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Research Collection Research Collection Monograph Atomenergie und gespaltene Gesellschaft Die Geschichte des gescheiterten Projektes Kernkraftwerk Kaiseraugst Author(s): Kupper, Patrick Publication Date: 2003 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004459557 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Patrick Kupper Atomenergie und gespaltene Gesellschaft Dieses elektronische Dokument darf nur für private Zwecke genutzt werden. Jede kommerzielle Verwendung i-st illegal. Das Copyright bleibt beim Chronos-Verlag, Zürich. This document may be used for private purposes only. Any commercial use is illegal. Copyrights remain with Chronos-Verlag, Zurich. 2 INTERFERENZEN Studien zur Kulturgeschichte der Technik herausgegeben von David Gugerli Publiziert mit Unterstützung der ETH Zürich und des Schnitter-Fonds für Technikgeschichte 3 Patrick Kupper Atomenergie und gespaltene Gesellschaft Die Geschichte des gescheiterten Projektes Kernkraftwerk Kaiseraugst INTERFERENZEN 3 4 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich im Wintersemester 2002/03 auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. David Gugerli und Prof. Dr. Jakob Tanner als Dissertation angenommen. Lektorat: Anke Hees Umschlag: Fotomontage des KKW Kaiseraugst, 1972, hergestellt von der Motor-Columbus. Im Vordergrund die Autobahn N3. (ArK, R 3.1.7); Foto der Bauplatzbesetzung vom 3. 4. 1975. (ArK, R 25.2.4) © 2003 Chronos Verlag, Zürich ISBN 3-0340-0595-4 5 Inhalt Vorwort 9 Abkürzungen 10 Einleitung 13 Fragestellung 16 Analytisches Konzept 17 Untersuchungszeitraum 19 Forschungsperspektive und Archivmaterial 21 Aufbau der Studie 24 1. Die Entdeckung 27 Die goldenen Jahre der Wasserkraft 28 Die Motor-Columbus am Anfang einer «neuen Ära» 34 Die konventionell-thermischen Kraftwerkprojekte 36 «Kein zweites Kaiseraugst» 38 Motor-Columbus entdeckt die Atomenergie 41 AKW Kaiseraugst: von der Idee zum Projekt 48 Erfahrungsräume und Erwartungshorizonte 52 Die Folgen des konventionell-thermischen Planungsdebakels 59 2. Der Wettlauf 61 Das nationale Umfeld 63 Die Projektarchitektur 67 Problem 1: Der internationale Atommarkt 71 Problem 2: Das heterogene Studienkonsortium 73 Problem 3: Die Konkurrenzsituation in der Schweiz 79 Problem 4: Das Kühlwasser 85 Problem 5: Opposition und Öffentlichkeit 91 Die grosse Ernüchterung 97 Am Rande des Abbruchs 98 Falsche Vorstellungen, hausgemachte Probleme, sozialer Wandel 101 6 3. Die Opposition 105 Erklärungsmuster 105 Die Antiatom- und die Lebensreformbewegung 109 Gewässerschutz und Föderalismus 115 Die Bedeutung der Kühltürme 124 Der Umweltdiskurs 128 Die 1970er Diagnose 131 Atomenergie und die Grenzen des Wachstums 138 Die Umweltbewegung 140 Die alternative Subkultur 145 Anti-AKW-Bewegung und gesellschaftlicher Wandel 150 Oppositionsanalysen und Gegenstrategien der Bauherrin 153 «Systemveränderer» und «ehrlich besorgte Bürger» 163 Die Wirkung des Widerstands 168 4. Der Bundesstaat 171 Die Grundlagen staatlicher Atompolitik 171 Das Atomgesetz von 1959 175 Die Auswirkungen der Förderungspolitik 179 Die Kontroverse und die Desavouierung der Experten 181 Die Überforderung der staatlichen Institutionen 185 Radioaktive Abfälle als neuer Schwerpunkt 191 5. Die Entscheidung 197 Die Jahre des Wartens 1971–1973 197 Stillstand und Hochbetrieb 202 Verhängnisvoller Optimismus 208 Kernkraftwerk Kaiseraugst AG: ein Start mit Problemen 217 Der Wendepunkt: die Bauplatzbesetzung 1975 223 Das Bewilligungsverfahren als Pièce de Résistance 226 6. Der Abbruch 233 Erste Diskussionen um den Projektabbruch 235 «Wir planen nicht ohne Kaiseraugst!» Die Behörden des Bundes 239 Pyrrhussiege im Schatten von Harrisburg 242 Das Schwarzer-Peter-Spiel 248 Gescheiterte Verzichtsgespräche 252 7 Heimliche Strategien und versteckte Interessen 256 Stillstand und Grabenkriege 262 Neuanlauf 265 Tschernobyl 271 Das «Aus für Kaiseraugst» 274 Verhinderte Tschernobyl das AKW Kaiseraugst? 279 Wieso erst 1988/89? 282 Nachspiel: Aurica AG 285 Atomenergie und gespaltene Gesellschaft 289 Dank 299 Bibliografie 301 Register 317 8 9 Vorwort Das Einzige, was man aus der Geschichte lernen könne, sei, dass man aus der Geschichte nichts lernen könne. Unter Berufung auf Friedrich Hegel wird dieses Bonmot beharrlich immer dann angeführt, wenn eine Diskussion auf die Frage kommt, ob die Beschäftigung mit Geschichte einen Nutzen für die Gegenwart erbringen könne. Die betreffende Stelle im Werk des Philosophen lautet allerdings etwas anders. In der Einleitung zu den «Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte» schreibt Hegel: «Was die Erfahrung aber und die Geschichte lehren, ist dies, dass Völker und Regierungen niemals etwas aus der Geschichte gelernt und nach Lehren, die aus derselben zu ziehen gewesen wären, gehandelt