Cognitive Technologies Managing Editors: D. M. Gabbay J. Siekmann Editorial Board: A. Bundy J. G. Carbonell M. Pinkal H. Uszkoreit M. Veloso W. Wahlster M. J. Wooldridge Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Alan Mackworth Franz Baader Mark Maybury Wolfgang Bibel Tom Mitchell Leonard Bolc Johanna D. Moore Craig Boutilier Stephen H. Muggleton Ron Brachman Bernhard Nebel Bruce G. Buchanan Sharon Oviatt Anthony Cohn Luis Pereira Luis Farinas˜ del Cerro Lu Ruqian Koichi Furukawa Stuart Russell Artur d’Avila Garcez Erik Sandewall Georg Gottlob Luc Steels Patrick J. Hayes Oliviero Stock James A. Hendler Peter Stone Anthony Jameson Gerhard Strube Nick Jennings Katia Sycara Aravind K. Joshi Milind Tambe Hans Kamp Hidehiko Tanaka Martin Kay Sebastian Thrun Hiroaki Kitano Junichi Tsujii Robert Kowalski Kurt VanLehn Sarit Kraus Andrei Voronkov Maurizio Lenzerini Toby Walsh Hector Levesque Bonnie Webber John Lloyd For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5216 Matthew W. Crocker · Jorg¨ Siekmann (Eds.) Resource-Adaptive Cognitive Processes With 148 Figures and 14 Tables 123 Editors Managing Editors Prof. Dr. Matthew W. Crocker Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Dept. of Computational Linguistics Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Saarland University Department of Computer Science Saarbrucken,¨ Germany King’s College London [email protected] Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK [email protected] Prof. Dr. Jorg¨ Siekmann Prof. Dr. Jorg¨ Siekmann Deutsches Forschungszentrum Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur¨ Kunstliche¨ Intelligenz (DFKI) fur¨ Kunstliche¨ Intelligenz (DFKI) Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Saarbrucken,¨ Germany and and Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Saarland University Saarland University Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Saarbrucken,¨ Germany [email protected] [email protected] Cognitive Technologies ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-540-89407-0 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89408-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-89408-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938631 ACM Computing Classification (1998): I.2, H.1, H.5, J.4 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. 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Cover design:KunkelLopka¨ GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The contributions to this volume are drawn from the interdisciplinary research car- ried out within the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB 378), a special long-term funding scheme of the German National Science Foundation (DFG). Sonderforschungsbere- ich 378 was situated at Saarland University, with colleagues from artificial intelli- gence, computational linguistics, computer science, philosophy, psychology – and in its final phases – cognitive neuroscience and psycholinguistics. The funding covered a period of 12 years, which was split into four phases of 3 years each, ending in December of 2007. Every sub-period culminated in an intensive reviewing process, comprising written reports as well as on-site pre- sentations and demonstrations to the external reviewers. We are most grateful to these reviewers for their extensive support and critical feedback; they contributed their time and labor freely to the DFG,1 the independent and self-organized insti- tution of German scientists. The final evaluation of the DFG reviewers judged the overall performance and the actual work with the highest possible mark, i.e. “excellent”. All contributions were written especially for this volume and summarize 12 years of research that has resulted in several hundred individual publications. They rep- resent in our opinion the most important subset of the many individual projects and offer an overarching perspective not reflected in the individual scientific pub- lications. Specifically, contributors sought to present their results in a summary fashion covering the main findings of this long period, while also making clear the technical and scientific contribution to the overarching theme of the volume: “resource-adaptive cognitive processes”. Each paper was reviewed by an internal and external expert in the specific subject area, and finally by the two editors. We are indebted to these reviewers, who offered their time to review each of the