Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 1
Long Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Race and Culture
Historical Views of Ethnic Groups
Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Race and Ethnicity
Group Privilege
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
Interpersonal discrimination
Organizational discrimination
Institutional discrimination
Cultural discrimination
The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Targets of Prejudice
Racism
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Age, Ability, and Appearance
Classism
Religion
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
Scientific Racism Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 2
Psychodynamic Theory
Sociocultural Theory
Intergroup Relations Theory
Cognitive Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Where Do We Go from Here?
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussions
Chapter 2: How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination
Formulating Hypotheses
Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Reliability and Validity
Self-Report Measures
Assessing stereotypes
Assessing prejudice
Assessing behavior
Advantages and limitations
Unobtrusive Measures
Physiological Measures
Implicit Cognition Measures
Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures
Using Multiple Measures Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 3
Research Strategies
Correlational Studies
Survey research
The correlation coefficient
Correlation and causality
Experiments
Experimentation and causality
Laboratory experiments
Field experiments
Individual difference variables within experiments
Ethnographic Studies
Content Analysis
Using Multiple Research Strategies
Meta-analysis
Drawing Conclusions
Were the hypotheses supported?
What do the data mean?
Verifying Results
Theory and Application
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 3
Social Categorization and Stereotypes Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 4
Social Categorization
Why We Categorize
Types of Categorization
Basic Social Categories
Subtypes
Factors that Affect Categorization
Prototypicality
Situational Influences
Consequences of Categorization
Ingroups and Outgroups
Ingroup Overexclusion
Origins of Stereotypes
The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
Reasons for the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
The Cross-racial Identification Bias
The Ultimate Attribution Error
Social Role Theory
Illusory Correlations
Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs
The Media
Language and Stereotype Transmission
Linguistic Intergroup Bias
Stereotype Communication Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 5
Stereotype Accuracy
Defining Accuracy
The Risks of Assuming Accuracy
Summary
Suggested Reading
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 4
Stereotype Activation and Application
Stereotype Activation
Automatic Activation
Prototypicality
Context
Prejudice
Cognitive Busyness
Motivated Activation
Comprehension
Self-enhancement
Social Adjustment
Motivation to Control Prejudice
Stereotype Relevance
The Activated Stereotype
Stereotype Application Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 6
Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping
Motivation to Control Prejudice
Comprehension Goals
Cognitive Style
Self-Protection and Self-Enhancement Goals
Social Power
Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping
Consequences of Stereotype Use
Biased Interpretation of Behavior
Biased Evaluation
Individuals
Cultural Artifacts
Stereotype Maintenance and Change
Lay Theories of Personality
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
Models of Stereotype Change
Functions of Stereotypes
Ego-Defensive Function
Social Adjustment Function
The Five Ds of Difference
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 7
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 5: Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice
The Transformation of Prejudice
Prejudice Continues . . .
. . . But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced . . .
. . . So “They” Should Stop Complaining
Theories of Contemporary Prejudice
Implicit Prejudice
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior
Concluding Comments
Aversive Prejudice
Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice
Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice
Research on Aversive Prejudice
Aversive Prejudice and Behavior
Avoidance of Intergroup Contact
Overly Positive Intergroup Behavior
Pro-White Bias
Anti-Minority Discrimination
Derogation of Higher Status Minority Group Members
Ambivalent Prejudice
Ambivalent Attitudes Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 8
Psychological Conflict
Response Amplification
The Problem of Benevolent Prejudice
Putting the Theories Together
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 6: Individual Differences and Prejudice
Personal Values
Value Orientations
Individualism
Egalitarianism
Perceived Value Differences
The attribution-value model
Terror Management Theory
Religion
Religious involvement
Proscribed versus permitted prejudices
Intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation
Quest orientation
Religious fundamentalism
Conclusions
Social Ideologies Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 9
Authoritarianism
The authoritarian personality
Right-wing authoritarianism
Social Dominance Orientation
Social dominance orientation and prejudice
Social dominance orientation and authoritarianism
Political Orientation
Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation
Personal values
Value conflicts and bipartisan prejudice
Emotions
Emotions and Stereotyping
Emotions and Prejudice
Intergroup Emotions
From stereotypes to emotions
From emotions to behavior
Individual differences in emotions
Intergroup Anxiety
Empathy
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 10
Chapter 7: The Development of Prejudice in Children
Awareness of Social Categories
Implicit Awareness of Social Categories
Explicit Awareness of Social Categories
Patterns of Prejudice Development
Racial/Ethnic Prejudice
Majority-group children’s attitudes
Minority-group children’s attitudes
Intergroup behavior
Gender Prejudice
Young children’s attitudes
Older children’s attitudes
Intergroup behavior
Sexual Orientation Prejudice
Processes of Prejudice Development
Genetic Influences
Cognitive Development
Social Learning
Parental influence
Peer influence
Media influence
Developmental Intergroup Theory
Developing category rules Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 11
Categorization
Development of stereotypes and prejudices
The drop-off in prejudice
So Where Does Prejudice Come From?
