Arnold Jacobshagen Das Oratorium Auf Der Bühne

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Arnold Jacobshagen Das Oratorium Auf Der Bühne Arnold Jacobshagen Das Oratorium auf der Bühne - Anton Grigor'evic Rubinstejns Konzeption der „Geistlichen Oper" ,,Den Juden bin ich ein Christ, den Christen ein Jude, den Russen bin ich ein Deut- scher, den Deutschen ein Russe, den Klassikern bin ich ein Zukünfller, den Zukünft- lern ein Retrograde usw. Schlußfolgerung: ich bin weder Fisch noch Fleisch - ein jammervolles Individuum. " 1 So formulierte der Pianist, Komponist, Musikpädagoge und Publizist Anton Grigor'evic Rubinstejn einmal selbstironisch, doch wohl nicht ohne einen Hauch von Resignation, seinen durchaus disparaten persönlichen und künstlerischen Standort.2 Eine Position zwischen den Stühlen, und dies keineswegs nur hinsichtlich der angeführten Kontrastpaare. Es ließen sich weitere Antinomien aus dem Leben und Schaffen dieser paradigmatischen Künstlerpersönlichkeit des 19. Jahrhunderts anführen, von denen im folgenden lediglich ein einzelnes Phänomen betrachtet werden soll, nämlich die von Rubinstejn selbst so bezeichnete „Geistliche Oper".3 Vergeblich bemühte sich Rubinstejn in Deutschland um die Etablierung die- ser Bühnengattung, mit deren künstlerischer Gestaltung er sich in seinen großen Vo- kalwerken Das verlorene Paradies (1858), Der Thurm zu Babel (1870), Moses (1888) und Christus ( 1894) jahrzehntelang auseinandersetzte, und deren gattungsästhetische Ambivalenz musikdramatisch und kompositorisch eine Auseinandersetzung mit hete- rogenen Traditionen implizierte, nämlich der des Oratoriums Händels und Mendels- sohns einerseits sowie der der französischen Grand Opera andererseits, ergänzt um zentrale Aspekte des Wagnerschen Musikdramas. Während die Spätwerke Moses und Christus bald nach ihren Premieren für immer in der Versenkung verschwanden, waren Das verlorene Paradies und Der Thurm zu Babel als Konzertoratorien zu Rubinstejns Lebzeiten überaus erfolgreich und fanden 1 Anton Rubinstein 's Gedankenkorb, hrsg. v. Hermann Wolff, Leipzig 1897, S. 95f. 2 Während Rubin§tejns Bedeutung als einer der herausragenden Klaviervirtuosen des 19. Jahr- hunderts, aber auch seine Rolle als Begründer einer professionellen russischen Musikkultur und er- ster Direktor des Petersburger Konservatoriums von der Musikwissenschaft in zahlreichen Publika- tionen gewürdigt wurde, ist sein kompositorisches und erst recht sein musikpublizistisches Schaffen bisher erst wenig untersucht worden. Erst in den letzten Jahren wurde ein wachsendes wissenschaft- liches Interesses an seinem Werk deutlich, das u. a. in mehreren Dissertationsvorhaben seinen Nie- derschlag gefunden hat: Annakatrin Täusche): Studien zu den Opern Anton Grigor'evic Rubinstejns (Mainz); Katya Ekaterina Smyka: Das Klaviertrio in Rußland von Rubinstejn bis Rachmaninojf (Heidelberg); Matthias Falke: Die Symphonie zwischen Schumann und Brnhms. Studien zu Max Bruch, Niets Gade, Joachim Raff. Anton Rubinstejn und Robert Volkmann (Freiburg). 