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Kite & Whitley 3E, Long Toc, P. 1 Long Table of Contents Chapter 1 Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 1 Long Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Race and Culture Historical Views of Ethnic Groups Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity Group Privilege Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination Interpersonal discrimination Organizational discrimination Institutional discrimination Cultural discrimination The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Targets of Prejudice Racism Gender and Sexual Orientation Age, Ability, and Appearance Classism Religion Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination Scientific Racism Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 2 Psychodynamic Theory Sociocultural Theory Intergroup Relations Theory Cognitive Theory Evolutionary Theory Where Do We Go from Here? Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussions Chapter 2: How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination Formulating Hypotheses Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Reliability and Validity Self-Report Measures Assessing stereotypes Assessing prejudice Assessing behavior Advantages and limitations Unobtrusive Measures Physiological Measures Implicit Cognition Measures Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures Using Multiple Measures Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 3 Research Strategies Correlational Studies Survey research The correlation coefficient Correlation and causality Experiments Experimentation and causality Laboratory experiments Field experiments Individual difference variables within experiments Ethnographic Studies Content Analysis Using Multiple Research Strategies Meta-analysis Drawing Conclusions Were the hypotheses supported? What do the data mean? Verifying Results Theory and Application Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 3 Social Categorization and Stereotypes Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 4 Social Categorization Why We Categorize Types of Categorization Basic Social Categories Subtypes Factors that Affect Categorization Prototypicality Situational Influences Consequences of Categorization Ingroups and Outgroups Ingroup Overexclusion Origins of Stereotypes The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect Reasons for the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect The Cross-racial Identification Bias The Ultimate Attribution Error Social Role Theory Illusory Correlations Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs The Media Language and Stereotype Transmission Linguistic Intergroup Bias Stereotype Communication Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 5 Stereotype Accuracy Defining Accuracy The Risks of Assuming Accuracy Summary Suggested Reading Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 4 Stereotype Activation and Application Stereotype Activation Automatic Activation Prototypicality Context Prejudice Cognitive Busyness Motivated Activation Comprehension Self-enhancement Social Adjustment Motivation to Control Prejudice Stereotype Relevance The Activated Stereotype Stereotype Application Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 6 Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping Motivation to Control Prejudice Comprehension Goals Cognitive Style Self-Protection and Self-Enhancement Goals Social Power Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping Consequences of Stereotype Use Biased Interpretation of Behavior Biased Evaluation Individuals Cultural Artifacts Stereotype Maintenance and Change Lay Theories of Personality Self-fulfilling Prophecies Models of Stereotype Change Functions of Stereotypes Ego-Defensive Function Social Adjustment Function The Five Ds of Difference Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 7 Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 5: Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice The Transformation of Prejudice Prejudice Continues . But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced . So “They” Should Stop Complaining Theories of Contemporary Prejudice Implicit Prejudice Modern-Symbolic Prejudice Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior Concluding Comments Aversive Prejudice Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice Research on Aversive Prejudice Aversive Prejudice and Behavior Avoidance of Intergroup Contact Overly Positive Intergroup Behavior Pro-White Bias Anti-Minority Discrimination Derogation of Higher Status Minority Group Members Ambivalent Prejudice Ambivalent Attitudes Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 8 Psychological Conflict Response Amplification The Problem of Benevolent Prejudice Putting the Theories Together Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 6: Individual Differences and Prejudice Personal Values Value Orientations Individualism Egalitarianism Perceived Value Differences The attribution-value model Terror Management Theory Religion Religious involvement Proscribed versus permitted prejudices Intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation Quest orientation Religious fundamentalism Conclusions Social Ideologies Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 9 Authoritarianism The authoritarian personality Right-wing authoritarianism Social Dominance Orientation Social dominance orientation and prejudice Social dominance orientation and authoritarianism Political Orientation Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation Personal values Value conflicts and bipartisan prejudice Emotions Emotions and Stereotyping Emotions and Prejudice Intergroup Emotions From stereotypes to emotions From emotions to behavior Individual differences in emotions Intergroup Anxiety Empathy Chapter Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 10 Chapter 7: The Development of Prejudice in Children Awareness of Social Categories Implicit Awareness of Social Categories Explicit Awareness of Social Categories Patterns of Prejudice Development Racial/Ethnic Prejudice Majority-group children’s attitudes Minority-group children’s attitudes Intergroup behavior Gender Prejudice Young children’s attitudes Older children’s attitudes Intergroup behavior Sexual Orientation Prejudice Processes of Prejudice Development Genetic Influences Cognitive Development Social Learning Parental influence Peer influence Media influence Developmental Intergroup Theory Developing category rules Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 11 Categorization Development of stereotypes and prejudices The drop-off in prejudice So Where Does Prejudice Come From? Reducing Children’s Prejudice School Desegregation Desegregation versus integration Long-term versus short-term effects Cooperative Learning Educational Interventions Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 8: The Social Context of Prejudice Social Identity Theory Social Identity and Intergroup Bias The categorization-competition hypothesis The self-esteem hypothesis Factors that Influence Social identity Self-categorization Optimal distinctiveness Threat to the group Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 12 Chronic social identities Individual differences Issues in Social Identity Theory Ingroup favoritism versus outgroup derogation Social identity and intergroup tolerance National identity Looking Back at Social Identity Theory Relative Deprivation Theory Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment Relative Deprivation and Prejudice Relative Gratification Realistic Conflict Theory The Work of Muzafer Sherif Contemporary Views of Intergroup Competition Situational antecedents Ideological antecedents Psychological effects Intergroup consequences Integrated Threat Theory Hate Group Membership Why People Join Hate Groups Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 13 Racial attitudes A search for answers Myths concerning hate group members Recruiting Hate Group Members Group Socialization The socialization process The outcomes of socialization Leaving the Group Disenchantment with the group Relationships outside the group Chapter Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 9: From Prejudice to Discrimination What Is Discrimination? Blatant Discrimination Subtle Discrimination Microaggressions Covert Discrimination Interpersonal Discrimination The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination Personal stereotypes Attitude-behavior correspondence Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 14 Perceived social support Motivation to Control Prejudice Internal and external motivation Restraint motivation The development of motivation to control prejudice Social norms Losing Control: Regressive Prejudice Controllability of behavior Executive function Disinhibitors Moral credentials Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner Discrimination in the Workplace Organizational Research Hiring Performance evaluation and promotion Individuals in the Workplace Stereotype fit Shifting standards Contemporary prejudice Conformity to perceived norms Hate Crimes Hate Crime Offenders Motivations for Hate Crimes Intergroup attitudes Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 15 Thrill seeking Ingroup defense Peer group dynamics Effects on Victims Summary Suggested Readings Key Terms Questions for Review and Discussion Chapter 10 The Experience of Discrimination Social Stigma What Defines a Stigmatized Group? Course Concealability Aesthetic Qualities Origin Danger Stigma by Association Tokenism Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy Cognitive Explanations Motivational Explanations
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