contributions. Finally, we are also most grateful for the intense collaboration with our col- leagues over this long time span of more than a decade: Hans Engelkamp (Psychol- ogy), Ulman Lindenberger (Psychology), Kuno Lorenz (Philosophy), Axel Meck- linger (Neuroscience), Manfred Pinkal (Computational Linguistics), Gert Smolka 1 This translates literally into “German Community of Scientists” v vi Preface (Computer Science), Werner Tack (Psychology), Hans Uszkoreit (Computational Linguistics), Wolfgang Wahlster (AI), Hubert Zimmer (Psychology). Our own research areas are psycholinguistics (Matthew Crocker) and automated reasoning and AI (Jorg¨ Siekmann). Saarbrucken,¨ Germany Matthew W. Crocker Jorg¨ Siekmann Contents Resource-Adaptive Cognitive Processes ............................... 1 Jorg¨ Siekmann and Matthew W. Crocker Part I Resource-Bounded Cognitive Processes in Human Information Processing Visuo-spatial Working Memory as a Limited Resource of Cognitive Processing ......................................................... 13 Hubert D. Zimmer, Stefan Munzer,¨ and Katja Umla-Runge From Resource-Adaptive Navigation Assistance to Augmented Cognition 35 Hubert D. Zimmer, Stefan Munzer,¨ and Jorg¨ Baus Error-Induced Learning as a Resource-Adaptive Process in Young and Elderly Individuals ................................................. 55 Nicola K. Ferdinand, Anja Weiten, Axel Mecklinger, and Jutta Kray An ERP-Approach to Study Age Differences in Cognitive Control Processes .......................................................... 77 Jutta Kray and Ben Eppinger Simulating Statistical Power in Latent Growth Curve Modeling: A Strategy for Evaluating Age-Based Changes in Cognitive Resources ...... 95 Timo von Oertzen, Paolo Ghisletta, and Ulman Lindenberger Conflicting Constraints in Resource-Adaptive Language Comprehension . 119 Andrea Weber, Matthew W. Crocker, and Pia Knoeferle The Evolution of a Connectionist Model of Situated Human Language Understanding .....................................................143 Marshall R. Mayberry and Matthew W. Crocker vii viii Contents Part II Resource-Adaptive Processes in Human–Machine Interaction Assessment of a User’s Time Pressure and Cognitive Load on the Basis of Features of Speech ...............................................171 Anthony Jameson, Juergen Kiefer, Christian Muller,¨ Barbara Großmann-Hutter, Frank Wittig, and Ralf Rummer The Shopping Experience of Tomorrow: Human-Centered and Resource-Adaptive .................................................205 Wolfgang Wahlster, Michael Feld, Patrick Gebhard, Dominikus Heckmann, Ralf Jung, Michael Kruppa, Michael Schmitz, Lubomira¨ Spassova, and Rainer Wasinger Seamless Resource-Adaptive Navigation ..............................239 Tim Schwartz, Christoph Stahl, Jorg¨ Baus, and Wolfgang Wahlster Linguistic Processing in a Mathematics Tutoring System: Cooperative Input Interpretation and Dialogue Modelling .........................267 Magdalena Wolska, Mark Buckley, Helmut Horacek, Ivana Kruijff- Korbayova,´ and Manfred Pinkal Resource-Bounded Modelling and Analysis of Human-Level Interactive Proofs .............................................................291 Christoph Benzmuller,¨ Marvin Schiller, and Jorg¨ Siekmann Part III Resource-Adaptive Rationality in Machines Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques for Bayesian Networks for User-Adaptive Systems ..........................................315 Frank Wittig Scope Underspecification with Tree Descriptions: Theory and Practice . 337 Alexander Koller, Stefan Thater, and Manfred Pinkal Dependency Grammar: Classification and Exploration .................365 Ralph Debusmann and Marco Kuhlmann ΩMEGA: Resource-Adaptive Processes in an Automated Reasoning System ............................................................389 Serge Autexier, Christoph Benzmuller,¨ Dominik Dietrich, and Jorg¨ Siekmann Contributors Serge Autexier DFKI GmbH and Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¨ Germany, [email protected] Jorg¨ Baus Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¨ Germany, [email protected] Christoph Benzmuller¨ Department of Computer Science, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¨ Germany, [email protected] Mark Buckley Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken,¨ Germany, [email protected] Matthew W. Crocker Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany, [email protected]