, 51 in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (1939–41), hypocrisy, 58, 240 21, 22, 24, 25 collectivization Beneˇs, Edvard, 325 in Poland’s new territories, 63, 141–3, 202 Beria, Lavrentii, 36 in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (1939–41), Berlin blockade and airlift (1948–9), 246 22, 23 Bessarabia, 25, 307, 319 in the Soviet Union, 34 Bierut, Bolesław, 61, 62 Cominform, 60, 62, 141 Bismarck, Otto von, 151 Communist Party of Poland (dissolved 1938), 46, Bozek,˙ Arkadiusz, 250 53 Brandt, Willy, 344 Croatia, 33 Britain cultural cleansing agreement to allow the mass transportation of in eastern Poland under Soviet occuation Germans from Poland to the British (1939–41), 296, 314 Zone (1946), 105 in northern East Prussia (postwar Soviet decision to expel Germans from East-Central region of Kaliningrad), 337 Europe, 9, 43 in postwar southeastern Poland, 317 decisions on postwar territorial changes, 42, in the borderlands of postwar western 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 98, 159, 243. See also Czechoslovakia, 336

370

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-67148-5 - Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing after the Second World War Hugo Service Index More information

Index 371

in the Soviet Socialist Republics of Ukraine, southern (postwar Poland), 12, 44, 82, 150, Lithuania and Belorussia after the 159, 288, 289. See also Polish Protestant Second World War, 314–15 Church; re-Polonization; verification in the Soviet Union during the Second World action War, 37 Eden, Anthony, 42 in the western Polish territories annexed by elections in Poland (1947), 59, 202 Nazi Germany, 16 Estonia, 25 cultural cleansing in Poland’s new territories ethnic screening de-Germanization of the Roman Catholic sifting Czechs from Germans in postwar Church, 269, 272, 286–8 Czechoslovakia, 329–30 de-Protestantization and Catholicization, sifting Germans from Czechs in postwar 288–94 Poland’s new territories, 232 educational, cultural and social instititutions, sifting Germans from Czechs in the Nazi 280–1, 296–7, 298 German-occupied Czech lands, 32–3 German books, 281–4, 287–8 sifting Poles from Ukrainians in postwar material culture, 266–7, 269–75, 276–9 southeastern Poland, 317, 320 gravestones, 272–4, 278–9 sifting Ukrainians from Poles in postwar place and street names, 267–9, 275–6, Soviet Ukraine, 312 277 See also Deutsche Volksliste (German Ethnicity Cyrankiewicz, Jozef,´ 59 List); rehabilitation action; verification Czechoslovakia, 2, 9, 60, 65, 71, 75, 76, 79, 80, action 223 expulsion of Germans from East-Central and objective of an ethnically homogeneous Eastern Europe, 87, 97, 339 nation-state, 306, 325, 333, 335, 348 Czechoslovakia, 52, 324–6, 330–1 postwar expulsion of Germans. See expulsion Hungary, 52, 322 of Germans from East-Central and northern East Prussia (postwar Soviet region Eastern Europe of Kaliningrad), 337 postwar expulsion of Hungarians, Poland (prewar territory), 327, 331–2 re-Slovakization and de-Magyarization, Yugoslavia, 321–2 335 expulsion of Germans from Poland’s new similarities and differences between the territories Czechoslovak and Polish postwar disorganized expulsion, 94–9, 127, 191, 195, campaigns of ethno-national 326–7 homogenization, 333–6 expulsion from the Polish–Czechoslovak border zone (1948), 122 Democratic Party (Stronnictwo Demokratyczne), expulsion of German clergy, 287, 290–1 49, 58, 162 expulsion of German teachers, 281 Deutsche Volksliste (German Ethnicity List), expulsion of Jewish Germans, 113–14 31–2, 157–8, 328, 331. See also expulsion of orphans, 203 rehabilitation action mass transportation, 103–4, 105–14, 115, displaced persons (foreign) (forced labourers, 118–22, 134–5, 136, 139, 197–201, 203–5, released POWs and Jews) 328, 332 in Poland’s new territories, 229–31, 338 Polish–British and Polish–Soviet agreements in postwar occupied Germany, 338–9 to begin the mass transportation of Dmowski, Roman, 53, 56, 159 Germans to the British and Soviet Dresden, 72 occupation zones of Germany (1946), 105, 111 East Germany (German Democratic Republic), total number expelled, 332 4, 344. See also integration of German voluntary migration, 92, 100–3, 105–6, 193–5, refugees and expellees from East-Central 327–8 and Eastern Europe in postwar Germany; Soviet Occupation Zone of flight and evacuation of civilians from prewar Germany eastern Germany (1944–5), 51, 65–72, East Prussia, 42, 43, 323, 324 75–6, 78–9, 92–3, 125, 190, 323–4, 336 northern (postwar Soviet region of return from flight, 86–7, 166–7, 169–70, 209, Kaliningrad), 44, 52, 336–7 210, 242

