DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Safety of Hormone Implants Used to Promote Growth in Cattle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Safety of Hormone Implants Used to Promote Growth in Cattle FRI BRIEFINGS Human Safety of Hormone Implants Used to Promote Growth in Cattle A Review of the Scientific Literature Ellin Doyle, Ph.D. Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Historical Background ........................................... 2 Hormone Metabolism and Toxicity in Humans ................................ 4 Toxicity Studies in Animals and Cell Cultures ................................. 6 Genotoxicity Assays ........................................................ 6 Carcinogenicity Assays .................................................... 8 Other Toxicity Tests/Issues ............................................. 8 Hormone Concentrations in Cattle Tissues ....................................... 9 Estradiol ......................................................................... 10 Progesterone................................................................... 11 Testosterone ................................................................... 11 Trenbolone ..................................................................... 11 Zeranol ........................................................................... 12 Assays for Determination of Hormone Levels................................. 12 Hormone Concentrations in Other Foods ........................................ 14 References ....................................................................................... 15 Acknowledgments ........................................................................... 24 Food Research Institute, July 2000 http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/hormone.pdf 2 FRI BRIEFINGS: Human Safety of Hormone Implants for Cattle Growth Promotion INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL and inserted in cattle as recommended would not BACKGROUND result in residue levels in meat that would adversely affect human health (99, 117, 121, 158, 196, 209). Hormone implants containing estradiol benzoate/ Two dissenting reviews (2, 184) expressed concern progesterone were first approved in 1956 by the about the safety of these implants. Another recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for in- review (105) considered the implications of hormone creasing growth, feed efficiency, and carcass lean- pellets that were not properly implanted or discarded ness of cattle. Later, other implants containing at slaughter. testosterone, zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and combi- The FDA has established maximum safe tissue nations of these hormones were developed and ap- residue levels for trenbolone (19) and zeranol (17) proved for use in cattle by the FDA. as listed below:* Currently, five hormones (progesterone, testos- terone, estradiol-17β, zeranol, and trenbolone acetate) Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Hormone (µg/kg) are approved for implants in cattle in the U.S.A. But these implants have been officially prohibited Trenbolone 50 100 150 200 Zeranol 150 300 450 600 in Europe since 1989. Hormone implants are widely used in the U.S.A., Australia, and Canada. Accord- µg/kg = ppb (parts per billion) ing to a review by Preston (158), approximately 30 *Please refer to note (*) on metric units at the end of countries have approved one or more of these the text if these units are unfamiliar. implants for enhancing the growth of cattle. Use of For the naturally occurring hormones estradiol these implants in cattle according to recommended (20), progesterone (15), and testosterone (16), FDA procedures was declared safe by the following has set the following allowable incremental increases groups: in hormone levels above those normally present: ◆ FDA, which approved 11 formulations of implants between 1956 and 1996 (15–21, 158) Muscle Liver Kidney Fat Hormone (µg/kg) ◆ EEC Scientific Working Group on Anabolic Agents, chaired by Dr. G. E. Lamming in 1987 Estradiol 0.12 0.48 0.36 0.24 Progesterone 3 12 9 6 (185) Testosterone 0.64 2.6 1.9 1.3 ◆ Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary µg/kg = ppb (parts per billion) Drugs in Foods, in 1987 (24) ◆ European Agriculture Commission Scientific JECFA has set lower maximum residue limits Conference on Growth Promotion in Meat for both zeranol (98) and trenbolone (97) at 2 µg/kg Production, in 1995 (79, 158) in meat and 10 µg/kg in liver. Acceptable residue ◆ FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/ levels for estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone in World Health Organization) Joint Expert meat have not been recommended by JECFA be- Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 1981, cause this committee concluded that residues from 1983, 1988, 1999 (94–103) use according to good husbandry practice are un- ◆ Sub-Group of the Veterinary Products likely to pose a hazard to human health (99, 158). Committee from the Ministry of Agriculture, Acceptable daily intake (ADI) maxima of estradiol, Fisheries, and Food (UK), 1999 (196). progesterone, and testosterone were established by JECFA at 0.05, 30, and 2 µg/kg body weight (bw), Hormone implants in cattle have been the sub- respectively, based on reported no- or lowest- ject of eight significant reviews in the past five years. observed-effect levels in humans of 5 µg estradiol/kg All except two of these reviews concluded that im- body weight, 3.3 mg progesterone/kg bw, and 1.7 mg plants containing the approved doses of hormones testosterone/kg bw (99). ADIs for zeranol and Food Research Institute, July 2000 http://fri.wisc.edu/docs/pdf/hormone.pdf FRI BRIEFINGS: Human Safety of Hormone Implants for Cattle Growth Promotion 3 trenbolone acetate were set at 0.5 and 0.02 µg/kg bw which “covers cases where scientific evidence is based on feeding experiments with cynomolgus insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and prelimi- monkeys (98) and pigs (103). nary scientific evaluation indicates that there are Safety of hormonal implants has been ques- reasonable grounds for concern ...” (3). The con- tioned on the basis that residues from these implants cerns expressed by the Committee members include: in beef may significantly increase exposure of ◆ Sensitivity of hormone assays. They humans, particularly children, to estrogens and other contend that the routinely used radioimmuno- hormones which may adversely affect health. Estro- assay is not sensitive enough to accurately gens are naturally present in all mammals, with higher measure low hormone levels in blood of concentrations in females during the reproductive children and perhaps in some meat samples. phase of their lives. According to evaluations by the Rather they propose that the very low International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; plasma hormone concentrations measured in 215), there is currently sufficient evidence for the children by the recombinant cell yeast carcinogenicity of estradiol and limited evidence for bioassay (109) are more accurate. the carcinogenicity of testosterone to humans. Ex- ◆ Effects of low concentrations of hormones. periments with some of the other compounds used in They argue that even though excess exposure implants have shown that, under certain conditions, to hormones in beef from implanted cattle they may cause adverse effects in experimental ani- may amount to as little as 1 to several mals. Although some recent data indicate that estra- hundred nanograms per person, pre- β diol-17 has genotoxic potential, JECFA scientists adolescent boys and girls and the fetus pointed out that there are no data demonstrating that in utero may be very sensitive to slight concentrations below the no-hormonal-effect level increases in hormone levels. (NHEL) cause adverse effects in animals or humans ◆ Irrelevance of NHEL (no-hormonal-effect (99). level). They point out that some recent data Whether residues of hormone implants in beef indicate that estradiol is genotoxic and constitute a health risk remains a controversial issue. therefore may have carcinogenic effects at The 1999 JECFA analysis (99) estimated that a concentrations below the NHEL. person consuming 500 g (about 1.1 lb) of meat from implanted cattle would consume an extra 30–50 ng In response, the 1999 review by the UK’s Sub- estradiol per day. This calculation utilized the highest Group of the Veterinary Products Committee (196) residue levels reported for implanted beef and consid- critically evaluated genotoxicity studies of estradiol ered “meat” as a mixture of 300 g muscle, 100 g liver, and concluded that “None of the publications (re- 50 g kidney, and 50 g fat. (Estradiol levels are higher search papers) reviewed above provide any substan- in organ meats than in muscle.) This additional 50 ng tive evidence that oestradiol is mutagenic/genotoxic.” estradiol consumed can be compared to the accept- The recombinant yeast cell bioassay was critically able daily intake of 50 ng/kg/day or 3000 ng/day for evaluated