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JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 8, 2004 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 JPET FastThis article Forward. has not beenPublished copyedited on and January formatted. The8, 2004final version as DOI:10.1124/jpet.103.059394 may differ from this version. JPET #59394 Salvinorin A, an Active Component of the Hallucinogenic Sage Salvia divinorum, is a Highly Efficacious Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist: Structural and Functional Considerations1 Downloaded from Charles Chavkin, Sumit Sud, Wenzhen Jin, Jeremy Stewart, Jordan K. Zjawiony, Daniel J. Siebert, Beth Ann Toth, Sandra J. Hufeisen and Bryan L. Roth jpet.aspetjournals.org Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195 (CC, SS, WJ); Salvia divinorum Research and Education Center, P.O. Box 661552. Los Angeles, CA 90066 USA (DS); Department of Pharmacognosy, at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848 (JS, JKZ); NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 (BAT, SJH, BLR) Copyright 2004 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 8, 2004 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #59394 Running title: Salvinorin A activates κ- Opioid Receptors Address correspondence to: Bryan Roth MD, PhD Department of Biochemistry; RM RT500-9 Case Western Reserve University Medical School 2109 Adelbert Road Cleveland, OH 44106 216-368-2730 (Office); 216-368-3419 (Fax) [email protected] (email) Downloaded from Text pages: 13 Tables: 2 Figures: 5 jpet.aspetjournals.org References: 24 at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 Abstract: 240 words Introduction: 246 words Discussion: 788 words Abbreviations: Salvinorin A (Sal A), dynorphin A (Dyn A), norbinaltorphimine (nBNI); U50,488, (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate; U69,593, (+)-(5α,7α,8β)-N-Methyl-N-[7- (1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl]-benzeneacetamide. 2 JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 8, 2004 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #59394 ABSTRACT The diterpene salvinorin A from Salvia divinorum has recently been reported to be a high affinity and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist (Roth et al, 2002). Salvinorin A and selected derivatives were found to be potent and efficacious agonists in several measures of agonist activity using cloned human κ-opioid receptors expressed in HEK-293 cells. Thus, salvinorin A, salvinorinyl-2-propionate and salvinorinyl-2-heptanoate were found Downloaded from to be either full (salvinorin A) or partial (2-propionate; 2-heptanoate) agonists for inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. Additional studies of agonist jpet.aspetjournals.org potency and efficacy of salvinorin A, performed by co-transfecting either the chimeric G proteins Gaq-i5 or the universal G protein Ga16 and quantification of agonist-evoked intracellular calcium mobilization, affirmed that Salvinorin A was a potent and effective at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 κ-opioid agonist. Results from structure-function studies suggested that the nature of the substituent at the 2 position of salvinorin A was critical for κ-opioid receptor binding and activation. Since issues of receptor reserve complicate estimates of agonist efficacy and potency, we also examined the agonist actions of salvinorin A by measuring potassium conductance through G protein gated K+ channels co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes—a system in which receptor reserve is minimal. Salvinorin A was found to be a full agonist, being significantly more efficacious than U50488 or U69593 (two standard κ-opioid agonists) and similar in efficacy to dynorphin A (the naturally occurring peptide ligand for κ-opioid receptors). Salvinorin A thus represents the first known naturally-occurring non-nitrogenous full agonist at κ-opioid receptors. 3 JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 8, 2004 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #59394 Salvia divinorum, a member of the Lamiaceae family, has been used by the Mazatec Indians of northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico primarily for its psychoactive effects (Wasson, 1962; Wasson, 1963) for many hundreds of years (see Valdes et.al., 1983; Sheffler and Roth, 2003 for reviews). The active ingredient of Salvia divinorum is salvinorin A, a non-nitrogenous neoclerodane diterpene which represents the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known (Valdes et al., 1984) (Siebert, 1994). Salvinorin Downloaded from A induces an intense, short-lived