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Les Rhizobactéries Des Sols Ultramafiques De Nouvelle

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Les Rhizobactéries Des Sols Ultramafiques De Nouvelle Les rhizobactéries des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Caractérisation, rôle dans l’adaptation des plantes à la contrainte édaphique et interaction avec les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules Alexandre Bourles To cite this version: Alexandre Bourles. Les rhizobactéries des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Caractérisation, rôle dans l’adaptation des plantes à la contrainte édaphique et interaction avec les champignons my- corhiziens à arbuscules. Interactions entre organismes. Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019NCAL0002. tel-02955518 HAL Id: tel-02955518 https://hal-unc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02955518 Submitted on 2 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Ecole doctorale du Pacifique ED469 Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Doctorat ès Science en Biologie des organismes Présenté par Alexandre BOURLES Les rhizobactéries des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie Caractérisation, rôle dans l’adaptation des plantes à la contrainte édaphique et interaction avec les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules Sous la direction de Hamid AMIR et Linda GUENTAS Pour une soutenance prévue le 18 juin 2019 devant le jury composé du : Wafa Achouak, Professeur, Université Aix-Marseille/CEA Rapportrice Lionel Moulin, Directeur de recherche, IRD, UMR IPME Rapporteur Philippe Jourand, Ingénieur de recherche HDR, IRD, LSTM Examinateur Philippe Michaud, Professeur, Université Clermont Auvergne Examinateur Cyrille Goarant, Chercheur HDR, IPNC Examinateur Linda Guentas, MCF, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Encadrante Hamid Amir, Professeur, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Directeur de thèse A ma famille et ma Andréa, pour leurs soutiens et encouragements dans tout ce que j’ai pu entreprendre. « Une nation qui détruit son sol se détruit elle-même » F.D Roosevelt Tetraria comosa sur un site minier après exploitation Remerciements Ce manuscrit de thèse est l’aboutissement de trois années durant lesquelles les rencontres et les échanges ont été nombreux. Il m’est impossible de citer la totalité des personnes ayant contribué à l’aboutissement de ce travail, c’est pourquoi je tiens à m’excuser auprès des personnes déçues de ne pas voir leur nom y figurait. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier mon encadrante Linda Guentas, merci de m’avoir fait confiance depuis bientôt sept ans (Stage de fin de Licence, cela remonte…). C’est toi qui m’a fait découvrir le monde de la recherche et de la microbiologie. C’est en très grande partie grâce à toi si j’en suis arrivé là. Merci pour ton encadrement, ta disponibilité, ta gentillesse et tes conseils Ensuite, un grand merci à Hamid Amir, mon directeur de thèse merci de m’avoir embarqué dans cette aventure, merci pour ta confiance, pour tes conseils, tes nombreuses relectures et plus généralement pour avoir permis que cette thèse se passent dans les meilleures conditions. Merci à Lionel Moulin, Wafa Achouak, Philippe Michaud, Cyrille Goarant et Philippe Jourand d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse et d’évaluer mon travail. Merci aux différents membres de mes comités de suivi, Eric Vidal, Cyrille Goarant, Maelle Molmeret, Philippe Michaud et Philippe Jourand. Vos conseils et les échanges que l’on a pu avoir ont été très précieux. Je remercie tout particulièrement Philippe Jourand, pour l’ensemble des conseils concernant la mise en place des expérimentations, l’analyse des résultats, la rigueur et l’écriture scientifique. Merci également pour ta disponibilité et ta réactivité. Merci à l’ensemble des membres de l’Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées et plus particulièrement aux membres de l’axe Biologie et biomolécules. Merci Valérie (M) pour le support technique, pour tes conseils et tes relectures de mes différents travaux. Merci Clarisse et Yvon pour les nombreux échanges en biologie moléculaire. Merci, Thomas pour les précieux conseils sur les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules. Merci Cyril, pour les sessions récupération de sol sur Plum. Je remercie tout particulièrement Valérie (BS) pour les conseils mais surtout les encouragements tout au long de ce travail. Un grand Merci aux personnels de l’IRD ayant contribués à ce travail : les membres du laboratoire des moyens analytiques (Léo, Jean Louis, Félice, Stéphanie), Laurent Millet, pour les conseils en phylogénie