August/September 2021 NYS Conservationist

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

August/September 2021 NYS Conservationist CConservonservTheThe NewNew YorkYork StateStateaa tionisttionist August-SeptemberAugust-September 20212021 Conservationist Turns75 Conservationist cover April-May 1959 Dear Reader, New York is a special place, o˜ering myriad CONSERVATIONIST opportunities to get outside and enjoy our Volume 76, Number 1 | August/September 2021 unmatched natural resources. From our world- Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor of New York State class °shing destinations to lush forest lands and DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION spectacular high peaks, New˛York’s magni°cent Basil Seggos, Commissioner outdoors have something for adventurers and Erica Ringewald, Deputy Commissioner for Public Affairs nature lovers of all ages, interests, and abilities. Harold Evans, Director of Office of Communication Services For the past 75 years, and even before THE CONSERVATIONIST STAFF there was a Department of Environmental Peter Constantakes, Managing Editor Tony Colyer-Pendas, Assistant Editor Conservation, Conservationist magazine has Megan Ciotti, Business Manager helped connect people to nature and, along the way, inspire countless Jeremy J. Taylor, Editor, Conservationist for Kids readers to become stewards of our environment. This iconic magazine has Rick Georgeson, Contributing Editor also served as a reliable and respected source of information covering the DESIGN TEAM most pressing environmental issues of the day, ranging from combatting Andy Breedlove, Photographer/Designer Jim Clayton, Chief, Multimedia Services climate change to innovative ways to tackle emerging contaminants. Each Mark Kerwin, Art Director/Graphic Designer issue of the Conservationist shares critical information about e˜orts to Robin-Lucie Kuiper, Photographer/Designer protect and conserve our shared environment, inspiring future generations Mary Elizabeth Maguire, Graphic Designer Jennifer Peyser, Graphic Designer of environmentalists. Maria VanWie, Graphic Designer The magazine’s founders understood and appreciated New York’s EDITORIAL OFFICES abundant natural wonders and believed in a shared responsibility to The Conservationist (ISSN0010-650X), © 2021 by NYSDEC, protect˛them. The New York State Conservation Department (DEC’s is an official publication of the New York State Department predecessor) sought a way to spread this conservation message far and of Environmental Conservation published bimonthly at 625 Broadway, 4th Floor, Albany, NY 12233-4502. wide, and reaching New˛Yorkers by means of the magazine was a popular Telephone: (518) 402-8047 and e˜ective way to do just that. The goal was to create a magazine that Manuscripts, photographs and artwork will be accepted if accom- would appeal to a variety of readers by providing outdoor adventurers— panied by SASE. Please write to the above address with an author’s both novice and expert—with the tips of the trade. Seventy-°ve years later, query or to request a Contributor’s Guide. The˜publisher assumes no responsibility for loss or damage of unsolicited˜materials. our e˜orts continue.˛ The magazine has evolved since the °rst issue was published in August TO SUBSCRIBE: $18 per year, $24 for two years, $30 for three years. Outside 1946, just as the DEC itself has evolved to meet the many signi°cant the U.S., add $27 per year with a check drawn on a U.S. bank. and emerging environmental challenges confronting the State, from All˜orders must be prepaid. climate change to contaminants in our air and water to the reckoning of Please allow 6 to 8 weeks for new subscriptions or changes of environmental justice. address. Periodical postage paid at Albany, NY, and additional As we celebrate the magazine’s 75th anniversary, DEC will continue the mailing offices. tradition of educating and inspiring current and future generations of Send check or money order payable to: conservationists by showcasing outdoor adventures, as well as practical Conservationist NYSDEC ideas on how we can enjoy and protect our world and live more˛sustainably. 625 Broadway As the original founders of the Conservationist noted, “It’s your Albany, NY 12233-4502 magazine.” I hope you continue to enjoy it for many years to come. or call: 1-800-678-6399 Visit the Department’s website at: www.dec.ny.gov Best wishes, The New York State Department of Environmental Basil Seggos, Commissioner Conservation does not discriminate on the basis of race, national origin, disability, age, or gender. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Conservationist NYSDEC 625 Broadway PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER. PLEASE RECYCLE THIS ISSUE. Albany, NY 12233-4502 Jajean Rose-Burney See page 24 Mossy Point CONTENTS AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2021 | VOLUME 76, NUMBER 1 DEPARTMENTS 2 The Founder’s Story 18 Striped Bass – BY STEVEN L. ARBAUGH Researching and Reeling in New York 12 On Patrol Conservationist 6 State’s Saltwater Fish Turns 75 BY CAITLIN CRAIG, Brief y BY RICK GEORGESON JUSTIN˜PELLEGRINO, 28 ANDREW˜SINCHUK, & Letters 10 It’s Your Magazine STEPHANIE REKEMEYER 30 BY ORIGINAL & CURRENT EDITORS 22 Species Spotlight: Northern harrier 32 Back Trails From Dreams 11 BY CONSERVATIONIST STAFF 28 to Realty 12 BY PERRY B. DURYEA 24 DEC Partners with 12 Land Trusts to Protect A Fishing Journal – Public Drinking Water 12 14 30 Making a Difference BY KRISTIN MARTINEZ 28 BY ROY BILBY 30 12 30 28 30 18 FRONT COVER: Reprint from Conservationist April-May 1959, Wayne Trimm; BACK˜COVER:˜The Staghorn Cli°s on Skaneateles Lake, Finger Lakes Land Trust 18 12 BY STEVEN L. ARBAUGH As the Conservationist celebrates 75 years of continuous publication, its sta˜ thought it appropriate that I share the story of my grandfather, the man whose vision is responsible for the magazine’s very existence. Even though the name Clayton Seagears no longer appears on the masthead, his legacy is worthy of recognition, and I am honored to contribute to this milestone 75th anniversary issue with the founder’s story. 2 New York State Conservationist AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2021 Clayt, as he was known, was born A self-taught artist, Clayt did much in Bloomingburg (Sullivan County), commercial work, and later specialized and studied zoology and journalism in wildlife and outdoor subjects. His at the University of Michigan. After writing and illustrations can be found graduating in 1924, he remained on throughout the Conservationist, from campus as an instructor in Economic its founding until his retirement in Conservation and Vertebrate Zoology. 1962. He also did many illustrations Shortly after his stint at Michigan, for the Department, including a he joined the Orange Independent promotional poster for Mt. Van Corporation, a newspaper publishing Hovenberg and a map of New York °rm. He wrote sports and outdoor State that highlighted the “world’s columns and did general illustrating; largest state system for public at one point, he was syndicated in 127 recreation and conservation.” newspapers with a cartoon feature Clayt’s reputation as a writer and called The Inside on the Outdoors. Clayt conservationist was widespread, left that job in 1937 to join the New and his expertise was sought by other York State Conservation Department organizations. I found an article (a predecessor to DEC) as a Game that he wrote and illustrated, Research Investigator. So You Want To Trap Clayt was a special and highly a Fox, published in talented man—a gifted writer, artist, the November 1945 and naturalist. A few years after joining issue of the Iowa the Conservation Department, he was Conservationist. The promoted to the position of Director article was an excerpt of the Division of Conservation from his book, The Education, and in 1946, he founded the Fox in New York, Conservationist magazine. I’m sure Clayt was proud of his work, as he kept every single issue of the Conservationist at his house at the North Woods Club in the Adirondacks. That collection still exists to this day, completely intact. I remember entertaining myself by thumbing through many pages when I was lucky enough to visit him and my grandmother when I was young. Clayt Seagears, a gifted artist who created Conservationist magazine in 1946. AUGUST/SEPTEMBER 2021 New York State Conservationist 3 which was published by the New as I chased trout on the rivers and York State Conservation Department streams of New York, Michigan, and in 1944. Idaho. His illustrations and writings on In the heart of the Adirondacks, wildlife and conservation appeared we were surrounded by all kinds of in a variety of publications famous wildlife at the Club. Clayt kept a large in their day: Collier’s, The Saturday container of corn kernels to feed the Evening Post, American Gun, The resident deer that enjoyed a placid Hunter’s Encyclopedia, Field and and carefree life around the Club Stream, and Outdoors Unlimited. grounds, and one doe in particular One of the highlights of Clayt’s career stood out. Her name was Princess. occurred in 1953, when his artwork She was not shy, and would come won the national competition for around almost every day looking