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Challenging Englishness: Rebranding and Rewriting National Identity in Contemporary English Fiction

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Challenging Englishness: Rebranding and Rewriting National Identity in Contemporary English Fiction Challenging Englishness: Rebranding and Rewriting National Identity in Contemporary English Fiction Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie des Fachbereiches 05 der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen im Rahmen eines Cotutelle-Vertrages mit der Universität Bergamo vorgelegt von Anna Katharina Böhme (geb. Rettberg) aus Kassel 2012 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Magnus Huber Erster Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ansgar Nünning Zweite Berichterstatterin: Prof. Dr. Alessandra Marzola Tag der Disputation: 7. September 2012 Acknowledgements This thesis would not be what it is without several people to whom I am very grateful. First of all, I owe thanks to my supervisors Ansgar Nünning and Alessandra Marzola for their critical but extremely valuable suggestions and their support in all stages of my PhD. I am also very much indebted to Angela Locatelli and Elena Agazzi for their support, especially during my stay at the University of Bergamo. All the PhD students and professors who participated in the International Graduate Centre for the Study of Culture (GCSC) and the International PhD Programme (IPP) “Literary and Cultural Studies” at the University of Gießen contributed tremendously to improving my research. Discussions with the IPP group and the GCSC fellows helped me to reflect on what I was doing. Thank you for your productive suggestions and for being critical readers. I am glad to have had such fantastic colleagues who created a great atmosphere that was incredibly encouraging. The same goes for the PhDnet group, to which I am very much indebted. Our meetings in Helsinki, Lisbon, Stockholm, Bergamo and Gießen were immensely inspiring. In addition to my supervisors, Angela Locatelli and the PhD students, I would like to thank Isabel Capeloa Gil, Pirjo Lyytikäinen, Kai Sicks and Elisabeth Wåghäll Nivre for their valuable comments and suggestions during our PhDnet meetings. I would especially like to thank Linda Karlsson Hammarfelt, Sabrina Kusche, Robert Vogt and Thijs Willaert for their helpful comments on my chapter drafts. They have helped me keep an eye on the essentials and avoid redundant expressions. Simon Cooke earns very special thanks for his careful editing of the entire text. I am also grateful for having met Arthur Aughey and Christine Berberich at a conference in November 2010, and for the chance to exchange thoughts about Englishness ever since. Ultimately, I would like to thank my friends, my extended family and Christoph, who have helped to distract my thoughts from this work exactly at those times when I needed a clear head. iii Table of Contents 1 From Warm Beer to Chicken Tikka Masala: Rebranding and Rewriting Englishness1 1.1 The Time of ‘Cool Britannia’: Political and Cultural Contextualisations.4 1.2 Debating Conceptions of Britishness and Englishness............8 1.3 “This scepter’d isle”: Englishness and Literature.............. 14 1.4 Challenging Englishness: Aims and Structure of this Study........ 19 2 Theoretical Framework: Constructing National Identity 29 2.1 Approaching Collective Memory and National Identity........... 31 2.2 Reconfiguring and Remediating National Identity.............. 38 2.3 Narrative Strategies and Cultural Functions of Negotiating Englishness. 44 2.3.1 Configurations of Englishness: Literary Forms, Genres and Modes 46 2.3.2 Constructing Identities: Characterisation and Perspectivation... 51 2.3.3 Mapping England: Narrative Constructions of Space........ 53 2.4 Real and Imagined: Analysing the Rebranding and Rewriting of National Identity..................................... 57 3 The Middle Class and Their Englishness: Nick Hornby’s How to be Good 61 3.1 Rewriting the Zeitgeist: Englishness in Popular Literature......... 64 3.2 The “Guardian-reading Labour voter”: Character-based Configurations of Middle-Class Englishness........................... 69 3.2.1 “I’m a good person”: Staging Positive Self-Images......... 72 3.2.2 “The Angriest Man in Holloway”: Antipodal Character Structures 76 3.3 North London, N7: Spatial Constructions of Middle-Class Identity.... 79 3.4 How to be Good and “The Third Way”: The Deconstruction of Ideological Values of New Labour’s Political Programme................ 82 3.4.1 “We are the ideal nuclear family”: Education and Family Values. 84 3.4.2 Justice and Community: Gentrification and the Clash of Classes. 87 v Table of Contents 3.5 How to be Good and Other Contemporary Novels Negotiating Class Iden- tities and Englishness............................. 90 4 Rewriting Englishness in Postcolonial London: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth 95 4.1 Reconfiguring Genre Conventions and Modes of Emplotment....... 