DOCSLIB.ORG

Nitrogen Fertilizer Additives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nitrogen Fertilizer Additives DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources Uh\--University of Arkansas System FSA2169 Nitrogen Fertilizer Additives Trent Roberts delay, but do not permanently prevent, Introduction a specific process of the nitrogen cycle. Associate Professor Nitrogen is by far the most Soil Fertility extensively applied fertilizer for agro- The emphasis on responsible and Extension Specialist nomic crop production in Arkansas. efficient nutrient management is now Urea [CO(NH2)2] and urea-ammonium greater than ever. The development of Rick Norman nitrate fertilizers are the most com - conservation programs that offer monly used nitrogen fertilizers in partial payment for farmers to imple- Professor of Soil Fertility Arkansas because of their low price ment efficient nutrient management and high nitrogen analysis relative to practices and the rising cost of fer- Nathan Slaton most other nitrogen fertilizers. Urea- tilizers make products that stabilize Professor and Director of nitrogen is subject to volatilization loss fertilizer nutrients a lucrative market. Soil Testing as ammonia (NH3) gas if not properly Reducing soil and fertilizer nitrogen incorporated shortly after application. movement from agricultural fields into Once incorporated into the soil, urea the surrounding landscape has both Leo Espinoza and other ammonium-forming (NH4+) environmental and agronomic benefits Associate Professor and nitrogen fertilizers will eventually be and has led to the marketing of a Extension Soil Scientist converted to nitrate (NO3-), which is number of products that claim to prone to leaching and/or denitrifica- ‘stabilize’ nitrogen. Many of these tion. For more information on the products are unproven in laboratory nitrogen cycle, refer to Extension fact and field research conducted by sheet FSA2148, The Nitrogen and unbiased and knowledgeable Phosphorus Cycle in Soils. This fact researchers. Oftentimes, these prod- sheet will review the University of ucts are aggressively marketed with Arkansas System Division of Agri- well-designed advertisements, infor- culture’s current knowledge base on mational brochures and web sites but nitrification and urease (or ammonia lack specific information regarding volatilization) inhibition as it concerns their mechanisms or modes of action when nitrogen fertilizer additives that explain how they ‘stabilize’ should be used and their effectiveness. nitrogen (or other nutrients). Although some products provide a mode of What Are Nitrogen action with wording that includes scientific terms, the wording is usually Fertilizer Additives? vague and lacks scientific support. Nitrogen fertilizer additives are substances added to a water-soluble or The use of legitimate nitrogen readily available fertilizer that extend fertilizer additives does not guarantee the time a particular form of nitrogen that maximum crop yield can be Arkansas Is remains in the soil. Nitrogen fertilizer produced with lower nitrogen rates. additives are added to nitrogen fertil- While the use of lower nitrogen Our Campus izer by the manufacturer when the rates to produce maximum yield is a nitrogen fertilizer is made or by the possible outcome, the expected bene- fits of additives occur when conditions applicator shortly before the fertilizer exist for significant loss of the nitrogen Visit our web site at: is applied to the field. In most cases, in conventional fertilizers via ammonia https://www.uaex.uada.edu these products temporarily inhibit or University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating volatilization and/or leaching, <40°F, and soil bacteria become soil microbial activity was runoff and denitrification of inactive when the soil becomes very negligible at the lowest tempera- nitrate. Unfortunately, the dry. The nitrification process ceases ture, and all of the nitrogen added frequency and magnitude of under anaerobic (saturated) soil as urea remained as ammonium for nitrogen losses cannot always be conditions, such as when the 28 days. For the Memphis soil, predicted since they are often the permanent flood is established on a nearly all