et Farid Juillot pour les analyses des EPS. Je remercie le Dr. Alexis Bazire de m’avoir accueilli au sein du laboratoire de biotechnologie et chimie marines. Merci également à la province Sud de la Nouvelle-Calédonie pour la bourse de thèse et l’accompagnement tout au long de ces trois années. Un merci tout particulier aux deux potes du Foyer Wallisien ; les docteurs Gensous et Chalkiadakis. Merci à toi Simon pour les conseils et la confiance depuis mon stage de master. Merci à toi Left de m’avoir accueilli dans ton laboratoire et pour ton aide et tes conseils concernant le monde merveilleux des EPS. Merci à vous deux également pour vos encouragements tout au long de ce travail. Une pensée pour les différents stagiaires qui m’ont accompagné tout au long de ce travail: Flavie, Gaël, Vanina, Adeline, Léa, Juanita, Alexia, César, Marion. J’espère que tout va bien pour vous et je vous remercie de votre implication et de votre aide. Merci également à Kévin, le rennais pour l’aide en statistiques. Un grand merci à ma « compagnie de thèse » Emmrick, David, Malik, A-Tena pour les moments détentes. Je pense que maintenant on sait ce que cela veut dire Ponérihouen. Egalement une pensée, à tous les potes doctorants rencontrés le long du chemin : Pauline, Aurélie, Jyef, Anthony, Jannaï, Hugo, Amélie, Emilie, Simon, Subama, Cassandre, Cynthia…. Une pensée pour « les vieux » Jacob, William, Joseph et Soane, ainsi que aux grand frères Léo et Jean rencontré tout au long du chemin sur l’université et sur l’IRD, toujours porteurs de conseils et d’encouragements. Un grand merci à « La Bande de Feu » : Léna, Sarah Angélique, Baptiste, Nelly, Rachelle pour les soirées et les sorties du weekend. Un merci également à l’ensemble « des potes » de l’AS Université Futsal, Joe, Azer, Wysh, Jason, Valérian, Greg (Ma César), Wabune, Weda et l’ensemble de l’équipe. Ces entrainements et matchs m’ont toujours permis de décompresser et de penser à autre chose. Je tiens enfin à remercier affectueusement tous les membres de ma famille, qui m’ont à chaque fois apporté « équilibre et sérénité ». Il m’est impossible de tous vous citer. Cependant, je tiens à particulièrement remercier ma sœur Charlotte, toujours à prendre des nouvelles et la maison de Montravel : Ma grand-mère, toujours à l’écoute et porteuse de nombreux conseils, Rudy, toujours dans le délire, Maguy (la gentillesse incarnée), Denise (pour les parties de massacre), merci à vous pour votre soutien sans faille. Je tiens également à remercier ma chérie de m’avoir supportée et soutenue plus particulièrement pendant ces trois années de thèse. Merci pour tes encouragements, ton oreille attentive et ton affection. Tu as été pour moi d’un grand soutien dans la réalisation de ce travail. Pour finir, je tiens à remercier respectueusement mes parents. Je sais bien que je ne le dis pas, mais je ressens une gratitude infinie envers vous. Vous m’avez toujours donné les moyens pour que je puisse réussir. Merci, car sans vous rien de tout cela n’aurait été possible. Oleti Avant-propos Cette thèse de doctorat est le fruit de trois années de travail commencées aux Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement devenu Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA) au sein de l’Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Cette thèse a été financée par le prix d’encouragement de la recherche de la Province Sud. Le contenu de cette thèse est bilingue. L’introduction, la synthèse bibliographique, les introductions aux chapitres et la conclusion sont rédigées en français. Les chapitres présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques soumis à des revues internationales sont rédigés en anglais. Les références bibliographiques sont présentées pour chaque article. La mise en page ainsi que la mise en forme des références bibliographiques peuvent différer selon le journal dans lequel le travail a été soumis. Les références présentées à la fin du manuscrit regroupent, la bibliographie utilisée dans l’introduction générale, le chapitre 1, les introductions aux articles et la conclusion générale. SOMMAIRE Introduction générale .............................................................................................................. 1 1.Chapitre 1 Synthèse Bibliographique ................................................................................. 8 1.1. Les sols ultramafiques ..................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Bactéries et sols ultramafiques ...................................................................................... 10 1.2.1. Toxicité des métaux pour les bactéries ................................................................
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