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Immanuel Kant Was Born in 1724, and Published “Religion Within The
CHAPTER FIVE THE PHENOMENOLOGY AND ‘FORMATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS’ It is this self-construing method alone which enables philosophy to be an objective, demonstrated science. (Hegel 1812) Immanuel Kant was born in 1724, and published “Religion within the limits of Reason” at the age of 70, at about the same time as the young Hegel was writing his speculations on building a folk religion at the seminary in Tübingen and Robespierre was engaged in his ultimately fatal practical experiment in a religion of Reason. Kant was a huge figure. Hegel and all his young philosopher friends were Kantians. But Kant’s system posed as many problems as it solved; to be a Kantian at that time was to be a participant in the project which Kant had initiated, the development of a philosophical system to fulfill the aims of the Enlightenment; and that generally meant critique of Kant. We need to look at just a couple of aspects of Kant’s philosophy which will help us understand Hegel’s approach. “I freely admit,” said Kant , “it was David Hume ’s remark [that Reason could not prove necessity or causality in Nature] that first, many years ago, interrupted my dogmatic slumber and gave a completely differ- ent direction to my enquiries in the field of speculative philosophy” (Kant 1997). Hume’s “Treatise on Human Nature” had been published while Kant was still very young, continuing a line of empiricists and their rationalist critics, whose concern was how knowledge and ideas originate from sensation. Hume was a skeptic; he demonstrated that causality could not be deduced from experience. -
Albert Schweitzer: a Man Between Two Cultures
, .' UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY ALBERT SCHWEITZER: A MAN BETWEEN TWO CULTURES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES OF • EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS (GERMAN) MAY 2007 By Marie-Therese, Lawen Thesis Committee: Niklaus Schweizer Maryann Overstreet David Stampe We certify that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Languages and Literatures of Europe and the Americas (German). THESIS COMMITIEE --~ \ Ii \ n\.llm~~~il\I~lmll:i~~~10 004226205 ~. , L U::;~F H~' _'\ CB5 .H3 II no. 3Y 35 -- ,. Copyright 2007 by Marie-Therese Lawen 1II "..-. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T I would like to express my deepest gratitude to a great number of people, without whose assistance, advice, and friendship this thesis w0l!'d not have been completed: Prof. Niklaus Schweizer has been an invaluable mentor and his constant support have contributed to the completion of this work; Prof. Maryann Overstreet made important suggestions about the form of the text and gave constructive criticism; Prof. David Stampe read the manuscript at different stages of its development and provided corrective feedback. 'My sincere gratitude to Prof. Jean-Paul Sorg for the the most interesting • conversations and the warmest welcome each time I visited him in Strasbourg. His advice and encouragement were highly appreciated. Further, I am deeply grateful for the help and advice of all who were of assistance along the way: Miriam Rappolt lent her editorial talents to finalize the text; Lynne Johnson made helpful suggestions about the chapter on Bach; John Holzman suggested beneficial clarifications. -
Herder's Importance As a Philosopher1
HERDER'S IMPORTANCE AS A PHILOSOPHER1 Michael N. Forster Introduction Herder has been sufficiently neglected in recent times, especially among philosophers, to need a few words of introduction. He lived 1744-1803; he was a favorite student of Kant's, and a student and friend of Hamann's; he became a mentor to the young Goethe, on whose development he exercised a profound influence; and he worked, among other things, as a philosopher, literary critic, Bible scholar, and translator. As I mentioned, Herder has been especially neglected by philosophers (with two notable exceptions in the Anglophone world: Isaiah Berlin and Charles Taylor). This 1 This title echoes that of an essay by Charles Taylor, "The Importance of Herder" (in Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration, ed. E. and A. Margalit [Chicago, 1991]), with whose thesis that Herder is an important philosopher I am in strong agreement. However, my arguments for this will for the most part be quite different from Taylor's. In particular, I do not follow, and would indeed strongly disagree with, Taylor's central claim that Herder's seminal contribution lies in his conception of Besonnenheit and of a related linguistic "rightness," as introduced in the Treatise on the Origin of Language of 1772, and that a whole family of further important and novel ideas somehow follows from that one. My title's addition of the qualification "as a philosopher" is not grudging in spirit but on the contrary flags the fact that Herder has claims to importance not only as a philosopher but also in several other disciplines. -
Machiavelli's Background