for a the annual Federal Migratory Bird handout. We fed her corn by hand, which Hunting and Conservation Stamp. always delighted and amazed me. Over two million stamps featuring his Around the time of Thanksgiving The INSIDE on the OUTDOORS ink wash drawing of °ve Blue-Winged one year, Clayt asked me if I would """- Teals taking wing (which he called, like to try my hand at deer hunting. I “Early Express”) were produced. thought, “what the heck,” and bundled Clayt also contributed many up for a trek through the snow in illustrations for a 900+ page search of my °rst deer. After a short book titled, The Ru˜ed Grouse: walk, I happened upon fresh tracks Life History, Propagation and in the snow, and like any °rst-time Management. First published in 1947 deer hunter, my heart rate increased by the New York State Conservation and I found the moment exhilarating. Department, it is still considered the With eyes °xed upon the trail and “Grouse Bible” by many hunters, heart pounding, I trudged through the as no other publication is as snow, following the tracks.
Recommended publications
  • Design and Implementation of a Quadruped Amphibious Robot Using Duck Feet
    robotics Article Design and Implementation of a Quadruped Amphibious Robot Using Duck Feet Saad Bin Abul Kashem 1,*, Shariq Jawed 2 , Jubaer Ahmed 2 and Uvais Qidwai 3 1 Faculty of Robotics and Advanced Computing, Qatar Armed Forces—Academic Bridge Program, Qatar Foundation, 24404 Doha, Qatar 2 Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, 93350 Sarawak, Malaysia 3 Faculty of Computer Engineering Signal and Image Processing Qatar University, 24404 Doha, Qatar * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 April 2019; Accepted: 27 August 2019; Published: 5 September 2019 Abstract: Roaming complexity in terrains and unexpected environments pose significant difficulties in robotic exploration of an area. In a broader sense, robots have to face two common tasks during exploration, namely, walking on the drylands and swimming through the water. This research aims to design and develop an amphibious robot, which incorporates a webbed duck feet design to walk on different terrains, swim in the water, and tackle obstructions on its way. The designed robot is compact, easy to use, and also has the abilities to work autonomously. Such a mechanism is implemented by designing a novel robotic webbed foot consisting of two hinged plates. Because of the design, the webbed feet are able to open and close with the help of water pressure. Klann linkages have been used to convert rotational motion to walking and swimming for the animal’s gait. Because of its amphibian nature, the designed robot can be used for exploring tight caves, closed spaces, and moving on uneven challenging terrains such as sand, mud, or water.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Reptiles of the Past and Present the Univeesity of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois
    WATER REPTILES OF THE PAST AND PRESENT THE UNIVEESITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Agrttts THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON AND EDINBURGH THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO KARL W. HIERSEMANN LEIPZIG THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK WATER REPTILES OF THE PAST AND PRESENT BY Samuel Wendell Williston Professor of Paleontology in the University of Chicago 3) 6 I THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 4 Copyright 1914 by The University of Chicago All Rights Reserved Published October 191 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. : PREFACE It was just forty years ago that the writer of these lines, then an assistant of his beloved teacher, the late Professor B. F. Mudge, dug from the chalk rocks of the Great Plains his first specimens of water reptiles, mosasaurs and plesiosaurs. To the youthful col- lector, whose first glimpse of ancient vertebrate life had been the result of accident, these specimens opened up a new world and diverted the course of his life. They were rudely collected, after the way of those times, for modern methods were impracticable with the rifle in one hand and the pick in the other. Nor was much known in those days of these or other ancient creatures, for the science of vertebrate paleontology was yet very young. There were few students of fossil vertebrates—Leidy, Cope, and Marsh were the only ones in the United States—and but few collectors, of whom the writer alone survives. Those broken and incomplete specimens, now preserved in the museum of Yale University, will best explain why this little book was written.