of the added urea- result of weather-related events. rice field. nitrogen had been converted from ammonium to nitrate by 14 days at Laboratory incubation Nitrification Inhibition 77°F and 28 days at 59°F. experiments using Memphis (6.4 Nitrification was slightly more Nitrification is the two-step pH) and Calhoun (7.5 pH) silt rapid in the Calhoun soil with most microbial process that converts loams show the effect that three of the added urea-nitrogen constant temperatures had on the ammonium (NH4+) into nitrite converted from ammonium to nitrification rate of urea fertilizer (NO2-) and eventually into nitrate nitrate by 14 days at 77°F and when soil moisture was near (NO3-). The first step of the 21 days at 59°F. Average soil process is performed by specific optimal (20 percent moisture, temperatures in Arkansas are -85 kPa; Figure 1). In both soils, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitro- warm enough for nitrification from somonas spp. being the most common one) and the second step 120 o 120 o by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Calhoun soil (41 F) Memphis soil (41 F) (Nitrobacter spp.). Ammonium and 100 0 0 100 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 nitrate are both plant-available 80 80 - nitrogen forms, but ammonium is 0 0 the more stable nitrogen form in 60 60 - the soil. Ammonium is a cation and Nitrate - can be retained by the soil’s cation 40 0• Ammonium 40 exchange properties, making it far less mobile than nitrate, an anion. 20 20 Nitrate is susceptible to loss by 0 0 runoff, leaching in permeable soils • • • • • • • • • • (sands and sandy loams) and 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 denitrification [reduction to nitrous 120 120 oxide (N O) and dinitrogen (N ) o o 2 2 Calhoun soil (59 F) Memphis soil (59 F) gasses] in poorly drained soils 100 100 when anaerobic soil conditions • 0 0 persist. Applying ammonium or an 80 0 • 80 0 • ammonium-forming nitrogen fer- 0 - tilizer is desirable since ammonium 60 60 is less susceptible to denitrification • 40 • 40 - 0 and leaching losses. Eventually, 0 however, the nitrification process 20 • 20 - • converts ammonium supplied from 0 0 0 - fertilizer or mineralized from 0 • 0 • • organic matter, manures or 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 biosolids into nitrate. 120 120 o o The requirements for Calhoun soil (77 F) Memphis soil (77 F) nitrification are ammonium, a 100 100 • population of nitrifying organisms, • • 80 • 80 0 oxygen and a suitable environment • • 0 (e.g., pH, temperature and mois- 60 0 • 60 ture). The nitrification process is affected by soil chemical and phys- 40 40 ical properties associated with • 20 0 20 • different soils. In general, nitrifica- • 0 tion increases as soil temperature, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 moisture and pH increase. Near optimal soil conditions for nitrifica- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 tion include a temperature range of Days after urea application Days after urea application 77-95°F, soil moisture near field capacity and pH near 8.0. The Figure 1. The effect of three temperatures (laboratory incubation) and time on nitrification process is very slow or the proportions of soil nitrate and ammonium (nitrification) for 28 days follow- negligible at soil temperatures ing urea fertilizer application on Calhoun (pH 7.5) and Memphis (pH 6.4) silt loam soils. March through November of most had little or no effect on the advance of planting would be years (Table 1). amount of ammonium remaining advantageous for many growers. after 10 days for the Calhoun soil University researchers will Nitrification inhibitors are but delayed nitrification in the continue to evaluate potential nitri- chemicals that temporarily delay or DeWitt and Henry soils. Additional fication inhibitors under laboratory slow nitrification by affecting the research is needed to identify the and field conditions and incorporate activity of the Nitrosomonas spp. soil characteristics that would legitimate nitrification inhibitors bacteria. Nitrification inhibitors allow us to accurately predict into nitrogen management recom- have been used mostly in the whether a nitrification inhibitor mendations