Development of the Bladder and Ureterovesical Junction
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Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Goals and Outcomes – Gametogenesis, Fertilization (Embryology Chapter 1)
Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Czech Republic; License Creative Commons - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Goals and outcomes – Gametogenesis, fertilization (Embryology chapter 1) Be able to: − Define and use: progenesis, gametogenesis, primordial gonocytes, spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm cells (spermatozoa), oogonia, primary and secondary oocytes, polar bodies, ovarian follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary), membrane granulosa, cumulus oophorus, follicular antrum, theca folliculi interna and externa, zona pellucida, corona radiata, ovulation, corpus luteum, corpus albicans, follicular atresia, expanded cumulus, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, cortical reaction and zona reaction, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis, embryo, fetus, cell division, differentiation, morphogenesis, condensation, migration, delamination, apoptosis, induction, genotype, phenotype, epigenetics, ART – assisted reproductive techniques, spermiogram, IVF-ET (in vitro fertilization followed by embryo transfer), GIFT – gamete intrafallopian transfer, ICSI – intracytoplasmatic sperm injection − Draw and label simplified developmental schemes specified in a separate document. − Give examples of epigenetic mechanisms (at least three of them) and explain how these may affect the formation of phenotype. − Give examples of ethical issues in embryology (at least three of them). − Explain how the sperm cells are formed, starting with primordial gonocytes. Compare the nuclear DNA content, numbers of chromosomes, cell shape and size in all stages. − Explain how the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells contribute to spermatogenesis. − List the parameters used for sperm analysis. What are their normal values? − Explain how the mature oocytes differentiate, starting with oogonia. − Explain how the LH and FSH contribute to oogenesis. -
St. Lawrence School Subject
St. Lawrence School Subject - Science Class - 4 Chapter - 3 Human Body : Digestive and Excetory System ( Part - 1 ) Learn about * Digestive system * Excretory system * Healthy eating habits Digestive System The process by which food is broken down into a simpler form so that it can be easily taken in or absorbed by our body is called digestion. Many organs work together and help in the process of digestion. The mouth, food pipe, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, rectum, and anus are the main organs of the digestive system. Let us learn about them. Mouth Digestion starts in the mouth. The teeth help to break down and chew food. The chewed food then mixes with a liquid, called saliva, produced in our mouth. It makes the food softer and easier to swallow. The tongue helps in the proper mixing of saliva with the food. Food pipe The food pipe ( oesophagus ) passes the food from the mouth to the stomach. Stomach Inside the stomach, the food is broken down further into smaller pieces by churning and with the help of chemicals called digestive juices. Small intestine From the small intestine, the undigested food passes into the large intestine. The large intestine is a shorter but wider, tube - like structure, which collects the indigestible food from the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water from this undigested food and forms waste products called faeces. Rectum Rectum is the final part of the large intestine. Faeces are stored in the rectum for a short time before being passed out through anus. Anus Faeces are removed from the body through the anus. -
Urinary Bladder – Proteinaceous Plug
Urinary bladder – Proteinaceous Plug Figure Legend: Figure 1 An eosinophilic amorphous proteinaceous plug in the bladder lumen from a male B6C3F1 mouse in a chronic study. Figure 2 A proteinaceous plug associated with other flocculent, eosinophilic material, from a male F344/N rat in an acute study. Comment: Proteinaceous plugs are commonly noted as a postmortem change resulting from an agonal secretion of accessory sex gland fluids during euthanasia. Proteinaceous plugs vary in size but can be large, filling the urinary bladder (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Microscopically, the plug is composed of a mixture of an amorphous eosinophilic material, sometimes containing desquamated epithelial cells and spermatozoa. Proteinaceous plugs by themselves have no toxicologic importance and are not precursors of calculi. Plugs may be seen with obstructive syndromes associated with bacterial inflammation. They must be differentiated from calculi. Recommendation: Proteinaceous plugs occurring alone and not associated with any pathologic lesions should be recognized as an artifact and should not be diagnosed. Occasionally, proteinaceous plugs are recognized grossly, and the pathologist should use his or her judgment to correlate the gross lesion to an artifactual proteinaceous plug. 1 Urinary bladder – Proteinaceous Plug References: Gaillard ET. 1999. Ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. In: Pathology of the Mouse: Reference and Atlas (Maronpot RR, Boorman GA, Gaul BW, eds). Cache River Press, Vienna, IL, 235– 258. Abstract: http://www.cacheriverpress.com/books/pathmouse.htm Hard GC, Alden CL, Bruner RH, Frith CH, Lewis RM, Owen RA, Krieg K, Durchfeld-Meyer B. 1999. Non-proliferative lesions of the kidney and lower urinary tract in rats. -