and this Committee was concerned that a 60-kg (132-lb) person. interfering substances in the crude extracts of serum In 1999, the European Commission also issued samples could have caused artificially low serum a report that discussed available data on hormone estradiol measurements. Further validation is re- implants and their potential toxicity and concluded quired for this assay. Although high concentrations that elevated levels of hormones in meat from im- of hormones can certainly disrupt normal metabolic planted cattle might present a hazard, particularly to processes, this Sub-group concluded that small in- children (184). Invoking the precautionary principle, creases in hormone intakes from implanted cattle the Committee decided that beef from implanted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0110428A1 De Juan Et Al
    US 200601 10428A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0110428A1 de Juan et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 25, 2006 (54) METHODS AND DEVICES FOR THE Publication Classification TREATMENT OF OCULAR CONDITIONS (51) Int. Cl. (76) Inventors: Eugene de Juan, LaCanada, CA (US); A6F 2/00 (2006.01) Signe E. Varner, Los Angeles, CA (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................................. 424/427 (US); Laurie R. Lawin, New Brighton, MN (US) (57) ABSTRACT Correspondence Address: Featured is a method for instilling one or more bioactive SCOTT PRIBNOW agents into ocular tissue within an eye of a patient for the Kagan Binder, PLLC treatment of an ocular condition, the method comprising Suite 200 concurrently using at least two of the following bioactive 221 Main Street North agent delivery methods (A)-(C): Stillwater, MN 55082 (US) (A) implanting a Sustained release delivery device com (21) Appl. No.: 11/175,850 prising one or more bioactive agents in a posterior region of the eye so that it delivers the one or more (22) Filed: Jul. 5, 2005 bioactive agents into the vitreous humor of the eye; (B) instilling (e.g., injecting or implanting) one or more Related U.S. Application Data bioactive agents Subretinally; and (60) Provisional application No. 60/585,236, filed on Jul. (C) instilling (e.g., injecting or delivering by ocular ion 2, 2004. Provisional application No. 60/669,701, filed tophoresis) one or more bioactive agents into the Vit on Apr. 8, 2005. reous humor of the eye. Patent Application Publication May 25, 2006 Sheet 1 of 22 US 2006/0110428A1 R 2 2 C.6 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Anti-Doping Agency
    2019U.S. ANTI-DOPING AGENCY WALLET CARDEXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED AND PERMITTED SUBSTANCES AND METHODS Effective Jan. 1 – Dec. 31, 2019 CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) • Non-Approved Substances: investigational drugs and pharmaceuticals with no approval by a governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use. • Anabolic Agents: androstenediol, androstenedione, bolasterone, boldenone, clenbuterol, danazol, desoxymethyltestosterone (madol), dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (DHCMT), Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA , Intrarosa) and its prohormones, drostanolone, epitestosterone, methasterone, methyl-1-testosterone, methyltestosterone (Covaryx, EEMT, Est Estrogens-methyltest DS, Methitest), nandrolone, oxandrolone, prostanozol, Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (enobosarm, (ostarine, MK-2866), andarine, LGD-4033, RAD-140). stanozolol, testosterone and its metabolites or isomers (Androgel), THG, tibolone, trenbolone, zeranol, zilpaterol, and similar substances. • Beta-2 Agonists: All selective and non-selective beta-2 agonists, including all optical isomers, are prohibited. Most inhaled beta-2 agonists are prohibited, including arformoterol (Brovana), fenoterol, higenamine (norcoclaurine, Tinospora crispa), indacaterol (Arcapta), levalbuterol (Xopenex), metaproternol (Alupent), orciprenaline, olodaterol (Striverdi), pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline (Brethaire), vilanterol (Breo). The only exceptions are albuterol, formoterol, and salmeterol by a metered-dose inhaler when used
    [Show full text]
  • A10 Anabolic Steroids Hardcore Info
    CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION 3 Anabolic steroids – What are they? 4 How do they Work? – Aromatisation 5 More molecules – More problems 6 The side effects of anabolic steroids 7 Women and anabolic steroids 8 Injecting steroids 9 Abscesses – Needle Exchanges 10 Intramuscular injection 11 Injection sites 12 Oral steroids – Cycles – Stacking 13 Diet 14 Where do steroids come from? Spotting a counterfeit 15 Drug Information – Drug dosage STEROIDS 16 Anadrol – Andriol 17 Anavar – Deca-Durabolin 18 Dynabolon – Durabolin – Dianabol 19 Esiclene – Equipoise 20 Primobolan Depot – Proviron – Primobolan orals – Pronobol 21 Sustanon – Stromba, Strombaject – Testosterone Cypionate Testosterone Enanthate 22 Testosterone Propionate – Testosterone Suspension 23 Trenbolone Acetate – Winstrol OTHER DRUGS 24 Aldactone – Arimidex 25 Clenbuterol – Cytomel 26 Ephedrine Hydrochloride – GHB 27 Growth Hormone 28 Insulin 30 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 – Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin 31 Tamoxifen – Nubain – Recreational Drugs 32 Steroids and the Law 34 Glossary ANABOLIC STEROIDS People use anabolic steroids for various reasons, some use them to build muscle for their job, others just want to look good and some use them to help them in sport or body building. Whatever the reason, care needs to be taken so that as little harm is done to the body as possible because despite having muscle building effects they also have serious side effects especially when used incorrectly. WHAT ARE THEY? Anabolic steroids are man made versions of the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is the chemical in men responsible for facial hair, deepening of the voice and sex organ development, basically the masculine things Steroids are in a man. used in medicine to treat anaemia, muscle weakness after These masculine effects surgery etc, vascular are called the androgenic disorders and effects of testosterone.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Compounds and Metabolites
    PHARMACEUTICAL AND VETERINARY COMPOUNDS AND METABOLITES High quality reference materials for analytical testing of pharmaceutical and veterinary compounds and metabolites. lgcstandards.com/drehrenstorfer [email protected] LGC Quality | ISO 17034 | ISO/IEC 17025 | ISO 9001 PHARMACEUTICAL AND VETERINARY COMPOUNDS AND METABOLITES What you need to know Pharmaceutical and veterinary medicines are essential for To facilitate the fair trade of food, and to ensure a consistent human and animal welfare, but their use can leave residues and evidence-based approach to consumer protection across in both the food chain and the environment. In a 2019 survey the globe, the Codex Alimentarius Commission (“Codex”) was of EU member states, the European Food Safety Authority established in 1963. Codex is a joint agency of the FAO (Food (EFSA) found that the number one food safety concern was and Agriculture Office of the United Nations) and the WHO the misuse of antibiotics, hormones and steroids in farm (World Health Organisation). It is responsible for producing animals. This is, in part, related to the issue of growing antibiotic and maintaining the Codex Alimentarius: a compendium of resistance in humans as a result of their potential overuse in standards, guidelines and codes of practice relating to food animals. This level of concern and increasing awareness of safety. The legal framework for the authorisation, distribution the risks associated with veterinary residues entering the food and control of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VMPs) varies chain has led to many regulatory bodies increasing surveillance from country to country, but certain common principles activities for pharmaceutical and veterinary residues in food and apply which are described in the Codex guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug and Medication Classification Schedule
    KENTUCKY HORSE RACING COMMISSION UNIFORM DRUG, MEDICATION, AND SUBSTANCE CLASSIFICATION SCHEDULE KHRC 8-020-1 (11/2018) Class A drugs, medications, and substances are those (1) that have the highest potential to influence performance in the equine athlete, regardless of their approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration, or (2) that lack approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration but have pharmacologic effects similar to certain Class B drugs, medications, or substances that are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Acecarbromal Bolasterone Cimaterol Divalproex Fluanisone Acetophenazine Boldione Citalopram Dixyrazine Fludiazepam Adinazolam Brimondine Cllibucaine Donepezil Flunitrazepam Alcuronium Bromazepam Clobazam Dopamine Fluopromazine Alfentanil Bromfenac Clocapramine Doxacurium Fluoresone Almotriptan Bromisovalum Clomethiazole Doxapram Fluoxetine Alphaprodine Bromocriptine Clomipramine Doxazosin Flupenthixol Alpidem Bromperidol Clonazepam Doxefazepam Flupirtine Alprazolam Brotizolam Clorazepate Doxepin Flurazepam Alprenolol Bufexamac Clormecaine Droperidol Fluspirilene Althesin Bupivacaine Clostebol Duloxetine Flutoprazepam Aminorex Buprenorphine Clothiapine Eletriptan Fluvoxamine Amisulpride Buspirone Clotiazepam Enalapril Formebolone Amitriptyline Bupropion Cloxazolam Enciprazine Fosinopril Amobarbital Butabartital Clozapine Endorphins Furzabol Amoxapine Butacaine Cobratoxin Enkephalins Galantamine Amperozide Butalbital Cocaine Ephedrine Gallamine Amphetamine Butanilicaine Codeine