chapter 1 Machiavelli’s Background 1.1 Machiavellism Sedulo curavi, humanas actiones non ridere, non lugere neque detestari, sed intelligere. baruch de spinoza, Tractatus Politicus i.4. Perhaps in a larger degree than any other political author in the last five hun- dred years, Machiavelli has been subject to a vast number of interpretations. So much has been written that in his book The Myth of the State, published posthumously in 1946, Ernst Cassirer struggled to trace the turbulent historiog- raphy of the Florentine author. In his study, Cassirer reminded us of how Machiavelli’s fortune has moved like a pendulum from one end of the interpre- tative spectrum to the other.1 His writings have suffered all kinds of vicissitudes – from periods of severe condemnation, which began almost immediately after his writings were published, to eras of veneration. There is no denial that what readers have understood as “Machiavellism” has taken a great variety of forms over the years. The first period of censure was initiated in France and continued in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.2 It began after the 1 Cassirer, The Myth of the State, p. 116. For a more updated historiographical study see, Isaiah Berlin, “The Originality of Machiavelli;” Giuliano Procacci, Machiavelli nella cultura europea dell’età moderna (Rome: Laterza, 1995) and Davide De Camilli, Machiavelli nel tempo: la crit- ica machiavelliana dal cinquecento a oggi (Pisa: Edizioni ets, 2000). 2 For more on the reception of Machiavelli’s writings see, Sidney Anglo, Machiavelli: The First Century: Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility, and Irrelevance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) and Brian Richardson, “The Prince and its early Italian readers” in Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince: New Interdisciplinary Essays, ed. -
Anthology of Polish Poetry. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program, 1998 (Hungary/Poland)
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 444 900 SO 031 309 AUTHOR Smith, Thomas A. TITLE Anthology of Polish Poetry. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program, 1998 (Hungary/Poland). INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 206p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020)-- Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Anthologies; Cultural Context; *Cultural Enrichment; *Curriculum Development; Foreign Countries; High Schools; *Poetry; *Poets; Polish Americans; *Polish Literature; *World Literature IDENTIFIERS Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; *Poland; Polish People ABSTRACT This anthology, of more than 225 short poems by Polish authors, was created to be used in world literature classes in a high school with many first-generation Polish students. The following poets are represented in the anthology: Jan Kochanowski; Franciszek Dionizy Kniaznin; Elzbieta Druzbacka; Antoni Malczewski; Adam Mickiewicz; Juliusz Slowacki; Cyprian Norwid; Wladyslaw Syrokomla; Maria Konopnicka; Jan Kasprowicz; Antoni Lange; Leopold Staff; Boleslaw Lesmian; Julian Tuwim; Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz; Maria Pawlikowska; Kazimiera Illakowicz; Antoni Slonimski; Jan Lechon; Konstanty Ildefons Galczynski; Kazimierz Wierzynski; Aleksander Wat; Mieczyslaw Jastrun; Tymoteusz Karpowicz; Zbigniew Herbert; Bogdan Czaykowski; Stanislaw Baranczak; Anna Swirszczynska; Jerzy Ficowski; Janos Pilinsky; Adam Wazyk; Jan Twardowski; Anna Kamienska; Artur Miedzyrzecki; Wiktor Woroszlyski; Urszula Koziol; Ernest Bryll; Leszek A. Moczulski; Julian Kornhauser; Bronislaw Maj; Adam Zagajewskii Ferdous Shahbaz-Adel; Tadeusz Rozewicz; Ewa Lipska; Aleksander Jurewicz; Jan Polkowski; Ryszard Grzyb; Zbigniew Machej; Krzysztof Koehler; Jacek Podsiadlo; Marzena Broda; Czeslaw Milosz; and Wislawa Szymborska. (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Anthology of Polish Poetry. Fulbright Hays Summer Seminar Abroad Program 1998 (Hungary/Poland) Smith, Thomas A. -
Salomon Maimon and the Metaphorical Nature of Language
zlom2 12.11.2009 16:02 Stránka 167 Pol Capdevila SALOMON MAIMON AND THE METAPHORICAL NATURE OF LANGUAGE LUCIE PARGAČOVÁ This article is concerned with the metaphorical nature of language in the conception of Salomon Maimon (1753–1800), one of the most distinctive figures of post-Kantian philosophy. He was continuously challenging the theories that attributed a metaphorical character to language, which were widespread in eighteenth-century British, French, and German philosophy. Particularly notable was his attack on Johann Georg Sulzer (1720–1779). The core of the dispute concerned different views on the relationship between the sphere of the senses and the sphere of the intellect. Whereas Sulzer understood them simply as analogical, Maimon dissolved the disparity, convinced that each stems, albeit separately, from the transcendental activity of consciousness. He applied this method of argumentation also in essays on literal meaning and figurative meaning. Salomon Maimon und der metaphorische Charakter der Sprache Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem metaphorischen Charakter der Sprache im Denken von Salomon Maimon (1753–1800). Dieser herausragende Vertreter post-kantianischer Philosophie polemisierte wiederholt mit in der britischen, französischen und deutschen Philosophie des 18. Jahrhunderts verbreiteten Theorien, die der Sprache metaphorischen Charakter zuschrieben. Maimons Angriff richtete sich vor allem gegen Johann Georg Sulzer (1720–1779). Der Konflikt drehte sich um verschiedene Auffassungen der Beziehung zwischen dem Bereich des Sinnlichen und dem des Intelligiblen: Während Sulzer diese Bereiche unproblematisch als einander analog verstand, löste Maimon ihre Unterschied- lichkeit auf, da er überzeugt war, dass beide der transzendentalen Tätigkeit des Bewusst- seins entspringen. Diese Argumentationlinie verfolgte er auch in seinen Überlegungen zur eigentlichen und uneigentlichen Bedeutung. -
Emerson's Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy?