when appropriate. Midwest for fall application of would be of significant benefit in The legitimacy of a product’s claim anhydrous ammonia. Generally, slowing the conversion of ammo- as a nitrification inhibitor can be nitrification inhibitors have not nium to nitrate and thus reducing quickly and efficiently examined been used extensively in the nitrate-nitrogen losses. in the laboratory before it is mid-South and southern United field tested. States because they have not been Nitrogen management highly effective. By ‘highly effective’ strategies for corn, cotton, grain Several products (active we simply mean that the length of sorghum, rice and wheat in the ingredients) are currently recog- time these products delay/slow mid-South usually involve split nized as legitimate and docu- nitrification has not offered a applications with the majority of mented nitrification inhibitors; significant nitrogen management the nitrogen fertilizer side-dressed however, our discussion here will advantage across a wide array of near the onset of rapid crop growth. concern dicyandiamide (DCD) and soils. Preliminary results from These nitrogen management nitrapyrin, the two nitrification recent laboratory experiments have strategies minimize the potential inhibitors being marketed in shown that dicyandiamide (DCD) benefits of a legitimate nitrification Arkansas and surrounding states. and nitrapyrin (Corteva Agri- inhibitor. However, there is still The active ingredients in these science, Indianapolis, Indiana) have interest and a place for nitrification products have proven to be effec- effectively delayed nitrification on inhibitors in our nitrogen manage - tive at inhibiting nitrification in some soils, but had little or no ment systems, especially on sandy- industry and university research, effect on the nitrification rate of textured soils and for nitrogen that which has been peer reviewed and other soils (Table 2). For example, is applied preplant.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle
    What is Nitrogen? Human Alteration of the Nitrogen is the most abundant element in Global Nitrogen Cycle the Earth’s atmosphere. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the troposphere. Nitrogen cannot be absorbed directly by the plants and animals until it is converted into compounds they can use. This process is called the Nitrogen Cycle. Heather McGraw, Mandy Williams, Suzanne Heinzel, and Cristen Whorl, Give SIUE Permission to Put Our Presentation on E-reserve at Lovejoy Library. The Nitrogen Cycle How does the nitrogen cycle work? Step 1- Nitrogen Fixation- Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3) which the plants can use. Step 2- Nitrification- Nitrification is the process which converts the ammonia into nitrite ions which the plants can take in as nutrients. Step 3- Ammonification- After all of the living organisms have used the nitrogen, decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich waste compounds into simpler ones. Step 4- Denitrification- Denitrification is the final step in which other bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas (N2 ), which is then released back into the atmosphere to begin the cycle again. How does human intervention affect the nitrogen cycle? Nitric Oxide (NO) is released into the atmosphere when any type of fuel is burned. This includes byproducts of internal combustion engines. Production and Use of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is released into the atmosphere through Nitrogen Fertilizers bacteria in livestock waste and commercial fertilizers applied to the soil. Removing nitrogen from the Earth’s crust and soil when we mine nitrogen-rich mineral deposits. Discharge of municipal sewage adds nitrogen compounds to aquatic ecosystems which disrupts the ecosystem and kills fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Removal Training Program