Guidelines on Paediatric Urology S
Guidelines on Paediatric Urology S. Tekgül (Chair), H.S. Dogan, E. Erdem (Guidelines Associate), P. Hoebeke, R. Ko˘cvara, J.M. Nijman (Vice-chair), C. Radmayr, M.S. Silay (Guidelines Associate), R. Stein, S. Undre (Guidelines Associate) European Society for Paediatric Urology © European Association of Urology 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Aim 7 1.2 Publication history 7 2. METHODS 8 3. THE GUIDELINE 8 3A PHIMOSIS 8 3A.1 Epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology 8 3A.2 Classification systems 8 3A.3 Diagnostic evaluation 8 3A.4 Disease management 8 3A.5 Follow-up 9 3A.6 Conclusions and recommendations on phimosis 9 3B CRYPTORCHIDISM 9 3B.1 Epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology 9 3B.2 Classification systems 9 3B.3 Diagnostic evaluation 10 3B.4 Disease management 10 3B.4.1 Medical therapy 10 3B.4.2 Surgery 10 3B.5 Follow-up 11 3B.6 Recommendations for cryptorchidism 11 3C HYDROCELE 12 3C.1 Epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology 12 3C.2 Diagnostic evaluation 12 3C.3 Disease management 12 3C.4 Recommendations for the management of hydrocele 12 3D ACUTE SCROTUM IN CHILDREN 13 3D.1 Epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology 13 3D.2 Diagnostic evaluation 13 3D.3 Disease management 14 3D.3.1 Epididymitis 14 3D.3.2 Testicular torsion 14 3D.3.3 Surgical treatment 14 3D.4 Follow-up 14 3D.4.1 Fertility 14 3D.4.2 Subfertility 14 3D.4.3 Androgen levels 15 3D.4.4 Testicular cancer 15 3D.5 Recommendations for the treatment of acute scrotum in children 15 3E HYPOSPADIAS 15 3E.1 Epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology -
Renal Agenesis, Renal Tubular Dysgenesis, and Polycystic Renal Diseases
Developmental & Structural Anomalies of the Genitourinary Tract DR. Alao MA Bowen University Teach Hosp Ogbomoso Picture test Introduction • Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney & Urinary Tract (CAKUT) Objectives • To review the embryogenesis of UGS and dysmorphogenesis of CAKUT • To describe the common CAKUT in children • To emphasize the role of imaging in the diagnosis of CAKUT Introduction •CAKUT refers to gross structural anomalies of the kidneys and or urinary tract present at birth. •Malformation of the renal parenchyma resulting in failure of normal nephron development as seen in renal dysplasia, renal agenesis, renal tubular dysgenesis, and polycystic renal diseases. Introduction •Abnormalities of embryonic migration of the kidneys as seen in renal ectopy (eg, pelvic kidney) and fusion anomalies, such as horseshoe kidney. •Abnormalities of the developing urinary collecting system as seen in duplicate collecting systems, posterior urethral valves, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Introduction •Prevalence is about 3-6 per 1000 births •CAKUT is one of the commonest anomalies found in human. •It constitute approximately 20 to 30 percent of all anomalies identified in the prenatal period •The presence of CAKUT in a child raises the chances of finding congenital anomalies of other organ-systems Why the interest in CAKUT? •Worldwide, CAKUT plays a causative role in 30 to 50 percent of cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), •The presence of CAKUT, especially ones affecting the bladder and lower tract adversely affects outcome of kidney graft after transplantation Why the interest in CAKUT? •They significantly predispose the children to UTI and urinary calculi •They may be the underlying basis for urinary incontinence Genes & Environment Interact to cause CAKUT? • Tens of different genes with role in nephrogenesis have been identified. -
The Reproductive System
27 The Reproductive System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The reproductive system is designed to perpetuate the species • The male produces gametes called sperm cells • The female produces gametes called ova • The joining of a sperm cell and an ovum is fertilization • Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • Overview of the Male Reproductive System • Testis • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Ejaculatory duct • Spongy urethra (penile urethra) • Seminal gland • Prostate gland • Bulbo-urethral gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I Pubic symphysis Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Seminal gland Membranous urethra Rectum Corpus cavernosum Prostate gland Corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens Penis Bulbo-urethral gland Epididymis Anus Testis External urethral orifice Scrotum Sigmoid colon (cut) Rectum Internal urethral orifice Rectus abdominis Prostatic urethra Urinary bladder Prostate gland Pubic symphysis Bristle within ejaculatory duct Membranous urethra Penis Spongy urethra Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus cavernosum Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • The Testes • Testes hang inside a pouch called the scrotum, which is on the outside of the body -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