    [Show full text]
  • Beached Bird Guide for Northern Lake Michigan
    Beached Bird Guide for Northern Lake Michigan Prepared by Common Coast Research & Conservation In association with the Grand Traverse Bay Botulism Network © 2008 Common Coast Research & Conservation How to use this guide This guide was developed to aid with the field identification of the most common waterbird species implicated in botulism E die-offs on northern Lake Michigan. The guide is not intended to be a comprehensive treatment of all species you may encounter in the field. For birds not treated in this guide please document with photographs and/or submit carcasses to the nearest Michigan Department of Natural Resources Field Office for identification and/or testing for botulism (see manual). The emphasis of this guide is on differences in bill structure among the various waterbird species. The bill plates are drawn to actual size - we recommend laminating the guide for use in the field. Placing the bills of unknown species directly on the plates will facilitate identification. Please keep in mind some variation among individuals is to be expected. Photographs of unknown species are helpful for later identification. Bird Topography tarsus crown bill (upper and lower mandibles) foot bill margin cheek throat wing coverts (lesser) secondaries webbed foot lobed foot primaries (loons, ducks, gulls) (grebes) Loons and Grebes Birds with dagger-like bills Description: Adult Common Loon bill large, dagger-like, mandible edges smooth feet webbed tarsus narrow, flat Plumage variation (adult vs. juvenile): Look at wing coverts: Adult – well-defined white "windows" (see photo) Juvenile - lacks defined white "windows" Similar species: Red-throated Loon – bill smaller (rarely found) Red-necked Grebe – feet lobed, bill smaller Description: Red-throated Loon bill dagger-like, slightly upturned, mandible edges smooth feet webbed tarsus narrow, flat Similar species: Common Loon - larger; bill heavier, not upturned Red-necked Grebe – feet lobed , bill yellowish NOTE: Rarely encountered.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 October.Indd
    artwork by Steven D’Amato Volume 46 #2 October 2012 A Gift of the Morning by Larry Tobiska, Wenatchee One morning in the early summer, I was sculling up torn from its struggles. Suddenly the line tightened and the Columbia River along the west shore just above squeezed the duck as if to cut through it. I realized that the confl uence of the Wenatchee and Columbia Rivers. as the boat drifted downstream the line was tightening It was a storybook morning with calm conditions and around the desperate bird because the line was caught on golden light of the new sun on the river. Geese and ducks the bottom of the river. The duck was being constricted and swam cautiously away or occasionally took to fl ight as dragged out of the boat and back into the river. Quickly, I I approached. I felt I was part of the scene as the craft rowed a few strokes upstream and attempted to maintain responded to my pull on the oars. my position off the bank and over the place where the line Moving along about fi fty feet from the shore I noticed a was embedded while I tried to disentangle the struggling duck that seemed to swim away and then dive beneath young duck. I lifted it and bit the fi shing line with my the surface. As I approached, the duck reappeared and teeth while holding the boat steady with one hand on both again seemed to dive; but something was wrong. The duck oars. Finally I was able to bite through the line.
