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Dua Metode Utama REPUBLIKA Teraju SELASA, 12 JULI 2011 23 FORMULA PENGHITUNGAN KURSI Berhitung Kursi DA’AN YAHYA/REPUBLIKA SECARA FAIR Semakin kuat upaya mengganti Metode Kuota dengan Metode Divisor. DUA METODE UTAMA ormula elektoral digunakan untuk mendistribusikan suara dalam Oleh Harun Husein lai selalu menciptakan bias. demikian, sedikit berbeda dengan sistem proporsional, baik proporsional daftar (List PR) maupun Partai Golkar dan Partai Keadil - Largest Remainder (Hare quota) single transferable vote (STV). Selain dalam sistem proporsional, an Sejahtera, adalah pengusung Me- pada Pemilu 2004 dan 2009. F juga digunakan dalam sistem campuran (mixed), seperti sistem uara dalam pemilu bo - to de Divisor. Golkar dengan Me tode Partai Demokrat menghendaki mixed member proportional (MMP) maupun sistem paralel. Tapi, khusus leh sama. Tapi, bila me - Divisor varian D'Hondt, dan PKS de- penghitungan cukup dua tahap. Ta - pada sistem campuran ini, formula electoral itu hanya digunakan untuk tode penghitungannya ngan Metode Divisor varian Sainte- hap pertama, suara dihitung dengan menghitung kursi pada sistem proporsionalnya. Seperti di Jerman, yang ber beda, hasilnya pun Lague/Webster. Cara kerja D'Hondt kuota (BPP) penuh. Pada peng - menggunakan MMP (FPTP & List PR), formula electoral hanya digunakan bi sa berbeda. Dan, bila dan Sainte-Lague ini sama belaka. hitung an tahap II, suara ditarik ke untuk menghitung kursi yang dibagi lewat sistem proporsional, sedan- S hasil yang berbeda itu Yang berbeda hanya pada besaran provinsi, dan kursi dibagi dengan gkan untuk sistem fist past the post (FPTP), tetap menggunakan logika adalah jumlah kursi, bilangan pembagi tetap (BPT)-nya. BPP baru. Jika kursi belum habis penghitungan sistem mayoritas/pluralitas. mak hluk yang diimpi-impikan D'Hondt mempunyai BPT ber- terbagi, barulah kursi dibagi secara Formula elektoral ini, terbagi ke dalam dua kategori dasar. Yaitu, sebagian besar politikus, maka per- nomor serial 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dan se te - ranking dengan sisa suara ter- Metode Kuota dan Divisor (highest average). Metode kuota, ditandai soalannya tentu saja menjadi serius. rus nya. Sedangkan, Sainte-Lague banyak (largest remainder). dengan penggunaan bilangan pembagi pemilih (BPP) yang membagi Tak heran, bila metode penghi- ber nomor serial 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, dan se - Sejatinya, ada tiga tahap peng- jumlah total suara sah dengan jumlah kursi yang dialokasikan di distrik tung an suara menjadi kursi, itu, terusnya.Atau, Sainte-Lague mo - hitungan pada usulan Demokrat ini. atau daerah pemilihan tertentu, dan selalu memiliki sisa suara yang men jadi arena pertempuran seru no- difikasi, dengan deret BPT dimulai Karena, pembagian kursi dengan memerlukan penghitungan tahap berikutnya untuk sisa suara/sisa kursi, mor tiga dalam pembahasan RUU dari 1,4 dilanjutkan 3, 5, 7, 9, dan ranking sisa suara terbanyak, yaitu dengan metode Largest Remainder. Sedangkan, Metode Divisor, Pe milu. Dua fron lainnya adalah soal seterusnya. sesungguhnya merupakan sebuah adalah dengan memberi bilangan pembagi tertentu yang sudah fixed. ambang batas parlemen (parliamen - Angka-angka yang berasal dari tahap