3 Ging die Mehrzahl der älteren Untersuchungen zu Rubin§tejn von russischer Seite aus, so ist gerade hier das Problem der Geistlichen Oper stets gemieden worden. Ebenso fehlen Rubin~tejns beide in deutscher Sprache erschienene Artikel Ober die Geistliche Oper in der von Lev Barenboim heraus- gegebenen sowjetischen Ausgabe seines literarischen Nachlasses (Anton Grigor'evif Rubin~tejn, Literaturnoe nasledie, Moskau 1984). Symptomatisch für Rubin§tejns problematisches Verhältnis zu Rußland ist, daß gerade die Geistliche Oper - sein wohl persönlichstes künstlerisches Anliegen - in seiner Heimat keinerlei Auffilhrungschancen besaß. _,-.__ 512 Freie Referate: Musik des 19. Jahrhunderts auch international relativ weite Verbreitung. Das Verlorene Paradies bezeichnete den Beginn seines kompositorischen Wirkens in Deutschland. Nachdem Rubinstejn be- reits 1844-46 in Berlin studiert hatte, kehrte er 1854 nach Deutschland zurück und wurde in Weimar von Liszt zunächst nachhaltig gefördert. Liszt machte ihn auch mit dem Literaten Arnold Schloenbach bekannt, der ihm Ende 1854 einen frei an John Miltons Versepos Paradise Lost (1674) angelehnten Oratorientext in drei Teilen zur Vertonung übergab.4 1858 wurde das Werk unter Liszts Leitung uraufgeführt. Erstmals tauchte die Bezeichnung „Geistliche Oper" bei Rubinstejn im Zusam- menhang mit dem Thurm zu Babel auf, seinem zweiten Oratorium, das 1870 in Kö- nigsberg uraufgeführt wurde. 5 Dem Verlorenen Paradies legte Rubinstejn die Be- zeichnung nun ebenfalls bei, zunächst der 1872 in Wien vom Komponisten geleiteten und sodann allen weiteren Aufführungen des Werkes. Seit Ende der sechziger Jahre befaßte er sich mit dem Plan der Begründung einer neuen dramatischen Oratorien- form, für die ihm - ähnlich wie Wagner für sein Musikdrama - ein eigenes Theater vorschwebte.6 Durchaus in Anlehnung an Wagner erwähnte Rubinstejn 1870 in einem Brief, daß er eine Broschüre über die Geistliche Oper zu verfassen beabsichtige, um seiner Idee eine theoretische Grundlage zu geben. 7 Daß es hierzu zunächst nicht kam, dürfte weniger an den immanenten Problemen des Vorhabens als an Rubinstejns äu- ßerst intensiver Kompositions- und Konzerttätigkeit in diesen Jahren gelegen haben. Tatsächlich sollte der erste Artikel über die Geistliche Oper - obwohl bereits um 1870 konzipiert - erst 1881 erscheinen, 8 der zweite entstand 1890 und wurde erst posthum 1894 veröffentlicht.9 Diese Schriften sind vor dem Hintergrund der gattungsästhetischen Kontroversen in der Oratorientheorie des 19. Jahrhunderts zu sehen, 10 in deren Zentrum zunächst die Frage der Situierung der Gattung an einem der drei Pole von lyrischer, epischer und dramatischer Form stand. War das Oratorium am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts vor- wiegend als eine kontemplativ-empfindsame und somit als „lyrische" Gattung einge- stuft worden - etwa in Johann Georg Sulzers Al/gemeiner Theorie der Schönen Kün- ste oder in Heinrich Christoph Kochs Handwörterbuch der Musik, die wegen der Be- kanntheit der behandelten Stoffe weder einer erzählenden noch einer dramatischen 4 Im Zentrum des ersten Teiles steht neben der Lobpreisung Gottes der Kampf der Himmlischen Heerscharen gegen die Höllischen, der zweite Teil enthält den Bericht von der Erschaffung der Welt, im dritten schließlich wird die Vertreibung von Adam und Eva aus dem Paradies gestaltet. 