372 Index

flight of ethnic Germans and other civilians stay in Kowary (Schmiedeberg) (1948), 62 from Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia, Grabski, Stanisław, 53 320–1 Greiser, Arthur, 20, 32 from Poland (prewar territory), 306, 323, 329 Groß-Rosen Concentration Camp, 76, 217, 219 from postwar Soviet territory, 306–7 from Slovakia, 322–3 Hanke, Karl, 75 from the Czech lands, 324 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 282, 284–5 forced migration of Poles and Polish Jews from Heydrich, Reinhard, 33 the Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Himmler, Heinrich, 17, 18, 31 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republics Hitler, Adolf, 39 (1944–7), 38, 129, 146, 217, 307–14. See Hlond, August, 285 also repatriation of ethnic Poles from the Holocaust, 215 USSR’s interior after the Second World death marches, 30, 78 War; repatriation of Polish Jews from the ghettos for Jews USSR’s interior after the Second World in central and western Poland, 20, 28, 29 War in eastern Poland, the western USSR and Frank, Hans, 17, 19, 20 the Baltic states, 27, 29 Fundowicz, Roman, 106, 113 in central and western Poland, 28–30 in eastern Poland, the western USSR and the German Antifascists Baltic states, 26–8 in Poland’s new territories, 280 in Hirschberg (Jelenia Gora)´ District, 76–8 in postwar Czechoslovakia, 331 in Romania, 28, 30 German collective memory of the flight and killing of Jews before June 1941, 15, 19–20 expulsion of Germans, 1–3 Nazi German extermination sites in occupied German expellee organizations and political Poland activities in the Federal Republic of Auschwitz-Birkenau, 29, 76 Germany, 3, 6, 343–4 Bełzec,˙ 28 German minority of interwar Poland Chełmno nad Nerem, 28, 29 collaboration with Poland’s Nazi German Majdanek, 29 occupiers and the role of ethnic German Sobibor,´ 28 militias in the expulsion and killing of Treblinka, 28, 29 Polish civilians, 15, 17, 18 pogroms against Jews by local non-Jews in the interwar period, 14 (1941), 26 German minority of post-1949 Communist Home Army (Armia Krajowa), 47–8, 56 Poland Home National Council (Krajowa Rada mass emigration, 300–1 Narodowa), 46, 50, 53 number, 123–4, 301 Hungary, 33. See also camps for Germans; treatment by the regime, 299–300, 301 expulsion of Germans from East-Central German social and cultural life in Poland’s new and Eastern Europe; flight of ethnic territories (1945–6) Germans and other civilians; Serbs; German Protestant churches, 288–9, 290 Soviet deportation of civilians to camps underground schools, 280–1, 289 in the USSR (1944–5) See also German Antifascists German victimhood narrative, 1–3, 5–6, 92 integration of German refugees and expellees Germans as labour from East-Central and Eastern Europe forced labour, 101–2 in postwar Germany, 339–44 low-paid or unpaid labour, 100, 135 Israel, 226, 338 on state farms, 124, 140–1 skilled German workers Jan Kazimierz University in Lwow´ (L’viv), 297, in Poland’s new territories, 114–18, 119–20, 314 121–2, 123 Jaroszek, Jozef,´ 113 in postwar Czechoslovakia, 330, 331 Jews, 2 See also camps for Germans genocide against Europe’s Jews. See Holocaust Gomułka, Władysław, 46, 49, 55, 61, 62–3, 85, German Jews, 113–14 141, 284 Hungarian Jews, 29