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Philosophy Honors Theses Department of Philosophy 6-15-2007 Emerson's Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy? Adam Adler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_hontheses Recommended Citation Adler, Adam, "Emerson's Hidden Influence: What Can Spinoza Tell the Boy?." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_hontheses/2 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Philosophy at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EMERSON’S HIDDEN INFLUENCE: WHAT CAN SPINOZA TELL THE BOY? by ADAM ADLER Under the Direction of Reiner Smolinski and Melissa Merritt ABSTRACT Scholarship on Emerson to date has not considered Spinoza’s influence upon his thought. Indeed, from his lifetime until the twentieth century, Emerson’s friends and disciples engaged in a concerted cover-up because of Spinoza’s hated name. However, Emerson mentioned his respect and admiration of Spinoza in his journals, letters, lectures, and essays, and Emerson’s thought clearly shows an importation of ideas central to Spinoza’s system of metaphysics, ethics, and biblical hermeneutics. In this essay, I undertake a biographical and philosophical study in order to show the extent of Spinoza’s influence on Emerson and -
1 E-Mail: [email protected]
CURRICULUM VITAE October 2013 Dr. Francesca Biagioli (Milano, June 15, 1983) Institution: New Europe College – Institute for Advanced Study, Bucharest Address: Str. Plantelor 21, 203971 Bucharest, Romania Telephone: (+4) 0213079910 Fax: (+4) 0213270774 E-Mail: [email protected] Areas of Specialization Early theories of measurement, Kant, Neo-Kantianism, Philosophy of geometry in the nineteenth century Areas of Competence History of logic and methodology, History of philosophy of science, Logical positivism, Phenomenology, Post-Kantian philosophy of knowledge Education 2012 PhD in Philosophy at the University of Turin, Italy. Dissertation: Spazio, numero e geometria: La sfida di Helmholtz e il neokantismo di Marburgo [Space, Number, and Geometry: Helmholtz’s Challenge and the Marburg Neo-Kantianism]. Supervisor: Prof. Massimo Ferrari 2009-2011 Doctoral grant at the University of Turin 2008 MA in Philosophy at the University of Milan, Italy (laurea summa cum laude). Dissertation: “Logica formale e logica trascendentale nelle ricerche del neokantismo” [Formal and Transcendental Logic in Neo-Kantianism]. Supervisor: Prof. Renato Pettoello 2006-2007 ERASMUS student at the University of Marburg, Germany 2005 BA in Philosophy at the University of Milan (laurea summa cum laude). Dissertation: “La riflessione sull’illuminismo nella Dialettica dell’illuminismo di Max Horkheimer e Theodor W. Adorno e ne La filosofia dell’illuminismo di Ernst Cassirer” [Reflexions on Enlightenment in the Dialectic of Enlightenment by Max Horkheimer -
• Did Goethe and Schelling Endorse Species Evolution? Robert J
Chapter Nine • Did Goethe and Schelling Endorse Species Evolution? robert j. richards Charles Darwin (1809–82) was quite sensitive to the charge that his theory of species transmutation was not original but had been anticipated by earlier authors, most famously Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829) and his own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802). The younger Darwin believed, however, his own originality lay in the device he used to explain the change of species over time and in the kind of evidence he brought to bear to demonstrate such change. He was thus ready to concede and recognize predecessors, especially those who caused only modest ripples in the intellectual stream. In the historical introduction that he included in the third edition of On the Origin of Species (1861; first edition, 1859), he acknowledged Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) as “an extreme partisan” of the transmutation view. He had been encouraged to embrace Goethe as a fellow transmutationist by Isidore Geoffroy St Hilaire (1805–61) and Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919).1 Scholars today think that Darwin’s recognition of Goethe was a mistake. Man- fred Wenszel, for instance, simply says: “An evolutionism ... establishing an histori- cal transformation in the world of biological phenomena over generations lay far beyond Goethe’s horizon” (784). George Wells, who has considered the question at great length, concludes: Goethe “was unable to accept the possibility of large- scale evolution” (45–6). A comparable assumption prevails about the Naturphil- osoph Friedrich Joseph Schelling (1775–1854). Most scholars deny that Schelling held anything like a theory of species evolution in the manner of Charles Darwin – that is, a conception of a gradual change of species in the empirical world over long periods of time. -
Leibniz's and Herder's Philosophy of Optimism Vasil Gluchman1