    Nitrogen Removal Training Program Module 1 Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment • Forms of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Transformations • Nitrogen in Surface Waters • Water Quality Impacts of Nitrogen Discharges • Nitrogen in Wastewater Module 1 Transparency 1 Nitrogen Removal Training Program Module 1 Forms of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Transformations Module 1 Transparency 2 Forms of Nitrogen in the Environment Unoxidized Forms Oxidized Forms of Nitrogen of Nitrogen Nitrite (NO -) • Nitrogen Gas (N2) • 2 + Nitrate (NO -) • Ammonia (NH4 , NH3) • 3 • Organic Nitrogen (urea, • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc...) • Nitric Oxide (NO) • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Module 1 Transparency 3 Nitrogen Fixation • Biological Fixation - Use of atmospheric nitrogen by certain photosynthetic blue-green algae and bacteria for growth. Nitrogen Gas Organic Nitrogen (N2) • Lightning Fixation - Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate by lightning. lightning Nitrogen Gas + Ozone Nitrate - (N2) (O3)(NO3 ) • Industrial Fixation - Conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia and nitrate-nitrogen (used in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives). Module 1 Transparency 4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Gas (N2) Bacteria Blue-green Algae Organic N Organic N Certain blue-green algae and bacteria use atmospheric nitrogen to produce organic nitrogen compounds. Module 1 Transparency 5 Atmospheric Fixation Lightning converts Nitrogen Gas and Ozone to Nitrate. Nitrogen Gas Nitrate Module 1 Transparency 6 Industrial Fixation N2 Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia and nitrate in the production of fertilizer and explosives. NH3 - NO3 Module 1 Transparency 7 Ammonification and Assimilation Ammonification - Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia-nitrogen resulting from the biological decomposition of dead plant and animal tissue and animal fecal matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Phosphorus on Nitrification Process in a Fertile Soil Amended
    agriculture Article Effects of Phosphorus on Nitrification Process in a Fertile Soil Amended with Urea Jianfeng Ning 1,2,*, Yuji Arai 2 , Jian Shen 1, Ronghui Wang 1 and Shaoying Ai 1,* 1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Guangzhou 510640, China; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (R.W.) 2 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.N.); [email protected] (S.A.) Abstract: While the effects of carbon on soil nitrogen (N) cycle have been extensively studied, it is not clearly understood how co-existing macronutrients, such as phosphorus (P), affect the N cycle in agroecosystems. In this study, P amendment effects on nitrification in a fertile agricultural soil were investigated under a typical N-P amendment rate. In a laboratory incubation study, soils were amended with urea, monopotassium phosphate and a mixture of urea and monopotassium phosphate at the same rate. In soils that received no amendments (control), P only, urea only, and urea plus P amendment, nitrification occurred within the first five days, with an average net nitrification rate of 5.30, 5.77, 16.66 and 9.00 mg N kg−1d−1, respectively. Interestingly, nitrification in urea-treated soils was retarded by P addition where a N:P ratio seemed to be a key factor impeding nitrification.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrification 31
    NITROGEN IN SOILS/Nitrification 31 See also: Eutrophication; Greenhouse Gas Emis- Powlson DS (1993) Understanding the soil nitrogen cycle. sions; Isotopes in Soil and Plant Investigations; Soil Use and Management 9: 86–94. Nitrogen in Soils: Cycle; Nitrification; Plant Uptake; Powlson DS (1999) Fate of nitrogen from manufactured Symbiotic Fixation; Pollution: Groundwater fertilizers in agriculture. In: Wilson WS, Ball AS, and Hinton RH (eds) Managing Risks of Nitrates to Humans Further Reading and the Environment, pp. 42–57. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Addiscott TM, Whitmore AP, and Powlson DS (1991) Powlson DS (1997) Integrating agricultural nutrient man- Farming, Fertilizers and the Nitrate Problem. Wallingford: agement with environmental objectives – current state CAB International. and future prospects. Proceedings No. 402. York: The Benjamin N (2000) Nitrates in the human diet – good or Fertiliser Society. bad? Annales de Zootechnologie 49: 207–216. Powlson DS, Hart PBS, Poulton PR, Johnston AE, and Catt JA et al. (1998) Strategies to decrease nitrate leaching Jenkinson DS (1986) Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer in the Brimstone Farm experiment, Oxfordshire, UK, applied in autumn to winter wheat at four sites in eastern 1988–1993: the effects of winter cover crops and England. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge unfertilized grass leys. Plant and Soil 203: 57–69. 107: 611–620. Cheney K (1990) Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate on soil Recous S, Fresnau C, Faurie G, and Mary B (1988) The fate nitrate nitrogen content after harvesting winter wheat. of labelled 15N urea and ammonium nitrate applied to a Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 114: winter wheat crop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nitrogen Cycle
    The Nitrogen Cycle Almost 80% of our atmosphere is made up of the element nitrogen bonded together as N2. This represents most of the nitrogen available on Earth. Ni- trogen is an important element used by all living things to make proteins, amino acids and the nucleic acids of DNA. Yet its gaseous form, N2, found – + in the atmosphere is not usable. It must be “fixed” into nitrates (NO3 ), ammonium (NH4 ) or urea (NH2)2CO to be taken up by plants. Animals can get their nitrogen by eating those plants and so it moves through the food webs. When nitrogen is fixed, it is absorbed by plants and then eaten by animals, who then expel it in their waste and eventually die and decompose (releas- ing more). The nitrogen is then released into the soil and then back into atmosphere – this is the Nitrogen Cycle. The Nitrogen Cycle can be broken down into 4 processes: Nitrogen fixing – Decay – Nitrification – Dentrification 1. Nitrogen Fixing is when gaseous nitrogen is “fixed” by either lightning (only up to about 8%), bacteria in the soil, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants (like soy beans). 2. Decay - The nitrogen in plants is eaten by animals and broken down and expelled in the animals’ waste. Microorganisms further break it down into ammonia. 3. Nitrification - Some ammonia is absorbed by plants through their roots, but most is converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrites and then nitrates. 4. Dentrification moves the nitrogen in the other direction back into the atmosphere. Dentrifying bacteria reduce nitrites and nitrates into nitrogen gas, releasing it back to the atmosphere to complete the cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Fertilization: Inhibitors
    Infinitenutrient stewardship Nitrogen fertilization: Inhibitors Fertilizer application Food & nutrition Nutrient recycling INFINITE FERTILIZERS Continuing to feed the world An inhibitor is a compound added to a nitrogen-based fertilizer to reduce losses when the fertilizer has been applied to the crop. By extending the time the active nitrogen component of the fertilizer remains in the soil as either urea-N or ammonium-N, an inhibitor can improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce environmental emissions. There are two main types of inhibitor that are added to nitrogen fertilizers: Urease inhibitors (UI), which inhibit the hydrolytic action of the urease enzyme on urea. Nitrification inhibitors (NI), which inhibit the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. 2 Urease inhibitors ON A GLOBAL SCALE, UREA IS THE MOST WIDELY PRODUCED AND USED NITROGEN FERTILIZER. IT IS COMPARATIVELY EASY TO MANUFACTURE AND HAS A HIGH NITROGEN CONTENT. AS A RESULT, PER UNIT OF NITROGEN ITS TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE COSTS ARE LOW. It is hard, however, for a urea fertilizer to be Although ammonia losses of up to 80% have directly absorbed by crops. Before it can been recorded in laboratory trials, an average be used as a source of nitrogen, it must first ammonia loss by volatization of 24% (20% + 1 be converted into ammonium (NH4 ) and ammonia-N) is assumed (EEA, 2013) . _ nitrate (NO3 ). Urease enzymes in the soil are responsible for the first step of the conversion process. FIG. 1: CONVERSION OF UREA IN THE SOIL Urea is unstable in the presence of water, NH NH + CO so the transformation process usually starts 3 3 2 immediately.