Index 373

in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (1939–41), National Party of Poland (Stronnictwo 21, 24, 25 Narodowe), 42, 56 See also displaced persons; Polish Jews Nazi Germany annexed territories of western Poland, 15–16, Kaliningrad region (USSR). See East Prussia 18–20, 28 Katowice, 82, 153, 154, 163, 242, 254, 256, 270, forced labour 282, 287 Ostarbeiter (eastern workers), 30, 229, 231 Katyn massacre (1940), 24 Poles, 17, 18, 30, 85, 229 revealed by Nazi Germany (1943), 44 General Government (occupied territories of Kielce pogrom (1946), 221–3 central Poland), 15, 17–18, 19, 20 Kohl, Helmut, 344 Generalplan Ost (General Plan East), 31 Kominek, Bolesław, 269, 286, 287 genocide against Europe’s Jews. See Holocaust Korfanty, Wojciech, 152, 153, 155 Heim ins Reich policy, 18, 19, 306, 323, 331, Kozikowski, Jan, 298 332 Krakow,´ 17, 49, 145, 216 invasion of Poland (1939), 15 Kulturkampf, 151, 152 invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), 26 invasion of Yugoslavia (1941), 33 Labour Party of Poland (Stronnictwo Pracy), 42, Lebensraum, 15 56, 58 mass expulsion land reform of Poles: from the annexed territories of in postwar Czechoslovakia, 333 western Poland, 18–19, 157;fromZamo´sc´ in postwar Poland, 55 district, 31 in the new territories, 131 of Slovenians, 33 in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (1939–41), mass killing 22 of Polish civilians, 15, 17, 30 in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany, of Polish elites, 15, 17, 86, 157 341 of Soviet civilians, 26, 28 Latvia, 25 of Soviet prisoners of war, 26 Liberec (Reichenberg), 79 Operation Groups (Einsatzgruppen), 15, 20, Lipski, Jan Jozef,´ 5 26–7, 28 Lithuania, 21, 25, 40, 118. See also forced policy of cultural Germanization migration of Poles and Polish Jews from in Poland, 32 the Ukrainian, Lithuanian and in Slovenia, 33 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republics in the Czech lands, 33 (1944–7); Lithuanians in western Upper Silesia, 156–7, 178, 236, Lithuanians 251, 268 expulsion from postwar Poland, 54, 315, 317 refusal to organize the evacuation of civilians Łod´ z,´ 49, 133, 215 in good time (1945), 65, 66, 68, 324 ghetto for Jews, 20, 28, 29 ruthless economic exploitation of central Lublin, 29 Poland, 17–18, 88 Lwow´ (L’viv), 47, 215, 314 treaty of non-aggression with the Soviet Union (1939), 15 Marshall Plan, 60 Masuria. See East Prussia Oder–Neisse (Odra–Nysa) border, 42, 43, 49–50, Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 44, 46, 48, 50, 56, 57, 59 57, 344. See also Potsdam Conference Minc, Hilary, 59 Ossolineum Institute, 297 Ministry for Recovered Territories, 85, 113, 117, Ossowski, Stanisław, 172, 176, 177, 178, 180–1, 136, 138, 166, 168, 182, 262, 263, 264, 270, 207, 208, 209, 249 277, 278, 279, 281 dissolution, 141 Palestine, 222, 225, 338 Peasant Party of Poland (Stronnictwo Ludowe), National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne), 42, 49, 58 47, 56, 216, 316 People’s Referendum in Poland (1946), 57, National Democratic movement (Narodowa 239 Demokracja), 9, 53, 56, 159, 162 Piaskowski, Stanisław, 84, 104