5 Vgl. Arnold Jacobshagen: Anton Rubinstein: ,,Der Thurm zu Babel", Musik und Kirche 68 (1998), H. 2, S. l 14f. 6 Vgl. die Darstellung dieser Zusammenhänge bei Lev Barenbojm: Anton Grigor'evic Rubinstejn, Bd. 2, Leningrad 1962, S. 54f. 7 Brief vom 18.5.1870, Rubin~tejn: Literaturnoe nasledie, Bd. 2, Moskau 1984, S. 172. 8 Rubins/ein über die geistliche Oper, in: Signale für die musikalische Welt, 1881, Nr. 38, s. 593-597. 9 Rubin~tejn, Die Geistliche Oper, in: Die Zukunft, hrsg. v. Maximilian Harden, IIUIO (1894), s. 456-461. 10 Hierzu vgl. insbesondere Winfried Kirsch: Oratorium und Oper - Materialien zu einer Dramatur- gie des Oratoriums, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Oratoriums seit Händel. Festschrift Günther Massenkeil zum 60. Geburtstag, hrsg. v. Rainer Cadenbach u. Helmut Laos, Bonn 1986, s. 221-254. Arnold Jacobshagen: Anton Grigor 'evic Rubinstejns Konzeption der „Geistlichen Oper" 513 Präsentation von manifester Handlung bedurfte, so sah man das Oratorium im frühen 19. Jahrhundert überwiegend als Mittelgattung zwischen betrachtender und dramati- scher Darstellung an. In dem Maße, wie das Oratorium zunehmend als dramatische Gattung gesehen wurde, erschien es fast zwangsläufig als defizienter Modus des Mu- siktheaters, oder - in den Worten Ferdinand Hands in seiner Asthetik der Tonkunst, als eine „nicht vollständig ausgebildete Oper". 11 Das Oratorium konnte nun je nach Standpunkt entweder als „ideales Drama" - oder aber, wie Richard Wagner sich aus- zudrücken beliebte, als ,,geschlechtslose Opernembryone" 12 angesehen werden. Ru- binstejn selbst argumentierte in seinem 1881 erschienenen Beitrag durchaus im Sinne der letzteren Auffassung: ,,Das Oratorium ist eine Kunstgattung, die mich seit jeher zum Protest stimmte, die bekanntesten Meisterwerke dieser Gallung haben mich (nicht bei ihrem Stu- dium, sondern beim Hören, in den Aufführungen) immer kalt gelassen, ja oft ge- radezu mißgestimmt. Die Steifheit der Formen, sowohl der musikalischen, wie insbesondere der poetischen, erschien mir stets in völligem Widerspruch zu der hohen Dramatik der Stoffe. Nun gar die großartigen Gestalten des alten und des neuen Testaments von Herren in schwarzem Frack mit weißer Halsbinde, gelben Handschuhen, ein Notenheft vor dem Gesicht - oder von Damen in modernster, oft extravaganter Toilette - singen zu hören und zu sehen, das hat mich immer dermaßen gestört, daß ich zu reinem Genießen niemals gelangen konnte. Unwill- kürlich erfaßte mich der Gedanke, fühlte ich, daß Alles, was ich als , Concertora- torium' erlebt, viel großartiger, packender, richtiger und wahrer auf der Bühne in Costümen und mit Dekorationen, mit der vollen Action darzustellen sein müs- se. Wie mächtig müßte erst der Eindruck von Bühnen-Aufführungen Bach 'scher, Händel 'scher, Mendelssohn 'scher und anderer Werke sein!" 13 Nimmt man diese Äußerungen beim Wort, so ist man zunächst geneigt, dahinter eine fundamentale Gattungskritik zu vermuten, die in ihrer Radikalität dem erwähnten Verdikt Wagners nahekäme. Eine nähere Betrachtung der Positionen Rubinstejns so- wie seiner Geistlichen Opern vermag diese Erwartung nur teilweise einzulösen, för- dert indes eine individuelle, wenngleich nicht immer konsistente Gattungskonzeption zu Tage, die Aspekte der musikalischen Dramaturgie, der szenischen Realisierung und der institutionellen
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