pula. Penelisikan Republika, Pada Metode divisor ini, tak dikenal BPP maupun sisa suara, sebab tary threshold) dan besaran daerah pakar matematika ini bukan tanpa UU No 12/2003 tentang Pemilu suara langsung diranking dan dibagi. pemilihan (district magnitude). makna serius. Berdasarkan kajian Legislatif, menamai ranking sisa Selain itu, ada pula metode ketiga, yang biasa dikategorikan sebagai Ketiga ketentuan ini punya im - dan pengalaman sejumlah negara, suara itu sebagai tahap. Namun, metode lain-lain. Berikut metode-metode itu: pli kasi terhadap jumlah kursi yang deret D'Hondt lebih menguntung- dihilangkan pada UU No 10/2008. akan diraih partai-partai dalam pe - kan partai besar, serta partai-partai Metode Largest Remainder (Hare mi lu. Dan tentu saja, menentukan yang kuat di basis tertentu. Sedang - quota), lazimnya memang dua 1. METODE DIVISOR (HIGHEST AVERAGE): ek sistensi partai itu di masa men- kan, Sainte-Lague lebih ramah tahap. Tahap per tama penghitungan ● D'Hondt datang. kepada partai menengah. dengan kuota, selanjutnya dengan Dengan metode ini, suara yang diraih setiap partai dibagi Bila tak lolos parliamentary Wakil Sekjen Golkar, Nurul Ari - ranking sisa suara. UU No 3/1999 berdasarkan angka serial: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan seterusnya. thres hold, semua suara yang seha - fin, mengatakan Golkar telah tentang Pemilu, kendati tak menye- rus nya bisa terkonversi menjadi melakukan simulasi penerapan but istilah tahap, sesungguhnya ● Sainte Laguë (Murni) kursi, menjadi tak bermakna. Kare - D'Hondt. Dan, dia mengakui partai- sama belaka dengan UU No 12/2003 Dengan metode ini, suara yang diraih setiap partai dibagi na, sebelum penghitungan dimulai, partai kecil yang mengandalkan sisa yang diterapkan pada Pemilu 2004. berdasarkan angka serial: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, dan seterusnya. partai itu sudah di-exclude alias tak suara untuk meraup kursi, habis. Yaitu sama-sama dua tahap. diikutkan. "Tapi ini kan lebih adil. Karena, se - Dengan usulannya itu, Partai De - ● Sainte Laguë (Modifikasi) Besaran dapil, juga menentukan. ha rusnya partai yang memperoleh mokrat memang masih diuntungkan. Dengan metode ini, suara yang diraih setiap partai dibagi Karena semakin sedikit jumlah kur si sua ra terbanyak, dialah yang mem - Bila diterapkan pada Pemilu 2009 berdasarkan angka serial: 1.4, 3, 5, 7, 9, dan seterusnya. Metode ini yang dialokasikan untuk sebuah da - per oleh kursi terbanyak juga." lalu, kursi Demokrat melejit hingga lebih umum digunakan ketimbang Sainte Lague murni. pil (dapil kecil), maka semakin ke cil Apalagi, kata Nurul, "Kita kan 171, atau naik 23. Saat ini, di Sena- peluang partai kecil meraih kursi. mau penyederhanaan partai. Mau yan, Demokrat mempunyai 148 kursi. ● Danish Sebaliknya, semakin besar da pil, konsisten dengan sistem presiden- Sementara itu, partai menengah- Dengan metode ini, suara yang diraih setiap partai dibagi semakin besar pula peluang partai sial. Yaa, sudahlah. Di mana-mana bawah seperti PAN, PPP, Hanura, berdasarkan angka serial: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, dan seterusnya. Metode menengah-kecil mendapatkan kursi. demokrasi ada ongkosnya." dan Gerindra, cenderung pada ini disebut Danish Method, karena hanya digunakan di Denmark. Tak