Cognitive Technologies

Managing Editors: D. M. Gabbay J. Siekmann

Editorial Board: A. Bundy J. G. Carbonell M. Pinkal H. Uszkoreit M. Veloso W. Wahlster M. J. Wooldridge

Advisory Board:

Luigia Carlucci Aiello Alan Mackworth Franz Baader Mark Maybury Wolfgang Bibel Tom Mitchell Leonard Bolc Johanna D. Moore Craig Boutilier Stephen H. Muggleton Ron Brachman Bernhard Nebel Bruce G. Buchanan Sharon Oviatt Anthony Cohn Luis Pereira Luis Farinas˜ del Cerro Lu Ruqian Koichi Furukawa Stuart Russell Artur d’Avila Garcez Erik Sandewall Georg Gottlob Luc Steels Patrick J. Hayes Oliviero Stock James A. Hendler Peter Stone Anthony Jameson Gerhard Strube Nick Jennings Katia Sycara Aravind K. Joshi Milind Tambe Hans Kamp Hidehiko Tanaka Martin Kay Sebastian Thrun Hiroaki Kitano Junichi Tsujii Robert Kowalski Kurt VanLehn Sarit Kraus Andrei Voronkov Maurizio Lenzerini Toby Walsh Hector Levesque Bonnie Webber John Lloyd

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5216

Matthew W. Crocker · Jorg¨ Siekmann (Eds.)

Resource-Adaptive Cognitive Processes

With 148 Figures and 14 Tables

123 Editors Managing Editors Prof. Dr. Matthew W. Crocker Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Dept. of Computational Linguistics Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Saarland University Department of Computer Science Saarbrucken,¨ Germany King’s College London [email protected] Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Jorg¨ Siekmann Prof. Dr. Jorg¨ Siekmann Deutsches Forschungszentrum Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur¨ Kunstliche¨ Intelligenz (DFKI) fur¨ Kunstliche¨ Intelligenz (DFKI) Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Saarbrucken,¨ Germany and and Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Saarland University Saarland University Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Saarbrucken,¨ Germany [email protected] [email protected]

Cognitive Technologies ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-540-89407-0 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89408-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-89408-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938631

ACM Computing Classification (1998): I.2, H.1, H.5, J.4

c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

The contributions to this volume are drawn from the interdisciplinary research car- ried out within the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB 378), a special long-term funding scheme of the German National Science Foundation (DFG). Sonderforschungsbere- ich 378 was situated at Saarland University, with colleagues from artificial intelli- gence, computational linguistics, computer science, philosophy, psychology Ð and in its final phases Ð cognitive neuroscience and psycholinguistics. The funding covered a period of 12 years, which was split into four phases of 3 years each, ending in December of 2007. Every sub-period culminated in an intensive reviewing process, comprising written reports as well as on-site pre- sentations and demonstrations to the external reviewers. We are most grateful to these reviewers for their extensive support and critical feedback; they contributed their time and labor freely to the DFG,1 the independent and self-organized insti- tution of German scientists. The final evaluation of the DFG reviewers judged the overall performance and the actual work with the highest possible mark, i.e. “excellent”. All contributions were written especially for this volume and summarize 12 years of research that has resulted in several hundred individual publications. They rep- resent in our opinion the most important subset of the many individual projects and offer an overarching perspective not reflected in the individual scientific pub- lications. Specifically, contributors sought to present their results in a summary fashion covering the main findings of this long period, while also making clear the technical and scientific contribution to the overarching theme of the volume: “resource-adaptive cognitive processes”. Each paper was reviewed by an internal and external expert in the specific subject area, and finally by the two editors. We are indebted to these reviewers, who offered their time to review each of the contributions. Finally, we are also most grateful for the intense collaboration with our col- leagues over this long time span of more than a decade: Hans Engelkamp (Psychol- ogy), Ulman Lindenberger (Psychology), Kuno Lorenz (Philosophy), Axel Meck- linger (Neuroscience), Manfred Pinkal (Computational Linguistics), Gert Smolka

1 This translates literally into “German Community of Scientists”

v vi Preface

(Computer Science), Werner Tack (Psychology), Hans Uszkoreit (Computational Linguistics), Wolfgang Wahlster (AI), Hubert Zimmer (Psychology). Our own research areas are psycholinguistics (Matthew Crocker) and automated reasoning and AI (Jorg¬ Siekmann).