Ethics & Bioethics (in Central Europe), 2021, 11 (1–2), 37–47 DOI:10.2478/ebce-2021-0006 Leibniz’s and Herder’s philosophy of optimism Vasil Gluchman1 Abstract The author studies Leibniz’s views of vindicating God for the existence of evil in the world, as well as the idea of the best of all possible worlds, including the past and present criticism. Following Leibniz, he opted for the presentation of Herder’s philosophy of history as one of the most significant forms of philosophical optimism that influenced the first half of the 19th century, including contemporary debates on and critiques of the topic. He defines Herder’s concept as the philosophy of historical progress, which also significantly influenced Slovak philosophy of the given period. The main goal of the article is to present Leibniz’s and Herder’s views as a starting point for the Slovak philosophy of optimism and historical progress of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Keywords: theodicy, Leibniz, the best of all possible worlds, Herder, philosophy of history, philosophical optimism, philosophy of historical progress Introduction In early Christianity, the question of the existence of evil in the world was dealt with, for example, by St Augustine in his work The City of God (Civitas Dei), the most famous work of modern times addressing these questions is the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) Theodicy (1710). The basis of Leibniz’s conception of theodicy is the belief that God wants the best. “Now this supreme wisdom, united to goodness that is no less infinite, cannot but have chosen the best. -
Epistemology1 Niels Wildschut
This is the penultimate draft of an article that is published in Martin Kusch, Katherina Kinzel, Johannes Steizinger, Niels Wildschut (eds.): The Emergence of Relativism: German Thought from the Enlightenment to National Socialism Epistemology1 Niels Wildschut From the moment Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) declared that “nature” was nothing but the whole of experience, and that any enquiry into nature first required a critical assessment of the necessary preconditions and limitations of experience, many philosophers began to see it as their central task to provide the sciences with their epistemological foundations. In the nineteenth century, however, the Kantian self-understanding of the philosopher was also challenged from various sides. For example, the institutionalization of history as a scientific discipline raised the question: How can the philosopher’s methodologies of critique and of transcendental deduction be reconciled with the insight that all of life on earth, including the philosopher’s own standpoint, is thoroughly historical? Furthermore, various natural sciences posed their own challenges to philosophy, for example by uncovering the psycho-physiological processes within human cognition, and by stressing the very earthly and material nature of the soul (and thus presumably also of the “transcendental subject”). From within Kant’s transcendental philosophy, many of these challenges seemed easy to block. Within the scientific community as well as the general (and rapidly expanding) reading public, however, these Kantian defenses -
Songs by Artist
Sound Master Entertianment Songs by Artist smedenver.com Title Title Title .38 Special 2Pac 4 Him Caught Up In You California Love (Original Version) For Future Generations Hold On Loosely Changes 4 Non Blondes If I'd Been The One Dear Mama What's Up Rockin' Onto The Night Thugz Mansion 4 P.M. Second Chance Until The End Of Time Lay Down Your Love Wild Eyed Southern Boys 2Pac & Eminem Sukiyaki 10 Years One Day At A Time 4 Runner Beautiful 2Pac & Notorious B.I.G. Cain's Blood Through The Iris Runnin' Ripples 100 Proof Aged In Soul 3 Doors Down That Was Him (This Is Now) Somebody's Been Sleeping Away From The Sun 4 Seasons 10000 Maniacs Be Like That Rag Doll Because The Night Citizen Soldier 42nd Street Candy Everybody Wants Duck & Run 42nd Street More Than This Here Without You Lullaby Of Broadway These Are Days It's Not My Time We're In The Money Trouble Me Kryptonite 5 Stairsteps 10CC Landing In London Ooh Child Let Me Be Myself I'm Not In Love 50 Cent We Do For Love Let Me Go 21 Questions 112 Loser Disco Inferno Come See Me Road I'm On When I'm Gone In Da Club Dance With Me P.I.M.P. It's Over Now When You're Young 3 Of Hearts Wanksta Only You What Up Gangsta Arizona Rain Peaches & Cream Window Shopper Love Is Enough Right Here For You 50 Cent & Eminem 112 & Ludacris 30 Seconds To Mars Patiently Waiting Kill Hot & Wet 50 Cent & Nate Dogg 112 & Super Cat 311 21 Questions All Mixed Up Na Na Na 50 Cent & Olivia 12 Gauge Amber Beyond The Grey Sky Best Friend Dunkie Butt 5th Dimension 12 Stones Creatures (For A While) Down Aquarius (Let The Sun Shine In) Far Away First Straw AquariusLet The Sun Shine In 1910 Fruitgum Co.