98 4.2 Multicultural Polyphony: the Mocking Narrator and Strategies of Variable Focalisation................................... 105 4.3 Of Cricket and Gentlemen: Remediating Icons of Englishness....... 111 4.4 “Do you think anyone is English, really English? It’s a fairy-tale!”: Re- thinking Postcolonial Identities........................ 121 4.4.1 “We’re all English now, mate”: Englishness and Hybridity..... 122 4.4.2 Counter-Discourses to ‘Rivers of Blood’: Negotiating Racism... 128 4.4.3 Identity Crises: Configurations of Fundamentalist Ideologies.... 133 4.5 “Past Tense, Future Perfect”: Challenging History and Collective Memory 136 4.6 Willesden, NW2: Appropriating Space in Postcolonial London....... 144 4.7 White Teeth in the Context of British Asian and Black British Literature 152 5 Deconstructing Rebranding Processes: Julian Barnes’ England, England 169 5.1 Subverting Genre Conventions: Realist, Postmodern and Pastoral Config- urations of England.............................. 173 5.2 Agricultural Shows and “Fifty Quintessences”: Remediating Englishness through Listing................................. 180 5.2.1 Constructing Characters and Personal Identity........... 180 5.2.2 Constructing National Identity.................... 182 5.3 Contesting Perspectives and Authenticity: Narration and Focalisation.. 188 5.4 Exposing Processes of Inventing Traditions and Rebranding a Nation... 193 5.4.1 “Heavens to Betsy”: Taking an Invented Tradition to Its Extremes 194 5.4.2 Dystopian Commodifications and Reinventions of Englishness... 199 5.5 Topoi of English Cultural Memory and the Theme Park.......... 205 5.6 England, England in the Context of Contemporary Fiction Deconstructing Images of Englishness............................. 211 6 Literature Challenging Englishness: Conclusion and Outlook 223 Bibliography 235 vi 1 From Warm Beer to Chicken Tikka Masala: Rebranding and Rewriting Englishness In 2005, the British Government under Tony Blair initiated an online project to nominate and vote for a hundred ‘Icons of England’.1 Ironically, it had been seven years earlier that Julian Barnes’ satirical novel England, England was published, which included a fictional list of ‘Fifty Quintessences of Englishness’ that bear some remarkable similarities to the icons enumerated in the governmental survey. The Icons project is arguably one of the most explicit manifestations of the recent public political opinion on matters of English national identity. At the same time, however, its initiation seemed to conjure up the end of an era that had celebrated a vision of a newly defined, ‘rebranded’ Englishness in the preceding years. The project can be seen as one of the last attempts of the Blair government to come to terms with the aftermath of political devolution in Britain, the so-called ‘English Question’, and the crisis that is constantly diagnosed in English national identity. A search for the unique and quintessential characteristics of England and the English is a popular contemporary political, cultural and literary discourse. The online Icons project is a remarkable example of this discourse, and serves as a fitting point of departure for an introduction to Englishness since it raises several essential questions: to what extent can the project be seen as a case in point for Englishness as it was redefined at the time of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and what elements and actors were involved in the processes? What does it mean to say that Englishness was ‘rebranded’ or ‘rewritten’ at that time and how did narratives contribute to the changing perceptions of national identity? 1The website invites users to explore icons that are held to be particularly English. Cf. “Icons. A Portrait of England”. (2005). Culture Online. http://www.icons.org.uk. Since the project finished in 2011, the original website is not available anymore but most of the content can still be accessed at http://web.archive.org/web/20100125093050/http://www.icons.org.uk/ (07/02/2012). 1 The Icons project exemplifies how Englishness is represented and constructed on various levels that involve political decisions, medial representations and narrative strategies for the dissemination of a positive image. Firstly, against the backdrop of the devolution, it is interesting that the New Labour government had paid an initial sum of £1 million to focus specifically on English identity, and not on the Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish. Secondly, the survey clearly represents a modern, rebranded version of Englishness, since it combines traditional icons such as the pub, the oak tree or cricket with more recent manifestations of national identity such as Brick Lane or the popular dish Chicken Tikka Masala. The dish was invented by Bangladeshi chefs in London as a hybrid Indian meal (cf. Marr 2000: 6) and – unlike almost all other icons – is often taken as a culinary example of representing
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