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeoplethodon Hispaniolae Gen
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae gen. n., sp. n. (Amphibia: Caudata), a fossil salamander from the Caribbean Palaeodiversity 8: 21–29; Stuttgart 30 December 2015. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1f381770 Authors Wake, David B Poinar, George Publication Date 2021-06-28 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Palaeodiversity 8: 21–29; Stuttgart 30 December 2015. 21 Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae gen. n., sp. n. (Amphibia: Caudata), a fossil salamander from the Caribbean GEORGE POINAR JR. & DAV I D B. WAKE Abstract A salamander hatchling, Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae gen. n., sp. n. (Amphibia: Caudata), is described from Dominican Republic amber. While physical features align the fossil with members of the family Plethodontidae, the short forelimb with the foot lacking distinct digits and the long hind limb with elongated foot and strongly fused digits, as well as its presence in 15–40 mya Dominican amber, distinguish the fossil from previously described sal- amanders. The apparent 13–14 costal grooves and strongly webbed digits are characters shared with members of the extant plethodontid genus Bolitoglossa PETERS, 1879, the most speciose genus of Neotropical salamanders. This is the first salamander recovered from any amber source and the first undisputed salamander reported from the Caribbean region. K e y w o r d s : Salamander, fossil, Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae, Caudata, Plethodontidae, Dominican amber. 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods Over the years, remains of frogs, lizards, birds and The salamander fossil originated from an amber mine mammals have been found in various amber depos- in the northern mountain range (Cordillera Septentrional) its around the world, but no salamanders have ever been of the Dominican Republic between Puerto Plata and San- reported (POINAR 1992; POINAR & POINAR 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Updating the Natural Science Exhibits at the Maria Mitchell Association, Nantucket, MA
    Updating the Natural Science Exhibits at the Maria Mitchell Association, Nantucket, MA An Interactive Qualifying Report submitted to faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science. By Molly Congdon, Alex Tutone, & Victoria Valencia Dated December 19, 2008 Submitted to: Dr. Michael B. Elmes Worcester Polytechnic Institute Nantucket Project Center Dr. Janet Schulte & Dr. Bob Kennedy Maria Mitchell Association Abstract This report, prepared for the Maria Mitchell Association, explored ways to update the existing exhibits and increase kindergarten through fifth grade visitation to the Natural Science Museum. The current exhibits were evaluated based on content and aspects of exhibit design. We developed and modified six interactive prototypes regarding erosion and bird adaptations. By working together with local schools, we determined key obstacles preventing class visitation. Through our analysis of surveys, observations, and interviews we developed recommendations for the Association. Authorship Every aspect of this report was written and edited by all three members of the group. Molly Congdon contributed heavily in the planning and scheduling of many logistics within the project, with help from Victoria Valencia. For most interviews with teachers, Victoria represented the group as lead interviewer, while Molly and Alex took notes and made sure the interview went along smoothly. While building prototypes, each group member was in charge of a couple of prototypes. Molly not only conceptualized how to do the Erosion Book, but also did most of its construction. Victoria oversaw the building and presentation of the Bird Feet Adaptation prototype, while Alex built and managed the various Bird Beak Adaptation prototypes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Behaviour of the White-Backed Duck
    White-backed Duck Behaviour 71 The behaviour of the White-backed Duck A. C LARK Introduction up instantly when a Marsh Harrier Circus These observations on the White-backed ranivorus flies near, or move away from Duck Thalassomis leuconotus were under­ an approaching Coot Fulica cristata. taken to check and extend those which Maccoa, Southern Pochard Netta erythro- Johnsgard (1967) made on captive birds, phthalma and Red-billed Pintail Anas because of the apparent lack o f informa­ erythroryncha have also been seen tion on this species in the wild. They amongst the White-backed Duck. Often were made on ducks which were present when disturbed from their sleep the latter for varying periods at three dams and one push their heads up and will often Wing- natural pan situated in the vicinity of the flap. The sequence, Nibbling - preen, Witwatersrand, Transvaal, South Africa. Shake and Wing-flap is not unusual at The waters were relatively shallow, with this time and Leg-wave, Wing-and-leg- maximum depths varying from two to six stretch and Head-scratch may also be seen. feet. Although sedges and other aquatic The break up of sleeping parties takes plants provided suitable nesting sites, no place gradually. Single birds or small breeding took place during the period of groups will leave and go on their way to observation, i.e. July 1968 to April 1969. feed. Flights just above the water surface The names of the various comfort move­ for distances of ten feet to fifty yards are ments described are taken from M c­ occasionally taken.