374 Index

Piechaczek, Dr, 84 relationship with the German Protestant Piłsudski, Jozef,´ 41, 155 churches, 289, 290 Poland in the post-Communist era role in implementing the policy of German minority, 303 re-Polonization in southern East Prussia, public debate about the treatment of Germans 294 at the end of the Second World War, 5, 6 struggle against de-Protestantization in Silesian autonomist movement, 303 Poland’s new territories, 292–3 Poland’s new western and northern territories See also cultural cleansing in Poland’s new local state administration after 1945, 86 territories power struggle between the new Polish state Polish settlers authorities and the Soviet occupation cultural and linguistic diversity, 145–8, 206 forces. See Red Army fostering a collective identity among settlers, rumours about subversive German 297–9 underground groups, 239, 242 improving living standards through relocation setting up Polish state authorities (1945), 81–6 to Poland’s new territories, 132 Soviet-sponsored takeover by Polish state living with Germans, 100, 117, 129–30, 195 authorities, 50, 81, 159 looting and looters, 88–9, 126, 194, 207, 249 Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski poverty and disease among eastern Polish Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego), 47, settlers, 129, 189, 211 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 81, 128 priority to settlers from prewar eastern Poland Polish exile government in allocation of housing and farms, end of influence with the Western powers, 137–8, 139 49 relocation to sparsely populated areas of formation, composition and objectives, 41–2 Poland’s new territories, 133–4, 148, 196, undermined by the Soviet Union, 44–5 201–2, 205, 211 Polish Jews, 15, 19–20, 21, 28 return to central Poland, 137, 140, 142–3 attacks on Jews in post-liberation Poland, settlers from Polish diaspora communities in 215–16, 221 Europe and the United States, 144–5, Central Committee for Jews in Poland, 218, 149, 206 220, 223, 226 similar policy of diaspora settlers in cultural, political and economic life in postwar Czechoslovakia, 334–5 postwar Lower Silesia, 219–20, 224–5 total number of Polish settlers, 148, 332, 333 in interwar Poland, 21, 214–15 uneven distribution of settlers across Poland’s mass emigration from postwar Poland, 222–3, new territories, 148, 332–3 225, 226–7, 228, 338–9 wild settlers, 129, 136, 189 mass relocation to Lower Silesia after the See also relations between Polish settlers and Second World War, 217–19, 223–4, 227, verified indigenous Poles 228 Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia treated differently to other minorities by Socjalistyczna), 42, 49, 56, 57–8, 59, 61, Poland’s postwar regime, 227–8 63, 84, 104, 162 See also forced migration of Poles and Polish Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska Jews from the Ukrainian, Lithuanian Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza), 61, 63, and Beloussian Soviet Socialist Republics 295 (1944–7); repatriation of Polish Jews Polish Western Association (Polski Zwiazek˛ from the USSR’s interior after the Zachodni), 53, 162, 182, 258, 259, 262, Second World War 264 Polish nationalist ideology and the objective of Polish Workers’ Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza) an ethnically homogeneous nation-state, and the verification action, 162 9–10, 50, 53–4, 56, 63, 93, 114, 125, 126, control of the Provisional Government of 216, 217, 218, 223, 227–8, 233, 234, 264, National Unity, 50 309–10, 315, 345, 348 early political strategy, 46 Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo forcible takeover of the Jewish Bund party, Ludowe), 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 162 226 Polish Protestant Church (Ko´scioł´ formation, 46 Ewangelicko-Augsburski) refusal to hold postwar elections, 57