heran bila besaran dapil metode Largest Remainder (Hare Simpel kerap diistilahkan sebagai ambang quota) seperti yang diterapkan 2. METODE KUOTA: batas terselubung (hidden thresh- Metode Divisor ini memang lebih dalam Pemilu 2004 silam. Hanya ● Hare old). Partai-partai besar berupaya simpel. Tak ada bilangan pembagi ada dua tahap penghitungan, dan Hare quota adalah penghitungan dengan rumus: total jumlah suara memperkecilnya. Golkar dan PDIP pemilih (BPP) dan sisa suara, yang sisa suara dihabiskan di dapil. sah dibagi dengan total jumlah kursi yang harus diisi. misalnya menawarkan range 3-6 mem buat penghitungan berbelit- Berdasarkan berbagai kajian, dan 3-7. Sedangkan, partai-partai belit––seperti lima tahap penghi - me tode ini memang menguntungkan ● Droop menengah menghendaki angka tung an pada Pemilu 2009 lalu. partai menengah-kecil, dan cende - Droop quota adalah penghitungan dengan rumus: (total suara besar, yaitu 3-10. Dalam Metode Divisor, apapun va - rung merugikan partai besar. Inilah sah/jumlah kursi + 1) + 1. Bagaimana dengan metode peng - riannya, penghitungannya hanya pula salah satu alasan, partai-partai hitungan? Bergantung metodenya. sekali, dan kelar. Dijamin tak akan besar menciptakan berbagai 'tam- ● Imperiali Bila yang dipilih adalah metode ada sisa suara dan sisa kursi. bahan' di UU Pemilu menjelang Imperiali quota adalah penghitungan dengan membagi total jumlah yang menguntungkan partai-partai Jika diterapkan pada hasil Pe - Pemilu 2009, yang membuat suara sah + 2 atau lebih kursi yang harus diisi. besar, maka instrumen ini pun milu 2009, Wakil Ketua Fraksi PKS, penghitungan menjadi lima tahap berfungsi sebagai hidden threshold. Agoes Poernomo mengatakan, par- (Lihat Demi Keadilan Atas Nama 3. METODE LAIN-LAIN (OTHERS) Sebaliknya, bila metode itu meng - tai-partai besar seperti Golkar, Proporsionalitas di hlm 24-25). ● Hagenbach-Bischoff un tungkan partai kecil-menengah, PDIP, dan Demokrat, rata-ra ta men - Persoalannya, bila pertarungan Metode ini merupakan varian dari Droop quota. Metode ini menggu- kursi partai besar lah yang 'tercuri'. dapat tambahan 20-30 kursi. Par tai metode penghitungan ini semata nakan Droop quota untuk penghitungan tahap awal, dan menggu- Dalam soal metode penghitung - menengah seperti PKB yang kuat di menang-menangan, tentu tak akan nakan D’Hondt untuk pendistribusian sisa kursi kepada partai, an ini, ada empat usulan utama Jawa Timur, juga diuntungkan. ada ujung-pangkalnya. Sudah saat - dimulai dari sisa suara terbesar. yang berkembang di Badan Legis- Meski demikian, PDIP dan PKB nya para politikus menghadir kan lasi (Baleg) DPR, yang menyusun belum gamblang mendukung meto - metode penghitungan yang adil bagi ● (Hare)-Niemeyer draf UU Pemilu. Dua usulan meng - de ini, kendati sudah memperlihat - partai besar, partai menengah, mau - Metode ini mempunyai efek yang sama dengan Hare quota. Meski usung Metode Kuota, seperti yang kan ketertarikan. Partai Demok rat pun partai kecil. Toh, masih ada me - demikian, dilakukan dengan cara lain: (jumlah suara partai/total diterapkan pada Pemilu 1955 yang merupakan partai pemenang tode penghitungan yang terbukti suara sah) x jumlah total kursi. Metode ini pernah digunakan di hingga 2009. Dua usulan lainnya
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