    [Show full text]
  • (Webbed) Fossil Tracks; Insights from Finite Element Modelling
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225683305 Reinterpretation of palmate and semi-palmate (webbed) fossil tracks; insights from finite element modelling Article in Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · January 2009 DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.011 · Source: OAI CITATIONS READS 49 131 4 authors, including: Peter Lewis Falkingham Lee Margetts Liverpool John Moores University The University of Manchester 74 PUBLICATIONS 547 CITATIONS 110 PUBLICATIONS 481 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Phillip L Manning College of Charleston 91 PUBLICATIONS 1,062 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Geometric Mechanics of Solids View project ARCHER RAP e347 View project All content following this page was uploaded by Peter Lewis Falkingham on 17 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 271 (2009) 69–76 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Reinterpretation of palmate and semi-palmate (webbed) fossil tracks; insights from finite element modelling Peter L. Falkingham a,⁎, Lee Margetts a,b, Ian M. Smith c, Phillip L. Manning a,d a University of Manchester,
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Behavior from Early Cretaceous Bird Tracks and the Morphology of Bird Feet and Trackways
    INTERPRETING BEHAVIOR FROM EARLY CRETACEOUS BIRD TRACKS AND THE MORPHOLOGY OF BIRD FEET AND TRACKWAYS By ©2009 Amanda Renee Falk B.S., Lake Superior State University, 2007 Submitted to the Department of Geology and the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Kansas In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Advisory Committee: ______________________________ Co-Chairman: Stephen T. Hasiotis ______________________________ Co-Chairman: Larry D. Martin ______________________________ J. F. Devlin Date Defended: September 15th, 2009 The thesis committee for Amanda R. Falk certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: INTERPRETING BEHAVIOR FROM EARLY CRETACEOUS BIRD TRACKS AND THE MORPHOLOGY OF BIRD FEET AND TRACKWAYS Advisory Committee: ____________________________ Stephen T. Hasiotis, Chairman ____________________________ Larry D. Martin, Co-Chairman ____________________________ J. F. Devlin Date approved: _ September 15th, 2009_ ii ABSTRACT Amanda R. Falk Department of Geology, September 2009 University of Kansas Bird tracks were studied from the Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation in South Dakota, USA, and the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, South Korea. Behaviors documented from the Lakota Formation included: (1) a takeoff behavior represented by a trackway terminating in two subparallel tracks; (2) circular walking; and (3) the courtship display high stepping. Behaviors documented from the Haman Formation included: (1) a low-angle landing in which the hallux toe was dragged; (2) pecking and probing behaviors; and (3) flapping-assisted hopping during walking. The invertebrate trace fossil Cochlichnus was associated the avian tracks from the Lakota Formation. No traces of pecking or probing were associated with Cochlichnus. The invertebrate trace fossils Cochlichnus, Arenicholites, and Steinichnus were found associated the bird tracks from the Haman Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Processes Underlying the Evolution of a Derived Foot Morphology in Salamanders
    Developmental processes underlying the evolution of a derived foot morphology in salamanders Martin Jaekel† and David B. Wake‡ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160 Contributed by David B. Wake, October 26, 2007 (sent for review October 3, 2007) Interdigital webbing has evolved repeatedly in tropical salamanders (bolitoglossines). This derived foot morphology is only one of many homoplastic traits in this diverse amphibian clade. Indeed, few if any morphological traits sort lineages within this clade. We investigate the processes underlying the homoplastic evolution of morphological characters in these salamanders by analyzing selective and develop- mental processes that generate interdigital webbing. We show that a pedomorphic developmental change generates the new foot mor- phology and that pedomorphosis affects a number of morphological traits, thus creating a developmental correlation among them. This correlation among traits is maintained across most species, thus facilitating the repeated evolution of traits. Although we find evi- dence that the changes in foot morphology are adaptive in one species, the evolution of webbing in all other species does not carry Fig. 1. Two measures to quantify the amount of interdigital webbing. (a) an adaptive signature. The new foot morphology therefore evolves Amount of webbing measured as a ratio of two distances mt and r. mt is taken repeatedly, even in the apparent absence of a direct selective from the base of the metatarsal to the tip of digit 3 (dt3) and r from the advantage. metatarsal to the edge of the skin between dt2 and dt3 (8). (b) Amount of webbing measured as the sinuosity of the foot.