Saarbrucken,¬ Germany Matthew W. Crocker Jorg¬ Siekmann Contents

Resource-Adaptive Cognitive Processes ...... 1 Jorg¬ Siekmann and Matthew W. Crocker

Part I Resource-Bounded Cognitive Processes in Human Information Processing

Visuo-spatial Working Memory as a Limited Resource of Cognitive Processing ...... 13 Hubert D. Zimmer, Stefan Munzer,¬ and Katja Umla-Runge

From Resource-Adaptive Navigation Assistance to Augmented Cognition 35 Hubert D. Zimmer, Stefan Munzer,¬ and Jorg¬ Baus

Error-Induced Learning as a Resource-Adaptive Process in Young and Elderly Individuals ...... 55 Nicola K. Ferdinand, Anja Weiten, Axel Mecklinger, and Jutta Kray

An ERP-Approach to Study Age Differences in Cognitive Control Processes ...... 77 Jutta Kray and Ben Eppinger

Simulating Statistical Power in Latent Growth Curve Modeling: A Strategy for Evaluating Age-Based Changes in Cognitive Resources ...... 95 Timo von Oertzen, Paolo Ghisletta, and Ulman Lindenberger

Conflicting Constraints in Resource-Adaptive Language Comprehension . 119 Andrea Weber, Matthew W. Crocker, and Pia Knoeferle

The Evolution of a Connectionist Model of Situated Human Language Understanding ...... 143 Marshall R. Mayberry and Matthew W. Crocker

vii viii Contents

Part II Resource-Adaptive Processes in HumanÐMachine Interaction

Assessment of a User’s Time Pressure and Cognitive Load on the Basis of Features of Speech ...... 171 Anthony Jameson, Juergen Kiefer, Christian Muller,¬ Barbara Gro§mann-Hutter, Frank Wittig, and Ralf Rummer

The Shopping Experience of Tomorrow: Human-Centered and Resource-Adaptive ...... 205 Wolfgang Wahlster, Michael Feld, Patrick Gebhard, Dominikus Heckmann, Ralf Jung, Michael Kruppa, Michael Schmitz, Lubomira¬ Spassova, and Rainer Wasinger

Seamless Resource-Adaptive Navigation ...... 239 Tim Schwartz, Christoph Stahl, Jorg¬ Baus, and Wolfgang Wahlster

Linguistic Processing in a Mathematics Tutoring System: Cooperative Input Interpretation and Dialogue Modelling ...... 267 Magdalena Wolska, Mark Buckley, Helmut Horacek, Ivana Kruijff- Korbayova,« and Manfred Pinkal

Resource-Bounded Modelling and Analysis of Human-Level Interactive Proofs ...... 291 Christoph Benzmuller,¬ Marvin Schiller, and Jorg¬ Siekmann

Part III Resource-Adaptive Rationality in Machines

Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques for Bayesian Networks for User-Adaptive Systems ...... 315 Frank Wittig

Scope Underspecification with Tree Descriptions: Theory and Practice . . . 337 Alexander Koller, Stefan Thater, and Manfred Pinkal

Dependency Grammar: Classification and Exploration ...... 365 Ralph Debusmann and Marco Kuhlmann

ΩMEGA: Resource-Adaptive Processes in an Automated Reasoning System ...... 389 Serge Autexier, Christoph Benzmuller,¬ Dominik Dietrich, and Jorg¬ Siekmann Contributors

Serge Autexier DFKI GmbH and Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Jorg¬ Baus Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Christoph Benzmuller¬ Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Mark Buckley Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Matthew W. Crocker Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany, [email protected] Ralph Debusmann Programming Systems Lab, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Dominik Dietrich Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Ben Eppinger Developmental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Michael Feld DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Nicola K. Ferdinand Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] saarland.de Patrick Gebhard DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany, [email protected] Paolo Ghisletta Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland, [email protected] Barbara Gro§mann-Hutter Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected]

ix x Contributors

Dominikus Heckmann DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Helmut Horacek Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Anthony Jameson DFKI GmbH, Saarbrucken,¬ Germany and Fondazione Bruno Kessler Ð Istituto per Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (FBK-irst), Trento, Italy, [email protected] Ralf Jung DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Juergen Kiefer ZMMS Ð MoDyS Research Group, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Pia Knoeferle Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, [email protected] Alexander Koller MMCI & Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany, [email protected] saarland.de Jutta Kray Developmental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Ivana Kruijff-Korbayova« Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Michael Kruppa DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Marco Kuhlmann Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Box 635, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden, marco.kuhlmann@lingfil.uu.se Ulman Lindenberger Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Human Development, Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Marshall R. Mayberry School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, UC Merced, CA, USA, [email protected] Axel Mecklinger Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] saarland.de Christian Muller Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Stefan Munzer¬ Brain and Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Manfred Pinkal Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Contributors xi

Ralf Rummer Department of Psychology, Erfurt University, 99105 Erfurt, Germany, [email protected] Marvin Schiller Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Michael Schmitz DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany Tim Schwartz DFKI GmbH and Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Jorg¬ Siekmann DFKI GmbH and Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Lubomira Spassova DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Christoph Stahl DFKI GmbH and Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Stefan Thater Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Katja Umla-Runge Brain and Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] saarland.de Timo von Oertzen Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Human Development, Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI GmbH and Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Rainer Wasinger Smart Services CRC and The School of Information Technologies, Sydney University, NSW, 2006, Australia, [email protected] Andrea Weber Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands, [email protected] Anja Weiten Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Frank Wittig SAP AG, Neue Bahnhofstr. 21, D-66386 St. Ingbert, Germany, frank.wittig@sap.com Magdalena Wolska Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected] Hubert Zimmer Brain and Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¬ Germany, [email protected]