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Note D'analyse 57 Géopolitique et politique étrangère D. Vandamme Novembre 2017 Note d’analyse 57 Défense de réalité par deux aigles Les ascensions, les high politics et les visions du monde d’Adolf Hitler et de Donald J. Trump sous l’angle du constructivisme Flore Naslin Etudiante, UCL Le Fonds Baillet Latour « Union européenne-Rus- sie » et « Union européenne-Chine » ont été créées dans les années 2000 au sein de l’UCL grâce au Fonds InBev-Baillet Latour. Elles ont pour objectif de stimuler l’étude des rela- tions entre l’Union Européenne, la Russie et la Chine. Les Chaires constituent un pôle de recherche et d’enseignement dont l’objectif est de renforcer l’expertise sur l’action exté- rieure de l’UE, de promouvoir la connaissance de la Chine et de la Russie comme acteurs internationaux et d’étendre la recherche sur les grandes puissances, en particulier les BRICS. Exerçant leurs activités au sein de la Faculté des sciences économiques, sociales, politiques et de communication et de l’Institut de sciences politiques Louvain-Europe, les Chaires collaborent régulièrement avec leurs homologues de la KULeuven. Les recherches du CECRI sont menées au sein de l’Institut de Science politique Louvain-Europe (ISPOLE) de l’Université catholique de Louvain. Elles portent sur la géopolitique, la politique étrangère et l’étude des modes de prévention ou de résolution des crises et des confits. L’analyse des éléments déclencheurs des confits et des ins- truments de leur gestion - sanctions et incitants écono- miques commme moyens de politique étrangère; crises et interventions humanitaires; rôle de la mémoire dans un processus de réconciliation, par exemple - est combinée à l’étude empirique de diférends internationaux et de pro- cessus de paix spécifques. Flore Naslin Défense de réalité par deux aigles : Les ascensions, les high politics et les visions du monde d’Adolf Hitler et de Donald J. Trump sous l’angle du constructivisme Novembre 2017 Direction : Tanguy de Wilde et Tanguy Struye de Swielande. Conception et mise en page du présent numéro : Chloé Daelman. Pour nous contacter : Site Internet : http://www.geopolitique-cecri.org/ Email : [email protected] © Chaire Baillet Latour, programme « Union européenne-Chine », 2017. Flore Naslin est étudiante à l’Université catholique de Louvain. Flore Naslin Table des maTières Introduction .................................................................................................................................3 Chapitre I - Cadre théorique : Le processus de sécurisation .......................................................6 1. Le concept de l’École de Copenhague ..........................................................................6 2. Approfondissement du concept ...................................................................................8 3. Élargissement du champ d’applicaton .........................................................................9 Chapitre II - Les ascensions au pouvoir ....................................................................................10 1. Du Diktat de Versailles à la dictature du IIIe Reich................................................10 A. L’accès à la chancellerie ......................................................................................12 B. Les électons du 5 mars 1933 ..............................................................................14 L’attribution du déclin allemand aux partis weimariens ............................15 Les priorités du NSDAP pour la reconstruction de l’Allemagne ...............18 C. La loi des pleins pouvoirs ....................................................................................21 2. L’ascension de Donald Trump ....................................................................................25 A. Contexte consttutonnel et politque ..................................................................25 B. Discours dans la Rust Belt .................................................................................27 L’attribution du déclin américain au Parti démocrate ................................28 Les priorités pour la reconstruction de l’Amérique....................................31 Chapitre III – Les trois axes des high politics ...........................................................................36 1. Les politques natonalistes ........................................................................................38 A. La sécurisaton de la race aryenne ......................................................................39 Épuration intrinsèque à la race ...................................................................39 Les lois de Nuremberg et la pureté du sang ...............................................40 Extermination des menaces exogènes ........................................................41 B. La sécurisaton de l’American way of life ..........................................................43 La Grande Muraille mexicaine ...................................................................44 Le Muslim Ban ...........................................................................................45 2. Les politques économiques ......................................................................................50 1 Défense de réalité par deux aigles A. L’économie au service de la paix .........................................................................50 B. L’économie au service de la guerre ......................................................................56 3. Les politques étrangères ..........................................................................................59 A. L’impérialisme aryen ..........................................................................................59 La quête pangermaniste d’un espace vital ..................................................60 De l’inclusion des germanophones à celle des Germains ..........................61 Le racialisme ..............................................................................................63 B. Le retranchement américain ...............................................................................66 Les quatre écoles de la politique étrangère américaine ..............................67 Du Jacksonisme teinté d’Hamiltonisme .....................................................69 a. Le revirement envers Bachar Al-Assad .............................................70 b. Le revirement envers la Russie ..........................................................71 c. Le revirement envers l’OTAN ...........................................................75 Chapitre IV - Les visions du monde .........................................................................................78 1. Le Nazisme ...............................................................................................................78 La part d’ombre des Lumières....................................................................79 L’application totalitaire de la Raison ..........................................................80 L’empire aryen pour « Le Meilleur des mondes » ......................................83 2. Du Jacksonisme au pragmatsme économique ............................................................85 Du nationalisme du sang à celui de la culture ............................................86 De la Gemeinschaft à la Gesellschaft .........................................................88 De la destinée manifeste à l’exceptionnalisme américain ..........................90 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................94 Annexe I : Extrait de la Constitution de Weimar ....................................................................100 Annexe II : Les 32 décrets des cent premiers jours de D. J. Trump .......................................101 Annexe III : Tableau comparatif .............................................................................................104 Bibliographie ...........................................................................................................................106 2 Flore Naslin Introduction La campagne électorale américaine qui prit fn le 8 novembre 2016 par l’élection de Donald J. Trump fut décrite par d’aucuns comme étant porteuse d’une rare violence. S’inscrivant dans le sillage de cette idée, Robert Kagan assimila le candidat républicain aux fgures du fascisme dans une tribune du Washington Post parue en mai 2016, et ce, en raison de sa propension à jouer sur les sentiments de la population à l’appui de discours de la peur.1 Or, analysait-t-il, les passions ainsi suscitées ame- nèrent au pouvoir des tyrans qui démantelèrent les démocraties allemandes et italiennes du début du siècle dernier, ce qui l’amena à considérer le futur Président comme une menace pour la démocratie américaine.2 De surcroît, le politologue soulignait l’inconsistance de Trump, qui n’apporterait aucun remède économique et changerait d’avis quotidiennement, ce qui fait écho selon lui à l’incohérence du National-Socialisme allemand.3 Cette accusation de fascisme poursuivra son chemin dans la presse et les médias sociaux, qui retinrent particulièrement l’assimilation à Adolf Hitler. Dès lors, cette note d’analyse se propose d’examiner la pertinence de l’analogie opérée entre le Führer et le Président américain, avec pour question de recherche : dans quelle mesure et selon quels critères peut-on rappro- cher les accessions au pouvoir, les high politics et les
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