    [Show full text]
  • Zeranol Stimulates Proliferation and Aromatase Activation in Human Breast Preadipocytes
    1014 MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 14: 1014-1018, 2016 Zeranol stimulates proliferation and aromatase activation in human breast preadipocytes SAIYI ZHONG1, SHOUCHUN LIU2, SUHUA CHEN1, HUAJUAN LIN1, WEIMIN WANG1 and XIAOMING QIN1 1Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088; 2Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, P.R. China Received May 28, 2015; Accepted April 18, 2016 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5293 Abstract. Aromatase is a crucial enzyme for the biosynthesis One of the potential factors that contributes to breast carcino- of estrogens and is involved in the process of breast carcino- genesis is the increased exposure of epithelial cells to estrogens genesis. Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of produced locally by the tissue microenvironment (2). It is clear environmental estrogens as potential regulators of aromatase that estrogens increase mammary gland cell proliferation, expression in human breast cells. Zeranol is a non-steroidal predominantly via estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated mecha- agent with potent estrogenic activity, which is widely used as nisms in estrogen-dependent breast tumors (3,4). The synthesis a growth promoter for cattle in certain countries. The present of estrogens in breast tissue is catalyzed by the enzyme study hypothesized that aromatase expression and activity aromatase, which is encoded by the gene cytochrome P450 may be elevated by low dose zeranol exposure, providing a family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1). Aromatase is a source of estrogens that may stimulate cell proliferation. In the cytochrome P450, which synthesizes estrogens by converting present study, primary cultured human breast preadipocytes C19 androgens to aromatic C18 estrogenic steroids, thus cata- were used as an in vitro model.
    [Show full text]
  • Customs Tariff - Schedule
    CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE 99 - i Chapter 99 SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION PROVISIONS - COMMERCIAL Notes. 1. The provisions of this Chapter are not subject to the rule of specificity in General Interpretative Rule 3 (a). 2. Goods which may be classified under the provisions of Chapter 99, if also eligible for classification under the provisions of Chapter 98, shall be classified in Chapter 98. 3. Goods may be classified under a tariff item in this Chapter and be entitled to the Most-Favoured-Nation Tariff or a preferential tariff rate of customs duty under this Chapter that applies to those goods according to the tariff treatment applicable to their country of origin only after classification under a tariff item in Chapters 1 to 97 has been determined and the conditions of any Chapter 99 provision and any applicable regulations or orders in relation thereto have been met. 4. The words and expressions used in this Chapter have the same meaning as in Chapters 1 to 97. Issued January 1, 2019 99 - 1 CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE Tariff Unit of MFN Applicable SS Description of Goods Item Meas. Tariff Preferential Tariffs 9901.00.00 Articles and materials for use in the manufacture or repair of the Free CCCT, LDCT, GPT, UST, following to be employed in commercial fishing or the commercial MT, MUST, CIAT, CT, harvesting of marine plants: CRT, IT, NT, SLT, PT, COLT, JT, PAT, HNT, Artificial bait; KRT, CEUT, UAT, CPTPT: Free Carapace measures; Cordage, fishing lines (including marlines), rope and twine, of a circumference not exceeding 38 mm; Devices for keeping nets open; Fish hooks; Fishing nets and netting; Jiggers; Line floats; Lobster traps; Lures; Marker buoys of any material excluding wood; Net floats; Scallop drag nets; Spat collectors and collector holders; Swivels.
    [Show full text]
  • Adverse Effects on Consumer's Health Caused by Hormones Administered
    International Food Research Journal 25(1): 1 - 10 (February 2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my Mini Review Adverse effects on consumer’s health caused by hormones administered in cattle Senthil Kumar, V., Rajan, C., Divya, P. and *Sasikumar, S. Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore -632014, Tamil Nadu, India Article history Abstract Received: 18 September 2016 In today’s digital age to feed this ever increasing population there is a high demand for more Received in revised form: production of food. To meet this task, artificial hormones are being used to increase the 18 December 2016 production of milk and meat. In this review, we address the controversial issue of adverse effects Accepted: 18 December 2016 of hormones being administered in cattle. Oestradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, Zeranol, Trenbolone and Melengestrol hormones are approved by U.S. food and drug administration Keywords (FDA) for commercial use. These have been found to be used to increase the quantity of milk Recombinant bovine growth and meat in cattle but their adverse effects being observed on the consumers as they cause hormone, cancer and premature puberty in children. Similarly the utilization of recombinant bovine Milk, growth hormone (rBGH) in cattle is seen to be a burning issue as it causes cancer. Here, we Cattle meat, present a deeper insight to above mentioned content Prepuberty, Insulin like growth factor, Cancer © All Rights Reserved Introduction Hormones are chemical messengers produced by rBGH hormone (Bauman et al., 1985; Elvinger et al., glands that are used to communicate between organs 1988; Monsanto Company, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Prohibited List
    THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PROHIBITED LIST JANUARY 2019 The official text of the Prohibited List shall be maintained by WADA and shall be published in English and French. In the event of any conflict between the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail. This List shall come into effect on 1 January 2019 SUBSTANCES & METHODS PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2.2 OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE, ALL PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES SHALL BE CONSIDERED AS “SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES” EXCEPT SUBSTANCES IN CLASSES S1, S2, S4.4, S4.5, S6.A, AND PROHIBITED METHODS M1, M2 AND M3. PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES Mestanolone; S0 Mesterolone; Any pharmacological substance which is not Metandienone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien- addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the 3-one); List and with no current approval by any governmental Metenolone; regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use Methandriol; (e.g. drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development Methasterone (17β-hydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α- or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved androstan-3-one); only for veterinary use) is prohibited at all times. Methyldienolone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylestra-4,9-dien- 3-one); ANABOLIC AGENTS Methyl-1-testosterone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5α- S1 androst-1-en-3-one); Anabolic agents are prohibited. Methylnortestosterone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylestr-4-en- 3-one); 1. ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS (AAS) Methyltestosterone; a. Exogenous*
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Prepubertal Exposure to Xenoestrogen on Development of Estrogen Target Organs in Female CD-1 Mice
    in vivo 19: 487-494 (2005) Effects of Prepubertal Exposure to Xenoestrogen on Development of Estrogen Target Organs in Female CD-1 Mice YASUYOSHI NIKAIDO, NAOYUKI DANBARA, MIKI TSUJITA-KYUTOKU, TAKASHI YURI, NORIHISA UEHARA and AIRO TSUBURA Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan Abstract. Background: There have been no previous reports more time in the estrus phase; ZEA-treated mice had a longer comparing the effects of prepubertal xenoestrogen exposure on period of anovulatory ovary than other xenoestrogen-treated development of the reproductive tract and mammary glands in mice; however, none of the xenoestrogens tested altered the female mice. The effects of genistein (GEN), resveratrol uterine or vaginal morphology or mammary gland growth. (RES), zearalenone (ZEA), zeranol (ZER), bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were examined. Materials Xenoestrogens (chemicals with estrogenic activity) are and Methods: Beginning at 15 days of age, female CD-1 mice endocrine-disrupting chemicals that include naturally were administered 4 daily subcutaneous injections of 10 occurring substances produced by plants (phytoestrogens), mg/kg/day of GEN, RES, ZEA, ZER or BPA, or 10 Ìg/kg/day molds (mycoestrogens) and man-made chemicals released of DES dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or DMSO into the environment (1). They may be ingested directly in vehicle. Vaginal opening was checked; estrous cyclicity was plant material, in the tissues of animals that ingest monitored from 5, 9 or 21 weeks of age for 21 consecutive xenoestrogen-producing plants or plants infected by days; 6 animals per group were autopsied at 4, 8 and 24 weeks xenoestrogen-producing molds, or in foodstuffs contaminated of age.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCI Uniform Classification Guidelines for Foreign Substances, Or Similar State Regulatory Guidelines, Shall Be Assigned Points As Follows
    DRUG TESTING STANDARDS AND PRACTICES PROGRAM. Uniform Classification Guidelines for Foreign Substances And Recommended Penalties Model Rule. January, 2019 (V.14.0) © ASSOCIATION OF RACING COMMISSIONERS INTERNATIONAL – 2019. Association of Racing Commissioners International 2365 Harrodsburg Road- B450 Lexington, Kentucky, USA www.arci.com Page 1 of 66 Preamble to the Uniform Classification Guidelines of Foreign Substances The Preamble to the Uniform Classification Guidelines was approved by the RCI Drug Testing and Quality Assurance Program Committee (now the Drug Testing Standards and Practices Program Committee) on August 26, 1991. Minor revisions to the Preamble were made by the Drug Classification subcommittee (now the Veterinary Pharmacologists Subcommittee) on September 3, 1991. "The Uniform Classification Guidelines printed on the following pages are intended to assist stewards, hearing officers and racing commissioners in evaluating the seriousness of alleged violations of medication and prohibited substance rules in racing jurisdictions. Practicing equine veterinarians, state veterinarians, and equine pharmacologists are available and should be consulted to explain the pharmacological effects of the drugs listed in each class prior to any decisions with respect to penalities to be imposed. The ranking of drugs is based on their pharmacology, their ability to influence the outcome of a race, whether or not they have legitimate therapeutic uses in the racing horse, or other evidence that they may be used improperly. These classes of drugs are intended only as guidelines and should be employed only to assist persons adjudicating facts and opinions in understanding the seriousness of the alleged offenses. The facts of each case are always different and there may be mitigating circumstances which should always be considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Hazard Evaluation Report 1982-257-1571
    • ,. • • w . ~.. •. , _. !/ •.... : . .!: ..... .. -...; ~~ r ~ .. -~,. : ;., · I . f. ·· :~· JI . •. lJ . 11 r/· · ·_i. 1 ,1. 1 .. ··. 11 .·. iJ ;·. .·11 !~·" . ,-;, r~ . · IJ .• ,. -~-i1 . .. -1·, 1 . !1 !J~ · . :Health.Hazard. : HETA s2~2s7-i571 Evaluation· MA.~UFACTURI;•s CHEMISTS 1:,c• -Report . ImlllfMPOLIS., 1:m1A;t~ . .:.:._ - -.- . -·-··-- . ­ .,.. i . .. .,....·... , y ... ~­ PREFACE The Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch of NIOSH conducts ffeld investigatfons of possible hee1th hazards in the workplace•. ·T"ese . investfgatfons are conducted under the authority of Section 20(1)(£) _of the Occupational Saftty and Htalth Act of 1970, 2S U.S.C. 669(1)(6) which_ authorizes the Secretary oJ Health anc! Human Serri~s. following a written request froc any employ,r or au~orfzed representatfve of e11ployees, to · detenrrfne whether any substance·noniilly found 1n the place of elll)loyment has potentfa11y toxi c effects fn ~ch concentrations as uHd ·_or fo1.11d. · ! • · • • ••. : . ..· The Huard Evaluation's and Technical 'Assistance B~anch also· provides, upon request, medical, nursfng, and industrial hygiene technfcal ·and consultative assistance (TA) to Feder1l, state, and local agencies; labor: industry a~d ·other groups or indfvfduals to control occupational health hazards and to prevent related trauiaa and dfsease. · · · ! . I . N@ntfon of cOlffJ)any nar.es or products does not ·constitute endorse11ent by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. _ . ·- ·: . ·;, , ...... ~ ... '•' a HETA 82-257-1571 NIOSH INVESTIGATORS: • MARCH 1985 Tar-Ching Aw, MB MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS INC. Rf chard .L. Stephenson, IH INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Alexander B. Smith, MD Charles J~ Glueck, M.D. I. Sl.MMARY In May 1982, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was requested to evaluate occupational exposure to an aniaal growth-proaoter, zeranol.
    [Show full text]