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Hostility Toward Dominant Culture Individuals and the Perceived Stability of Power Anne Kristine Pihl Gaddis Walden University

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Hostility Toward Dominant Culture Individuals and the Perceived Stability of Power Anne Kristine Pihl Gaddis Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2016 Hostility Toward Dominant Culture Individuals and the Perceived Stability of Power Anne Kristine Pihl Gaddis Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Ethnic Studies Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Anne Kristine Pihl Gaddis has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Frederica Hendricks-Noble, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Robin Oatis-Ballew, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Linda Whinghter, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Abstract Hostility Toward Dominant Culture Individuals and the Perceived Stability of Power by Anne Kristine Pihl Gaddis MS, California Coast University, 2009 BS, New Mexico State University, 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Counseling Psychology Walden University December 2016 Abstract Racism in the United States is persistent and its negative effects are widespread. The social hierarchy in the United States positions White people as the dominant culture and Black people, among other races, as a minority culture. Current literature provides insight into explicit and implicit individual expressions of racism; however, very little research clarifies the effects racism has on the continuance and structure of the social race hierarchy. This study utilizes social gender hierarchy research to investigate how racism- induced hostility toward the dominant culture relates to an individual’s perception of the stability of the race hierarchy. This quantitative survey study compared a prime versus a non-prime condition. In the prime condition, Black participants (n = 129) were presented with racist statements to elicit a “hostility toward White individuals” response. A 6- point Likert-type scale quantified participants’ perceptions of the stability of the race hierarchy. A one-way between subjects ANOVA was conducted by comparing the perceived stability means as measured by the Race Hierarchy Scale. Contrary to expectation, the prime did not produce a statistically significant change in the perceived stability of the race hierarchy. The data did reveal a chronic individual perception of the race hierarchy as unchanging. This study contributes to positive social change by illuminating social structure aspects and how individual perception functions to maintain the race hierarchy in America. This knowledge will help direct future research, policy makers, the legal system, and the private sector. Attempting to understand the effects of racism from the perspective used in this study, may encourage other researchers to generate novel approaches and methods to combat discrimination. Hostility Toward Dominant Culture Individuals and the Perceived Stability of Power by Anne Kristine Pihl Gaddis MS, California Coast University, 2009 BS, New Mexico State University, 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Counseling Psychology Walden University December 2016 Dedication To my husband for seeing me as stronger than I am, for always believing in me, and for supporting me through this journey. I love you more! Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee Chair, Dr. Frederica Hendricks-Noble for sticking with me even when the going got tough and for her encouragement along the way. I would like to thank my committee member, Dr. Robin Oatis-Ballew for her excellent feedback. I would also like to thank Dr. Arcella Trimble for sharing her wisdom and her heart and for inspiring me to continue this marathon process. Thank you God for seeing me through this. Thank you from the bottom of my heart to my husband and my children for sacrificing their time with me, for encouraging me, and for seeing the bigger picture. Thank you to my mother for stepping in to help when needed and for always being there with a loving and supportive motivational talk. Thank you to all my friends who have helped me, supported me, and encouraged me for the last five years. I could not have done it without you! Grazie di Cuore. Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................v Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Background ............................................................................................................. 2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 4 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................7 Research Question .................................................................................................. 7 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework for the Study ........................................... 8 Nature of the Study ................................................................................................. 9 Definitions....................................................................................................................10 Assumptions .................................................................................................................11 Scope, Delimitations, and Limitations .........................................................................12 Significance..................................................................................................................13 Summary ......................................................................................................................13 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................15 Introduction ..................................................................................................................15 Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................16 Racism .........................................................................................................................17 Stereotyping and Priming ............................................................................................24 Implicit Association and Bias ......................................................................................26 i Social Bias ............................................................................................................ 28 System Justification .....................................................................................................30 Structure of a Social Dominance System .....................................................................34 Ethnic Prejudice and SDO ...........................................................................................37 Gender Prejudice and SDO ................................................................................... 39 Hostility Toward Dominant Culture Individuals .........................................................43 Benevolence Toward Men and Hostility Toward Men ......................................... 44 Societal Awareness and Effects of Racism ..................................................................47 Aversive racism ...........................................................................................................48 Summary ......................................................................................................................52 Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................54 Introduction ..................................................................................................................54 Research Design...........................................................................................................54 Methodology ................................................................................................................56 Population ............................................................................................................. 56 Sampling, Recruitment, and Data Collection ....................................................... 56 Pilot Study ............................................................................................................. 58 Instrumentation ....................................................................................................
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