Reducing Children’s Prejudice
School Desegregation
Desegregation versus integration
Long-term versus short-term effects
Cooperative Learning
Educational Interventions
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 8: The Social Context of Prejudice
Social Identity Theory
Social Identity and Intergroup Bias
The categorization-competition hypothesis
The self-esteem hypothesis
Factors that Influence Social identity
Self-categorization
Optimal distinctiveness
Threat to the group Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 12
Chronic social identities
Individual differences
Issues in Social Identity Theory
Ingroup favoritism versus outgroup derogation
Social identity and intergroup tolerance
National identity
Looking Back at Social Identity Theory
Relative Deprivation Theory
Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment
Relative Deprivation and Prejudice
Relative Gratification
Realistic Conflict Theory
The Work of Muzafer Sherif
Contemporary Views of Intergroup Competition
Situational antecedents
Ideological antecedents
Psychological effects
Intergroup consequences
Integrated Threat Theory
Hate Group Membership
Why People Join Hate Groups Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 13
Racial attitudes
A search for answers
Myths concerning hate group members
Recruiting Hate Group Members
Group Socialization
The socialization process
The outcomes of socialization
Leaving the Group
Disenchantment with the group
Relationships outside the group
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 9: From Prejudice to Discrimination
What Is Discrimination?
Blatant Discrimination
Subtle Discrimination
Microaggressions
Covert Discrimination
Interpersonal Discrimination
The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination
Personal stereotypes
Attitude-behavior correspondence Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 14
Perceived social support
Motivation to Control Prejudice
Internal and external motivation
Restraint motivation
The development of motivation to control prejudice
Social norms
Losing Control: Regressive Prejudice
Controllability of behavior
Executive function
Disinhibitors
Moral credentials
Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner
Discrimination in the Workplace
Organizational Research
Hiring
Performance evaluation and promotion
Individuals in the Workplace
Stereotype fit
Shifting standards
Contemporary prejudice
Conformity to perceived norms
Hate Crimes
Hate Crime Offenders
Motivations for Hate Crimes
Intergroup attitudes Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 15
Thrill seeking
Ingroup defense
Peer group dynamics
Effects on Victims
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 10
The Experience of Discrimination
Social Stigma
What Defines a Stigmatized Group?
Course
Concealability
Aesthetic Qualities
Origin
Danger
Stigma by Association
Tokenism
Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination
Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
Cognitive Explanations
Motivational Explanations
The Costs and Benefits of Claiming Discrimination Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 16
Recognizing Discrimination
Willingness to Confront Discrimination
The Social Costs of Claiming Discrimination
Claims of Discrimination by Ingroup Members
Strategies for Confronting Discrimination
Consequences of Prejudice for the Target
Stereotype Threat
Key Features of Stereotype Threat
Individual Differences
Psychological Processes Affecting Stereotype Threat
Reducing Stereotype Threat
Stereotype Lift
Vulnerability to Stress
Minority Stress Model
Indirect Effects of Minority Stress
Threats to Self-Esteem
Coping with Discrimination
Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification
Behavioral Compensation
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 17
Chapter 11
Gender and Sexual Orientation
Gender-Based Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Gender Stereotypes
How Widespread are Gender Stereotypic Beliefs?
Accuracy of Gender-Associated Beliefs
Change Over Time
Attitudes toward Women and Men
Subtypes of Women and Men
Attitudes Toward Women’s Rights and Responsibilities
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism
Women in the Workplace
Role Congruity Theory
Women in Faculty Roles
Consequences for Girl’s and Women’s Career Choices
The Male Gender Role
Heterosexism and Sexual Prejudice
Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay Men
Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men
Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice
Attitudes Toward Bisexual Men and Women
Heterosexism in the Workplace
Coming Out Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 18
Prejudice Against Transgender People
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 12
Age, Ability, and Appearance
Ageism
When Does Old Age Begin?
Beliefs about Older Adults
The Forgetfulness Stereotype
Fear of Death and Dying
Subtypes of Older Adults
The Double Standard of Aging
Age-Based Discrimination
Media Portrayals of Older Adults
Workplace Discrimination
Communication with Older Adults
Health Care for Older Adults
The Effects of Self-Stereotyping
Ability
Defining Disability
The Stigma of Disability Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 19
Attitudes toward PWDs
Employment Discrimination
Anxiety about Interacting with PWDs
Communication between PWDs and the Nondisabled
Mental Illness
Perceived Controllability and Dangerousness
The Experience of Mental illness Discrimination
Consequences of Mental Health Stigma
Appearance
Physical Attractiveness
Gender, Age, and Physical Appearance
The Benefits to Being Physically Attractive
Height
Weight
Why is Anti-Fat Prejudice Acceptable?
The Social Consequences of Anti-Fat Prejudice
Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Chapter 13: Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
Individual Level Processes
Stereotype Suppression Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 20
Stereotype rebound
Why do stereotypes rebound?
Is stereotype rebound inevitable?
Self-Regulation
Developing cues for controlling prejudice
Using cues to control prejudice
Automatic control of prejudice
Self-regulation in action
Intergroup Contact Theory
Conditions for Success
Equal status
Cooperation
Acquaintance potential
Institutional support
Effectiveness of Intergroup Contact
Types of changes produced
Limiting factors
Indirect Contact
Extended contact
Imagined contact
Media contact
From Personalization to Common Social Identity
Personalization Kite & Whitley 3e, Long ToC, p. 21
Attitude generalization
Common social identity
Other aspects of the model
Workplace Interventions
Affirmative Action
Valuing Diversity
Managing Diversity
Racial Color-blindness and Its Alternatives
The Color-Blind Perspective
The Assimilationist Perspective
The Multicultural Perspective
The Polycultural Perspective
Comparing the Perspectives
What You Can Do to Reduce Prejudice
Influencing Your Own Attitudes
Influencing Other People’s Attitudes
Envoi
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion