Personality Theories of Personality “Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.” DR. ARNEL BANAGA SALGADO, Psy.D., PhD (PMHN), Ph.D. (Psychology), Ed.D., Sc.D., RN, PGD H/P No.: 056882733 URL: www.ifeet.org Personal URL: www.arnelsalgado.com Member: Sigma Theta Tau International – Honor Society of Nursing (Constituent No. 1628977) Four major perspectives on Personality Member: American Psychological Association (APA Roll No. 04438162)

Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations Trait - specific dimensions of personality Humanistic - inner capacity for growth Social-Cognitive - influence of environment McGraw-Hill 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 4

Chapters 14 of the required textbook How Personality Develops?

• Freud’s theory gives emphasis on the experiences Introduction to Psychology International Edition of children. He believed childhood events by James Kalat (2010) determine in large measure the type of people we th 9 Edition become as adults. He believed that personality is shaped by early experiences as children pass through a set sequence of psychosexual stages.

DR. ARNEL BANAGA SALGADO, Ed.D., D.Sc., RN, MA, B.Sc, Cert .Ed, MAT (Psychology)

3 (three) hours course delivery

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Psychoanalytic Perspective EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES “first comprehensive theory of personality”

After studying this chapter, you are expected to: University of Vienna 1873 1. define personality; Voracious Reader 2. identify the various perspectives on studying personality; Medical School Graduate 3. discuss some concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory such as instincts and , the id, ego and superego, and the defense mechanisms; (1856-1939) 4. explain how personality develops; 5. distinguish the other psychoanalytic theory of Freud; Specialized in Nervous and Disorders 6. know the current personality theories. Some patients’ disorders

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1 Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud’s Personality Structure “first comprehensive theory of personality” Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives Pleasure Principle Q: What caused neurological symptoms in patients with no Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways neurological problems? Reality Principle Super Ego Hypnosis Unconscious Ego Super Ego - voice of conscience that focuses on how Free Id we ought to behave “”

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The Unconscious Freud & Personality Development “the mind is like an iceberg - mostly hidden” “personality forms during the first few years of life, Conscious Awareness Unconscious rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood” small part above surface below the surface (Preconscious) (thoughts, feelings, Psychosexual Stages wishes, memories) Oral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouth Anal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim. Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex” Repression (Identification & Gender Identity) banishing unacceptable Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormant thoughts & passions to Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others unconscious & Slips Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 8 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 11

Freud & Personality Structure Defense Mechanisms “Personality arises from conflict twixt agressive, Ego Id pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints” When the inner war gets out of hand, the Satisfaction without the ? result is Anxiety Super Ego Ego protects itself via Ego Defense Mechanisms Super Ego Id Defense Mechanisms reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality

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2 Acting out. Not coping ‐ giving in to the pressure to Emotional Insulation. One withdraws from others to misbehave. avoid being hurt. Aim inhibition. Lowering sights to what seems more Identification. Increasing self‐worth by identifying achievable. with well‐known person(s) or institution(s). Passive aggression. avoiding refusal by passive  Attack. Trying to beat down that which is avoidance. threatening you. Projection. The person blames others or attributes Avoidance. Mentally or physically avoiding one’s undesirable desires to others. something that causes distress. Rationalization. One give reasons for failures to Compartmentalization. Separating conflicting protect his self‐worth. thoughts into separated compartments

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 Compensation. One covers up weaknesses by • Reaction‐formation. A person behaves differently emphasizing desirable traits or by making up for from his true desires. frustrations in one area by over gratification in another area. • Regression. Behaving in a manner associated with  Conversion. Subconscious conversion of stress into a lower level of develop physical symptoms. • Repression. Preventing of painful dangerous  Denial of Reality. Protection to oneself from thoughts from entering consciousness. unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it. • Sublimation. One’s frustrated sexual desires are  Displacement. Directing one’s anger or other gratified by substitute non‐sexual activities. emotions/feelings to objects or persons other than those that aroused said emotions/feelings. • Suppression. Consciously holding back unwanted  Dissociation. Separating oneself from parts of your urges. life.

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Fantasy. Escaping reality into a world of possibility. Idealization. Playing up the good points and • Symbolization. Turning unwanted thoughts into ignoring limitations of things desired. metaphoric symbols. Identification. Copying others to take on their • Trivializing. Making small what is really something characteristics. big. Intellectualization. Avoiding emotion by focusing on • Undoing. One atones or counteracts a previous facts and logic. undesirable act. Introjection. Bringing things from the outer world into the inner world.

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3 The Unconscious & Assessment NEO‐FREUDIAN PERSPECTIVES How can we assess personality? (i.e., the unconscious) (1875‐1961) Alfred Adler (1870‐1937) Objective Tests? No - tap the conscious Karen Horney (1855‐1952) Harry Stack Sullivan (1892‐1949) Projective Tests? Yes - tap the unconscious Heinz Hartmann (1894‐1970)

Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT) Rorschach Inkblot Test 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 19 Personality - Arnel Banaga Salgado 22

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective Trait Perspective No hidden personality dynamics… Were Freud’s theories Current research the “best of his time” contradicts just basic personality dimensions or were they simply many of Freud’s incorrect? specific ideas Traits - people’s characteristic behaviors & conscious motives Development does not stop in childhood How do we describe & classify different personalities? (Type A vs Type B or Depressed vs Cheerful?) Slips of the tongue are Dreams may not be likely competing unconscious Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify people “nodes” in memory network drives and wishes based upon responses to 126 questions 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 20 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 23

Freud’s Ideas as Scientific Theory Are There “Basic” Traits?

Theories must explain observations What trait “dimensions” describe personality? and offer testable hypotheses Combination of 2 or 3 Expanded set of factors genetically determined Few Objective Observations Few Hypotheses “The Big 5” dimensions (Freud’s theories based on his recollections & interpretations of patients’ free associations, dreams & slips o’ the tongue) Extraversion/Introversion Emotional Stability/Instability Does Not PREDICT Behavior or Traits 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 21 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 24

4 The Big Five Maslow & Self‐Actualization • Calm/Anxious Emotional Stability Self-Actualization • Secure/Insecure the process of fufilling our potential

• Sociable/Retiring • Studied healthy, creative people Extraversion • Fun Loving/Sober • Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson & Esteem • Imaginative/Practical Eleanor Roosevelt Love Needs Openness • Independent/Conforming • Self-Aware & Self-Accepting Safety • Open & Spontaneous • Soft-Hearted/Ruthless • Loving & Caring Physiological Agreeableness • Trusting/Suspicious • Problem-Centered not Self-Centered • Organized/Disorganized Conscientiousness 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com;• www.ifeet.org Careful/Careless 25 1/5/2021 www.arnelsalgado.com; www.ifeet.org 28

Assessing Traits Roger’s Person‐Centered Perspective How can we assess traits? People are basically good (aim to simplify a person’s behavior patterns) with actualizing tendencies.

Personality Inventories Given the right environmental conditions, we will develop MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) to our full potentials • most widely used personality inventory • assess psychological disorders (not normal traits) Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy • empirically derived - test items selected based upon how well they discriminate between groups Self Concept - central feature of traits of personality (+ or -)

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The Humanistic Perspective Assessing & Evaluating the Self

Maslow’s Roger’s Primarily through questionnaires in which Self-Actualizing Person-Centered ? people report their self-concept. Person Perspective Also by understanding others’ subjective ? personal experiences during therapy “Healthy” rather than “Sick” Individual as greater than the sum of test scores Concepts are vague & subjective. X Assumptions are naïvely optimistic.

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5 Social‐Cognitive Perspective Outcomes of Personal Control Behavior learned through Learned Helplessness conditioning & observation Uncontrollable Perceived Generalized bad events lack of control helpless behavior

What we think about our situation Important Issue affects our behavior • Nursing Homes • Prisons Interaction of •Colleges Environment & Intellect

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Reciprocal Determinism Personal/ Cognitive Factors

Environment Behavior Factors

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Personal Control

Internal Locus of Control You pretty much control your own destiny External Locus of Control Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

Methods of Study • Correlate feelings of control with behavior • Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense of control and noting effects

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