    [Show full text]
  • Splinting Avian Fractures
    SPLINTING AVIAN FRACTURES Rebecca Duerr D V M M PV M International Bird Rescue Research Center Cordelia, CA © 2004, 2010: 2nd Edition, Rebecca Duerr. All drawings and images are by the author unless otherwise marked. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page • Considerations for wild bird care 2 • Glossary of terms 2 • Physical examination 3 • Before beginning the splint 4 • Compound fractures 5 • Prognoses of typical fractures 6 • The avian skeleton 10 • Examining the wing for possible fractures 11 • Splinting fractures of the wing: Humerus or radius/ulna fractures with support 12 • Splinting fractures of the wing: Metacarpal fractures with support 14 • Metacarpal wrap 15 • Calcium supplementation for fractured birds 15 • Slit wing wrap 16 • Examining the leg for possible fractures 17 • Splinting the femur: To immobilize prior to surgery or as the only treatment 18 • Tibiotarsus: making the splint 20 • Tibiotarsus: applying the splint 21 • Splinting the tarsometatarsus 22 • Splinting the foot—applying a shoe 23 • Mallards: walking/swimming splint for tarsometatarsus fractures 25 1 Considerations for wild bird care Treating wild birds with fractures requires the consideration of a number of factors that are not issues in treating domestic pets. First and foremost, each bird must be fit to be released when healed; even with raptors, available placement for disabled birds is a rare thing. It is even difficult to place charismatic species such as eagles. Consequently, reality (and usually rehabilitation licensing) dictates that a bird with an injury that will render it unable to fly or forage should be humanely euthanized. It is both illegal and inhumane to keep most wild birds as pets.
    [Show full text]
  • Page Numbers in Italic, Eg 153, Refer to Figures
    Index Page numbers in italic, e.g. 153, refer to figures. Page numbers in bold, e.g. 321, signify entries in tables. Aetosaurus ferratus 26 brachiopatagium Agadirichnus elegans 321,322-323 Azhdarchidae (indet.) 249-250 air diverticulae see pneumatization Crato Formation 250 Angustinaripterus 144, 177 Rhamphorhynchus muensteri 238,240-246 Anhanguera 123-124 Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone 234, 235-346 pectoral girdle 191-215 thermoregulation 256-259 inferred myology 201-208 Brazil osteological correlates 193-197 Crato Formation 56, 65-72, 234-235,247-250 Anhanguera blittersdorffi, skull 153 Nova Olinda Member 56-63 Anhanguera piscator 122-123 Santana Formation 234-235 Anhanguera santanae, skull 251 bone histovariability 335-342 Anhangueridae 123 Breviquartossa, definition, content, synapomorphies scapulocoracoid 73-77 155-156 ankle and pes, Triassic genera 37-39 Anurognathidae 107-111,176 Caelidracones, definition, content, synapomorphies Anurognathus ammoni 152-153, 176 152-153 phalanges 176 Campylognathoides 115-116 Ap6n Formation, Venezuela, Early Cretaceous 73-77 caudal vertebrae 18 "Araripesaurus" 178 jugal 9 Araripesaurus castilhoi 145 pectoral girdle 191-215 Archaeopterodactyloidea, definition, content, inferred myology 198-201,203-208 synapomorphies 117-119 osteologicai correlates 197 Araripe Basin, Brazil, Santana Formation 234-235 Campylognathoides liasicus Arizona, Morrison Formation 45-46 skull 152 Asiaticognathidae 107, 111-112 wing ratios 19 astragalus 37 Campylognathoididae 176 Austria, Tyrol, Eudimorphodon cf. ranzii 5-22
    [Show full text]