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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. IBgher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 FROM SCIENCE TO THE ARTS: GERTRUDE STEIN'S WRITING, 1894-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Ohio State University By Carolyn E. Cutler, Bachelor Music Education, M.A. ***** Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee: Professor Jessica Prinz, Adviser Approved by Professor Sebastian Knowles . .—\ ' Professor Stephen Melville ________ Professor Gregory Proctor Ad^sei Interdisciplinary Graduate Program DMI Number: 9801672 UMI Microform 9801672 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ABSTRACT Gertrude Stein initially intended to pursue a career in science. As an undergraduate, she did research in a psychological laboratory. She completed almost four years of a medical education. She did not get her medical degree because she ceased going to classes in her final term, yet during those years she had experienced success in her pursuit of a scientific career. Following her failure in medical school, Stein left the United States for Paris. As she and her brother Leo became art collectors, Gertrude found a career for herself as a writer. As the paintings on the walls of their home became more and more avant garde, so did Gertrude's writing. .Along with the influence of the artists and their paintings around her, many of the innovations Stein made in her writing can be traced to ideas she learned about language through her early scientific training. The period in Stein’s life of 1894 to 1914 marked her shift from being a college freshman writer to being one of the most inventive authors of the twentieth century. Chapter One discusses Stein's earliest extant writings, those composed between 1894 and 1902. Some of intellectual and historical contexts in which Stein was writing are presented: the scientific ideas she was learning and the conditions she faced in medical school. The second chapter discusses Stein's apprenticeship as a writer, the period of time from 1903 to 1906. Between 1906 and 1914, Stein's work went through three major stylistic shifts. Her long novel, The Making of ii Atnericans, which is analyzed in Chapter Three, begins with her early writerly style of creating fiction. Chapter Four considers texts written in the "insistent" style, many of which were written between 1910 and 1911. Chapter Four also discusses the shift between "insistent" writing and "lively words" writing, the last major stylistic shift Stein made before World War I. Chapter Five analyzes works of the "lively words" style. One of the concerns that remains in Stein scholarship is that of "reading" Stein. Chapter Six considers what constitutes "good" readings of Stein texts. Ill In memory of my father IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It takes a village to raise a child; it also takes a community to make a dissertation. The brief mentions in these acknowledgments cannot capture the richness of the gifts that members of my community gave to me in this project. Jessica Prinz, English Department, served as my advisor. She wisely left me alone during the times 1 needed to write and offered helpful feedback when I needed it. The other members of my committee, Sebastian Knowles of the English Dept., Stephen Melville of the History of Art Dept., and Gregory Proctor of the School of Music, have been a deHght to work with and 1 am grateful for their willingness to take me on. 1 appreciate the support of the Graduate Studies Committees of each of these three departments for my interdisciplinary program. 1 received a Summer Fellowship from Ohio State University's Department of English in 1996, which enabled me to spend five weeks reading Stein's manuscripts at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscripts Library. The staff of the Beinecke Library was kind and helpful. I am grateful to Patricia Willis, curator of the American Literature collection at the Beinecke, and to Tim Young, who made the excellent catalog of the Stein materials. UUa Dydo, whom I met at the Beinecke, took the time to discuss my work with me. Financial support, through Rob Tierney from the Department of Educational Theory and Practice (now the School of Teaching and Learning), made it possible for me to undertake and complete this degree program. My learning about literacy and educational research processes has influenced the direction of my own work. Thanks to Education professors Terry Rogers, Anna Soter, Karin Dahl, Brian Edmiston, and Pat Encisco, and my graduate student colleagues in the College of Education, Mary Malloy, Cris Warner, and Isaac Larison for wonderful conversations. I am grateful for Ohio State University's computer resources and for the people who created and maintained them. Thank you to Phil Miller, University of Kentucky Orchestra Director (now retired), my violin teacher, John Lindsey (currently at the Crane School of Music in Potsdam, New York), and composer Joe Baber for giving me opportunities to leam about and to play the music of my own century. My partner, Kate Eaton, has listened to more of and about Gertrude Stein than any veterinary pathologist ought to have to tolerate! I appreciate her love and care. Her parents, Muzza and Norman Eaton, have taken me to several important modernist exhibits in New York which have contributed to my work. I am thankful for their support. Carol LeMasters and Nancy Beran have cheerfully endured my obsession with Gertrude Stein's work. My understanding of Gertrude Stein as a human being owes a lot to Juanita Price, who has been my mentor for many years. Jayne Mann and Laura Brendon undertook to read and respond to this work as writers. Bob Roehm, copy editor par excellence , helped me to dot the i's and cross the t's. The community of North Columbus Friends Meeting kept in touch with me even when I was not very good at keeping in touch with them. VI I would like to thank all the Stein scholars who have come before me; their work has formed a basis for my own. The person for whom I am named, Carolyn Rhodes, has been an example and a source of encouragement literally since the day of my birth. I want to thank my parents, John L. and Ann P. Cutler, for giving me the values and the opportunities throughout my life that made a project like this possible. A special thank you to my mother for providing a quiet writer's space for the last month of this project. V ll VITA July 20,1960 Bom - Lexington, Kentucky 1982 Bachelor of Music Education University of Kentucky 1987 M.A., Counseling Education, Ohio State University 1979-1982 Section Violinist Lexington Philharmonic Orchestra 1983-86 Contract Worker CHOICES for Victims of Domestic Violence 1984-86 Graduate Research Associate Ohio State University, College of Education 1986-1989 Program Director New Beginnings Shelter for Battered Women 1989-present Graduate Research Associate Ohio State University, College of Education Publications 'D econstructing the DSM III" Social Work V. 36, No. 2, March, 1991. "Words and Images in H.D.'s Tribute to Freud " The Psychoanalytic Review V. 76, No. 1, 1989. Papers Presented "What Bach Can Mean to Us: From Violence to Violins." Violin performance and paper. May, 1997, "Sociology in Dialogue," Ohio Dominican College, Columbus, Ohio. "Gertrude Stein’s Writing Process" November, 1996, Department of English, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. V lll "Madness, Humor, and the Law of Genre" February, 1991. Twentieth-Century Literature Conference, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. "Art and Subjectivity in The Red Shoes " May, 1990 Spring Writers' Conference, Columbus, Ohio. "Domestic Violence, Chemical Dependency, and Children: A Framework for Consideration" November, 1987 Domestic Violence in the Eighties Conference, Columbus, Ohio. FIELDS OF STUDY Interdisciplinary Graduate Program: Music, Art, and Literature in Europe, 1900-1935 Semiotics IX TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...........................................................................................................................ii

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