haben.»1 Hegel bestreitet also nicht grundsätzlich die Mög- lichkeit aus der Geschichte zu lernen. Ganz im Gegenteil, er tut dies im oben zitierten Satz gleich selbst, indem er mit Blick auf die Geschichte konstatiert, dass die Menschen niemals nach Lehren, die prinzipiell aus der Geschichte zu ziehen gewesen wären, gehandelt haben. Hat die Aussage Hegels heute noch Gültigkeit? Der Gebrauch des Topos «wie die Geschichte lehrt» zeigt, wie oft Geschichte explizit angeführt wird, um Urteile und Handlungen in der Gegenwart zu begründen. Unausgesprochen ist dies sicher noch häufiger der Fall. Tatsächlich wird in unserer Gesellschaft laufend aus der Geschichte gelernt. Die Frage ist nur, was auf welchem Weg gelernt wird. Hier wird nun die Geschichtswissenschaft relevant. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, nicht nur die Vergangenheit professionell zu untersuchen, sondern auch wissenschaftliche Standards für solche Unterfangen festzulegen. Die relevante Frage ist eben nicht, ob wir aus der Geschichte lernen können, sondern, ob die Lehren, die zu allen Zeiten unter Berufung auf die Geschichte gezogen werden, eine Entsprechung in dieser Geschichte haben. Indem die folgende Arbeit die Geschichte des gescheiterten Projektes Kernkraftwerk Kaiseraugst darstellt, setzt sie sich zugleich zum Ziel, wissenschaftliche Grundlagen für einen angemessenen Umgang mit der Geschichte der zivilen Nutzung der Atomener- gie in der Schweiz bereitzustellen. Daraus etwas für Gegenwart und Zukunft zu lernen ist aber eine individuelle und kollektive Anstrengung, die über das Schreiben und Lesen des folgenden Textes hinausgeht. 1 Hegel 1955, S. 19. 10 Abkürzungen AEC Atomic Energy Commission AEG Allgemeine Elektrizitätsgesellschaft AEW Aargauisches Elektrizitätswerk AGS Eidgenössisches Amt für Gewässerschutz AJK Administrativ-juristische Kommission AKS Archiv Kernenergie Schweiz AKW Atomkraftwerk Alusuisse Schweizerische Aluminium AG ArK Archiv Kaiseraugst ArMC Archiv Motor-Columbus ASK Abteilung für die Sicherheit der Kernanlagen (vormals SSA) AT Aargauer Tagblatt ATEL Aare-Tessin AG für Elektrizität AtG Atomgesetz vom 23. 12. 1959 BAR Bundesarchiv BBC AG Brown, Boveri & Cie. BEW Bundesamt für Energiewirtschaft (vormals EAEW) BGB Bauern-, Gewerbe- und Bürgerpartei (später SVP) BIGA Bundesamt für Industrie, Gewerbe und Arbeit BKW Bernische Kraftwerke AG BLZ Basellandschaftliche Zeitung BN Basler Nachrichten BT Badener Tagblatt BWR Boiling Water Reactor (Siedewasserreaktor) CEA Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique CEM Compagnie Electro Mécanique CKW Centralschweizerische Kraftwerke CVP Christdemokratische Volkspartei DSP Direktionssitzungsprotokoll EAEW Eidgenössisches Amt für Energiewirtschaft (später BEW) EAWAG Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz EdF Electricité de France EDI Eidgenössisches Departement des Innern EEK Eidgenössische Energiekommission EGL Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft Laufenburg EIR Eidgenössisches Institut für Reaktorforschung EMD Eidgenössisches Militärdepartement ENHK Eidgenössische Natur- und Heimatschutzkommission ENK Energie Nucléaire de Kaiseraugst 11 EOS SA l’Energie de l’Ouest Suisse ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule EVED Eidgenössisches Verkehrs- und Energiedepartement FDP Freisinnig demokratische Partei FRAMATOM Société Franco Américaine de Constructions Atomiques GAGAK Gewaltfrei Aktion gegen das Atomkraftwerk Kaiseraugst GAK Gewaltfreie Aktion Kaiseraugst GDI Gottlieb-Duttweiler-Institut GE General Electric Company GEK Gesamtenergiekonzeption Getsco General Electric Technical Services Company GVP Generalversammlungsprotokoll HSK Hauptabteilung für die Sicherheit der Kernanlagen (vormals ASK) IGRA Ingenieurgemeinschaft Reaktoranlagen KKB Kernkraftwerk Beznau KKG Kernkraftwerk Gösgen-Däniken AG KKL Kernkraftwerk Leibstadt AG KKM Kernkraftwerk Mühleberg KKW Kernkraftwerk KSA Kommission für die Sicherheit der Kernanlagen KUeR Kommission zur Überwachung der Radioaktivität KWK Kernkraftwerk Kaiseraugst AG KWU Kraftwerk Union LdU Landesring der Unabhängigen LNN Luzerner Neueste Nachrichten MC Motor-Columbus AG MC Ing Motor-Columbus Ingenieurunternehmung MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MWe Megawatt, elektrische Leistung MWt Megawatt, thermische Leistung NAGRA Nationale Gesellschaft für die Lagerung radioaktiver Abfälle NAK Nordwestschweizer Aktionskomitee gegen das Atomkraftwerk Kaiseraugst (später NWA) NAWU Nationalfondsprojekt Wachstum und Umwelt NGA Nationale Gesellschaft zur Förderung der industriellen Atom- technik NOK Nordostschweizerische Kraftwerke AG NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USA) NT Neue Technik NWA Nordwestschweizer Aktionskomitee gegen Atomkraftwerke
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