Index 375

use of Polish nationalist ideology and power struggle with the new Polish state objectives. See Polish nationalist ideology authorities of Poland’s new territories, and the objective of an ethnically 81, 86, 93–4 homogeneous nation-state protecting Germans from Poles, 94, 95–6 See also Bierut, Bolesław; Gomułka, rape, 74, 81, 324 Władysław; Polish United Worker’s reaches Warsaw, 48, 49 Party relationship with the Home Army, 47 population exchange victory at Stalingrad, 43 German–Soviet exchange (1940), 24 violence against civilians Polish–Soviet agreements (1944), 48, 128, 309, in Eastern Europe, 320 315 in prewar eastern Germany, 73–4, 80, 87, Romanian–Bulgarian exchange (1940), 33 93, 324 Slovak–Hungarian exchange (1947–8), 335 rehabilitation action (akcja rehabilitacyjna), Soviet–Romanian and Soviet–Czechoslovak 158–9, 174, 328–9, 332 exchanges (1945–6), 319 relations between Polish settlers and verified Potsdam Conference (1945), 9, 51–2, 58, 99, 126, indigenous Poles, 206–12, 245, 249, 187, 322, 325, 330 259–61, 263, 302 Prague, 79 religious groups operating in Poland’s new property rights of Germans, Polish settlers and territories after the Second World War verified indigenous Poles, 130–1, 136, 143, Eastern Orthodox Church, 147, 292 209–12. See also land reform Jehovah’s Witnesses, 292 Provisional Government of National Unity Judaism, 292 (Tymczasowy Rzad˛ Jedno´sci Narodowej), Methodist Church, 292 50–1 Old Catholic Church, 291, 292 Polish Evangelical Christian Church, 292 Radkiewicz, Stanisław, 63 Seventh Day Adventists, 292 Recovered Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane) See also Polish Protestant Church; Roman as a concept, 54, 226 Catholic Church See also Poland’s new western and northern repatriation of ethnic Poles from the USSR’s territories interior after the Second World War, 314 Red Army repatriation of Polish Jews from the USSR’s arrives in Hirschberg (Jelenia Gora)´ District interior after the Second World War, (May 1945), 79, 93 217, 218, 314 arrives in Oppeln (Opole) District (January re-Polonization (repolonizacja)(policyof 1945), 69 linguistic and cultural assimilation), 180 crosses into Hungary and Romania (1944), gradual assimilation of verified indigenous 320 Poles after 1949, 302, 303–4 crosses into prewar German territory (1945), in Lower Silesia, 258–62 49, 65–6, 323 in southern East Prussia, 257–8, 262–3 crosses into prewar Polish territory (1944), 47, in western Upper Silesia 307 linguistic and cultural assimilation, 234–50 crosses into Slovakia (1944), 323 Polonizing personal names, 251–7 crosses the Oder River (1945), 69, 70 prohibition on speaking German. See fighting with German forces in Oppeln linguistic and cultural assimilation (Opole) District, 69–70, 90 of Belorussian and Lithuanian speakers in fighting with Latvian SS in Hirschberg postwar eastern Poland, 317–18 (Jelenia Gora)´ District, 80 See also Roman Catholic Church; verification liberation of Nazi German concentration action camps and extermination sites, 76, repopulation 215 Nazi German repopulation practices, 19, 31, mass requisitioning of industrial equipment 33 from Poland’s new territories, 90 of Poland’s new territories with Polish settlers, occupation of Poland’s new territories, 90, 94 98–9, 104–5, 111, 114, 118, 121, 126–40, occupation of prewar eastern Germany, 81, 85, 143–4, 149, 165, 187–90, 195–6, 205–9, 87 212–13, 326. See also Polish settlers