    [Show full text]
  • Control Factors of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle
    Control factors of the marine nitrogen cycle The role of meiofauna, macrofauna, oxygen and aggregates Stefano Bonaglia Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geochemistry at Stockholm University to be publicly defended on Wednesday 29 April 2015 at 13.00 in Nordenskiöldsalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 12. Abstract The ocean is the most extended biome present on our planet. Recent decades have seen a dramatic increase in the number and gravity of threats impacting the ocean, including discharge of pollutants, cultural eutrophication and spread of alien species. It is essential therefore to understand how different impacts may affect the marine realm, its life forms and biogeochemical cycles. The marine nitrogen cycle is of particular importance because nitrogen is the limiting factor in the ocean and a better understanding of its reaction mechanisms and regulation is indispensable. Furthermore, new nitrogen pathways have continuously been described. The scope of this project was to better constrain cause-effect mechanisms of microbially mediated nitrogen pathways, and how these can be affected by biotic and abiotic factors. This thesis demonstrates that meiofauna, the most abundant animal group inhabiting the world’s seafloors, considerably alters nitrogen cycling by enhancing nitrogen loss from the system. In contrast, larger fauna such as the polychaete Marenzelleria spp. enhance nitrogen retention, when they invade eutrophic Baltic Sea sediments. Sediment anoxia, caused by nutrient excess, has negative consequences for ecosystem processes such as nitrogen removal because it stops nitrification, which in turn limits both denitrification and anammox. This was the case of Himmerfjärden and Byfjord, two estuarine systems affected by anthropogenic activities, such as treated sewage discharges.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Notes: Nitrification
    Nitrogen NUMBER 4 NOTES Nitrification Nitrification is a two-step conversion of + - ammonium (NH4 ) to nitrate (NO3 ) by soil bacteria. In most soils, it is a fairly rapid process, generally occurring within days or weeks following application of a source of ammonium. mmonium in the soil comes from a variety of sources, Second Step: including animal wastes, composts, decomposing crop The second step of the nitrification process is the conver- residues, decaying cover crops, or fertilizers containing sion of nitrite to nitrate by bacteria in the genus Nitrobacter. Aurea or ammonium. Regardless of the source, the soil bacteria This group of soil bacteria obtain their energy from the nitrite will convert it to nitrate if conditions are favorable. oxidation process. Other soil bacteria can also be involved in these transformations, but their contribution is generally less Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter + → - → - important. Nitrite can be toxic to plants, so it is important NH4 NO2 NO3 Ammonium Nitrite Nitrate that nitrite completely converts to nitrate. 2NO - + O → 2NO - + energy First Step: 2 2 3 Ammonium is initially oxidized to nitrite by a variety of Nitrate is generally the dominant form of plant-available “chemoautrophic” bacteria. These bacteria derive energy from nitrogen (N) in soils and it requires careful management to changing ammonium into nitrite while using CO as their car- 2 keep it in the root zone of the growing plant. Most agricultural bon source. Although there are a variety of soil microorganisms plants are adapted to utilize nitrate as their primary source of N that oxidize ammonium, most attention is given to bacteria in nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeal Nitrification Is Constrained by Copper Complexation with Organic
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:335–346 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0538-1 ARTICLE Archaeal nitrification is constrained by copper complexation with organic matter in municipal wastewater treatment plants 1 2 1 1 3 4 Joo-Han Gwak ● Man-Young Jung ● Heeji Hong ● Jong-Geol Kim ● Zhe-Xue Quan ● John R. Reinfelder ● 5 5 2,6 1 Emilie Spasov ● Josh D. Neufeld ● Michael Wagner ● Sung-Keun Rhee Received: 23 July 2019 / Revised: 24 September 2019 / Accepted: 27 September 2019 / Published online: 17 October 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Consistent with the observation that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) outnumber ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in many eutrophic ecosystems globally, AOB typically dominate activated sludge aeration basins from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we demonstrate that the growth of AOA strains inoculated into sterile-filtered wastewater was inhibited significantly, in contrast to uninhibited growth of a reference AOB strain. In order to identify possible mechanisms underlying AOA-specific inhibition, we show that complex mixtures of organic compounds, such as yeast extract, were highly inhibitory to all AOA strains but not to the AOB strain. By testing individual organic compounds, 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: we reveal strong inhibitory effects of organic compounds with high metal complexation potentials implying that the inhibitory mechanism for AOA can be explained by the reduced bioavailability of an essential metal. Our results further demonstrate that the inhibitory effect on AOA can be alleviated by copper supplementation, which we observed for pure AOA cultures in a defined medium and for AOA inoculated into nitrifying sludge.