hallucinogenic experience qualitatively distinct from that induced by the classical hallucinogens lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin jpet.aspetjournals.org and mescaline (Siebert, 1994). Both Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A have been used recreationally for their hallucinogenic properties (Giroud et al., 2000). Intriguingly, an anecdotal case report has suggested that Salvia divinorum may have antidepressant at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 properties as well (Hanes, 2001). Quite recently we discovered that salvinorin A has high affinity and selectivity for the cloned κ- opioid receptor (KOR) and suggested, based on limited functional studies, that salvinorin A was a ΚΟR agonist (Roth et al., 2002). We now present a detailed report on the agonist properties of salvinorin A and selected derivatives. We discovered that salvinorin A is an extrodinarily efficacious and potent κ-opioid agonist. We also found, based on structure-function studies, that the nature of the substituent on the 2- position of salvinorin has profound affects functional activity. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the unique effects of salvinorin A on human perception are due to selective activation of KOR. 4 JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 8, 2004 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #59394 Materials and Methods Materials U50488, U69593, dynorphin A, norbinaltorphimine (nBNI) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO). [3H]-bremazocine was from New England Nuclear (Boston, MA). Complementary DNA Clones and cRNA Synthesis for oocyte studies The rat KOR was obtained from Dr. David Grandy (GenBank accession number Downloaded from D16829). The human KOR cDNA was obtained from the Guthrie Rsearch Foundation (GenBank accession number NM000912) and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression jpet.aspetjournals.org vector pIRESNEO (Invitrogen Inc); cDNAs for KIR3.1 (accession number U01071) and KIR3.2 (accession number U11859) were obtained from Drs. Cesar Lebarca and Henry Lester, respectively. The chimeric G protein Gq-i5 was obtained from Bruce Conklin at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 (University of California, San Francisco), while Gα16 was obtained from the Guthrie Research Foundation; both constructs were verified by automated dsDNA sequencing (Cleveland Genomics, Inc) prior to use. Plasmid templates for all constructs were linearized prior to cRNA synthesis, and the mMESSAGE MACHINE kit (Ambion Inc.) was used to generate capped cRNA. Cell lines and maintenance A stable line expressing the human KOR (hKOR-293) was obtained by transfecting an hKOR expression vector (hKOR-pIRESNEO) into HEK-293 cells (maintained and transfected as previously detailed (Roth et al., 2002)) and selecting in 5 JPET Fast Forward. Published on January 8, 2004 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059394 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #59394 600 µg/ml G418. Surviving clones were expanded and characterized with one (hKOR- 293) which expressed high levels of hKOR (ca 1 pmol/mg) used for further studies. Oocyte maintenance and injection Healthy stage V and VI oocytes were harvested from mature anesthetized Xenopus laevis (Nasco, Ft Atkinson, WI, USA) and defolliculated enzymatically as described previously (Snutch, 1988). The oocytes were maintained at 18˚C in standard Downloaded from oocyte buffer, ND96 (96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.5), supplemented with 2.5 mM sodium pyruvate and 50 µg/ml gentamicin jpet.aspetjournals.org (Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO, USA). One day after harvest, cRNAs were injected (50 nl/oocyte) with a Drummond microinjector. Each oocyte was injected with 0.5 ng of KOR cRNA and 0.1 ng of KIR3.1 and KIR3.2 cRNA. Recordings were made at least 48 h after at ASPET Journals on September 27, 2021 injection. Electrophysiological studies An Axon Geneclamp 500 amplifier was used for standard two-electrode voltage- clamp experiments. The FETCHEX program (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA) and recorded data traces were used for data acquisition and analysis. Oocytes were then removed from incubation medium, placed in the recording chamber containing ND96 medium, and clamped at –80mV. Recordings were made in hK buffer (72.5 mM NaCl, 24 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.5). To facilitate the + recording of inward K currents through the KIR3 channels, the normal oocyte saline buffer was modified to increase the KCl concentration
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