376 Index

repopulation (cont.) of Poles and Polish Jews (1944–7). See forced of postwar southeastern Poland, 320 migration of Poles and Polish Jews from of the borderlands of postwar western the Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Czechoslovakia, 333–5 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republics Soviet repopulation practices (1944–7) during the Second World War, 37 of Turks, Kurds and Muslim Armenians in postwar northern East Prussia (Soviet (1944), 36 region of Kaliningrad), 336, 337 Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany, 94, 95, in postwar Soviet Ukrainian, Lithuanian 102, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, and Belorussian territories, 318–19 122, 198, 200, 201, 205, 223, 322, 328, 330, Roman Catholic Church, 4, 63, 151, 152, 156, 235 337, 339, 341, 342 Polish arm takes over German arm’s dioceses Soviet Union in Poland’s new territories, 285, 289 agreement on borders and friendship with role in and resistance to the policy of Nazi Germany, 40 re-Polonization, 286–8, 295 agreement to allow the mass transportation of Stalinist era clampdown, 295–6 Germans from Poland to the Soviet See also cultural cleansing in Poland’s new Zone (1946), 111 territories and the Allies’ decisions on postwar territorial Romania, 41. See also camps for Germans; ﬂight changes. See Teheran Conference (1943); of ethnic Germans and other civilians; Yalta Conference (1945); Potsdam Holocaust; Soviet deportation of Conference (1945) civilians to camps in the USSR (1944–5) annexation of eastern Poland Roosevelt, Franklin D., 42, 44, 49, 51 in 1939, 21, 40–1 Rzeszow,´ 216 in 1944, 10, 44, 46, 48, 49, 53, 128, 309 breaks off relations with the Polish exile Sarajevo, 145 government, 44 Security Police (Urzedy˛ Bezpieczenstwa´ decision to expel Germans from East-Central Publicznego), 56, 63, 85, 162, 183, 192, 193, Europe, 9, 43, 98 203, 241, 248 decisions on postwar territorial changes, 43, Serbs 44 mass expulsion from Croatia and Hungary ethnic cleansing. See Soviet forced migration during the Second World War, 33 installation of a Communist-controlled Polish Sikorski, Władysław, 41, 42, 44 government, 45–6. See also Polish Silesia Voivodship (Wojewodztwo´ Sl´ askie˛ ) Committee for National Liberation; created (1922), 154 Provisional Government of National incorporates western Upper Silesia (1946), 82 Unity Silesian Institute (Instytut Sl´ aski˛ ), 254, 267, 268 NKVD in postwar Poland, 56 skilled German workers. See Germans as labour occupation of eastern Poland (1939–41), 20–5 Soviet deportation of civilians to camps in the mass arrests, 24 USSR (1944–5) mass killing, 24, 26 from East Prussia, 324 mass requisitioning of goods, 23 from Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia, 321 social cleansing, 25, 34, 35 from Upper Silesia, 74–5, 168–9, 324 Sovietization of the Communist regimes of Soviet forced migration East-Central and Eastern Europe, 60–1 in eastern Poland, the Baltic states and Stalin’s terror of the late 1930s, 35 Romania (1940–1), 24–5 treaty of non-aggression with Nazi Germany in Soviet Ukrainian territory and the Baltic (1939), 15, 21, 40 region at the end of the Second World See also Red Army War, 307 Spychalski, Marian, 223 in the north Caucasus (1943–4), 36 Stalin, Joseph, 34, 36, 39, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 54, of Crimean Tatars (1944), 36 55, 60, 62, 98, 226 of Finns, Poles and Germans (1935–6), 34 Stalinization of Poland’s politics, economy and of Germans (1941–2), 35 society (1948–9), 61–3, 140, 202, 205, of Koreans (1937), 35 225–6, 228, 247, 263–4, 298. See also of kulaks (1930–3), 34 collectivization; Roman Catholic Church

Index 377

state farms in Poland’s new territories, 131, 140–1 during the Second World War, 157–8 State Repatriation Ofﬁce (Panstwowy´ Urzad˛ eastern Upper Silesia in interwar Poland, Repatriacyjny), 98, 104, 106, 111, 120, 127, 154–5, 252 133, 134, 135, 145, 187, 188, 219, 310 partition (1922), 154 Steinbach, Erika, 6 plebiscite (1921), 153, 177 Szczecin (Stettin), 223 Silesian Uprisings (1919–21), 153–4 Szklarska Poreba˛ (Schreiberhau), international western Upper Silesia in interwar Weimar and conference of Communist Party leaders Nazi Germany, 155–7, 236, 244, 250, 251, (1947), 60–1 268