    [Show full text]
  • The "Cycle of Life" in Ecology
    The “Cycle of Life” in Ecology: Sergei Vinogradskii’s Soil Microbiology, 1885-1940 by Lloyd T. Ackert Jr., Ph.D. Whitney Humanities Center Yale University 53 Wall Street P.O. Box 208298 New Haven, CT 06520-8298 Office (203)-432-3112 [email protected] Abstract Historians of science have attributed the emergence of ecology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century to the synthesis of Humboldtian botanical geography and Darwinian evolution. In this essay, I begin to explore another, largely-neglected but very important dimension of this history. Using Sergei Vinogradskii’s career and scientific research trajectory as a point of entry, I illustrate the manner in which microbiologists, chemists, botanists, and plant physiologists inscribed the concept of a “cycle of life” into their investigations. Their research transformed a longstanding notion into the fundamental approaches and concepts that underlay the new ecological disciplines that emerged in the 1920s. Pasteur thus joins Humboldt as a foundational figure in ecological thinking, and the broader picture that emerges of the history of ecology explains some otherwise puzzling features of that discipline—such as its fusion of experimental and natural historical methodologies. Vinogradskii’s personal “cycle of life” is also interesting as an example of the interplay between Russian and Western European scientific networks and intellectual traditions. Trained in Russia to investigate nature as a super-organism comprised of circulating energy, matter, and life; over the course of five decades—in contact with scientists and scientific discourses in France, Germany, and Switzerland—he developed a series of research methods that translated the concept of a “cycle of life” into an ecologically- conceived soil science and microbiology in the 1920s and 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification of Archaea-Driven Freshwater Nitrification
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.22.453385; this version posted July 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Quantification of archaea‐driven freshwater nitrification: from 2 single cell to ecosystem level 3 4 5 Franziska Klotz1, Katharina Kitzinger2, David Kamanda Ngugi3, Petra Büsing3, Sten Littmann2, Marcel 6 M. M. Kuypers2, Bernhard Schink1, and Michael Pester1,3,4* 7 1. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz, D‐78457, Germany 8 2. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D‐28359 Bremen, Germany. 9 3. Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, D‐38124 10 Braunschweig, Germany 11 4. Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Spielmannstrasse 7, D‐38106 12 Braunschweig, Germany 13 14 15 16 Short title: Archaeal nitrification in lakes 17 18 19 20 Keywords: freshwater lake | hypolimnion | nitrification | growth rate | cell‐specific rate | gene 21 transcription | AOA | ammonia oxidation 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 *Corresponding author: Michael Pester, Mail: [email protected], Phone: +49 531 2616237 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.22.453385; this version posted July 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Archaeal nitrification in lakes 30 Abstract 31 Deep oligotrophic lakes sustain large archaeal populations of the class Nitrososphaeria in their 32 hypolimnion.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrification
    _____________________________________________________________________ Office of Water (4601M) Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water Distribution System Issue Paper Nitrification August 15, 2002 PREPARED FOR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water Standards and Risk Management Division 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington DC 20004 Prepared by: AWWA With assistance from Economic and Engineering Services, Inc Background and Disclaimer The USEPA is revising the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) and is considering new possible distribution system requirements as part of these revisions. As part of this process, the USEPA is publishing a series of issue papers to present available information on topics relevant to possible TCR revisions. This paper was developed as part of that effort. The objectives of the issue papers are to review the available data, information and research regarding the potential public health risks associated with the distribution system issues, and where relevant identify areas in which additional research may be warranted. The issue papers will serve as background material for EPA, expert and stakeholder discussions. The papers only present available information and do not represent Agency policy. Some of the papers were prepared by parties outside of EPA; EPA does not endorse those papers, but is providing them for information and review. Additional Information The paper is available at the TCR web site at: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/tcr/regulation_revisions.html Questions or comments regarding this paper may be directed to [email protected]. Nitrification 1.0 Introduction The goal of this document is to review existing literature, research and information on the potential public health implications associated with Nitrification.
    [Show full text]