Tabaka, Wojciech, 85 verification action (akcja weryfikacyjna) Teheran Conference (1943), 44 cultural and linguistic identities of western Tito, Josip, 62, 321 Upper Silesia’s population, 150, 151, 156, Truman, Harry, 51, 52 157, 174–81, 192, 237, 245, 248–50, 294 ethnic screening of former Nazis, 171–3 Ukraine. See forced migration of Poles and Polish expulsion of verified indigenous Poles, Jews from the Ukrainian, Lithuanian 199–200, 202–4 and Belorussian Soviet Socialist flight from the Red Army as the first phase of Republics (1944–7); Soviet Union; ethnic screening, 72–3, 86, 167, 177 Ukrainian nationalists; Ukrainians gaining Polish citizenship, 173, 252 Ukrainian nationalists, 25, 38–9 in Lower Silesia, 182–3 attacks on Poles (1939), 22 in southern East Prussia, 159, 165, 181, 186, mass expulsion and mass killing of Poles 212 (1943–4), 39, 128, 309, 314 in western Upper Silesia, 159–71, 174, 179–81, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 21, 38 190, 199, 204, 252 role in the Holocaust, 38 mass emigration of verified indigenous Poles Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 38, 128, 307, 311, after 1949, 300–1, 302–3 314, 316–17, 319 regime’s treatment of verified indigenous Ukrainians Poles after 1949, 299, 301–2 expulsion from postwar Poland (1944–6), 39, subversive and hostile views among verified 54, 93, 315–18 indigenous Poles. See re-Polonization in interwar Poland, 21 total number verified as indigenous Poles, 171, in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (1939–41), 183, 328 21, 22, 24, 25 See also relations between Polish settlers and Operation Vistula (Akcja Wisła)(1947), verified indigenous Poles; 147–8, 319–20 re-Polonization similar operation in postwar Vilnius (Wilno), 21, 40, 47, 118, 135, 138, 312, 313, Czechoslovakia, 335–6 314 United States’ Occupation Zone of Germany, 122, 123, 222, 322, 330, 331, 338, 339, 341, Warsaw, 17, 215 343 ghetto for Jews, 20, 29 United States of America in ruins, 49 decision to expel Germans from East-Central Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 29 Europe, 9, 43 Warsaw Uprising (1944), 30, 47–8 decisions on postwar territorial changes, 42, Wawrzynek, Jan, 254 43, 44, 49, 50, 98, 159, 243. See also Wehrmacht (German armed forces) Teheran Conference (1943); Yalta fighting with Soviet forces in Oppeln (Opole) Conference (1945); Potsdam Conference District, 69–70, 90 (1945) killing of Polish civilians, 15 Upper Silesia killing of Polish Jews, 15, 20 Allies’ territorial decisions during the Second retreat from the Red Army, 69, 70, 71, 75, 79, World War, 42, 43 80 before 1918, 150–3 return of soldiers from the Allies’ cultural and linguistic identities of the region’s Prisoner-of-War camps, 167 population. See verification action Volkssturm, 66, 69, 74

378 Index

West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) Yalta Conference (1945), 9, 49, 50, 57 relations with Communist East-Central Yugoslavia Europe, 344 expulsion of Hungarians at the end of the See also German collective memory of the Second World War, 322 ﬂight and expulsion of Germans; See also camps for Germans; expulsion of German expellee organizations and Germans from East-Central and Eastern political activities in the Federal Europe; ﬂight of ethnic Germans and Republic of Germany; German other civilians; Soviet deportation of victimhood narrative; integration of civilians to camps in the USSR German refugees and expellees from (1944–5) East-Central and Eastern Europe in postwar Germany Zaleski, August, 42 Wrocław (Breslau), 75, 84, 90, 105, 113, 115, 119, Zawadzki, Aleksander, 82, 160, 162, 163, 164, 171, 120, 121, 122, 133, 134, 139, 143, 145, 194, 174, 191, 195, 210, 211, 238, 241, 252, 253, 226, 258, 262, 280, 290, 295, 315 254, 255, 267, 269, 270, 272, 277, 279, Wrocław Voivodship (Wojewodztwo´ 281, 282, 286, 287 Wrocławskie)created(1946), 84 Zhdanov, Andrei, 60