1535190852 9 Medical Terminology Urinary.Pdf
Syrian Private University Medical Faculty Medical Terminology M.A.Kubtan , MD – FRCS Lecture 9 M.A.Kubtan Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: •Name the parts of the urinary system and discuss the function of each part •Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the urinary system •Identify the meaning of related abbreviations •Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating disorders of the urinary system M.A.Kubtan 2 Objectives Part 2 •List and define the major pathological conditions of the urinary system •Explain the meaning of surgical terms related to the urinary system •Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating the urinary system M.A.Kubtan 3 Structure and Function The Urinary System Bladder Kidneys •Also called the excretory system •Maintains water Urinary System balance •Removes waste products from the Urethra Ureters blood by excreting them in the urine Meatus M.A.Kubtan 4 Kidneys Kidneys The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal portion of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column. Two Primary Functions •To form urine for excretion •To retain essential substances the body needs in the process called reabsorption M.A.Kubtan 5 Parts of the Kidney Kidneys filter about 1700 kidney liters of blood daily in the average adult. medulla Parts of the kidneys •Cortex hilum -outer protective portion •Medulla -inner soft portion •Hilum -a depression located in the middle of the concave side of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and cortex exit the kidneys M.A.Kubtan 6 Urine Production Urine is produced by filtration of: •water •sugar •creatine •salts •urea •uric acid Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons which are the functional units of the kidneys. -
Secreted Molecules in Metanephric Induction
J Am Soc Nephrol 11: S116–S119, 2000 Secreted Molecules in Metanephric Induction THOMAS J. CARROLL and ANDREW P. McMAHON Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Abstract. Nearly 50 yr ago, Clifford Grobstein made the ob- the classic model of metanephric induction. The studies of the servation that the ureteric bud induced the nephrogenic mes- classic ureteric inducer performed to date have most likely enchyme to undergo tubulogenesis. Since that discovery, sci- been characterizations of a mesenchyme-specific inducer, entists have attempted to characterize the molecular nature of Wnt-4, and its role in tubulogenesis. Ureteric induction most the inducer. To date, no single molecule that is both necessary likely involves a series of distinct events that provide prolif- and sufficient for nephric induction has been identified. Be- erative, survival, and condensation signals to the mesenchyme, cause of recent insights regarding the role of several secreted integrating the growth of the ureteric system with tubulogen- molecules in tubulogenesis, it has become necessary to revise esis. The developmental biologic processes of the kidney have been logenesis. The conclusion drawn from this discovery was that the subject of intense study for more than 100 yr (for review, the ureteric bud induces tubulogenesis within the surrounding see reference (1). All three vertebrate kidney types (pro- mesenchyme. During further investigation, it was discovered nephros, mesonephros, and metanephros) are derivatives of a that a number of tissues, including, most notably, a dorsal region of the embryo known as the intermediate mesoderm. In portion of the embryonic spinal cord, are able to substitute for mice, a portion of the mesonephric duct, known as the meta- the ureter in this inductive interaction. -
The Digestive System
69 chapter four THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is structurally divided into two main parts: a long, winding tube that carries food through its length, and a series of supportive organs outside of the tube. The long tube is called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus, and consists of the mouth, or oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intes- tine. It is here that the functions of mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and water, and release of solid waste material take place. The supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract are known as accessory organs, and include the teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Because most organs of the digestive system lie within body cavities, you will perform a dissection procedure that exposes the cavities before you begin identifying individual organs. You will also observe the cavities and their associated membranes before proceeding with your study of the digestive system. EXPOSING THE BODY CAVITIES should feel like the wall of a stretched balloon. With your skinned cat on its dorsal side, examine the cutting lines shown in Figure 4.1 and plan 2. Extend the cut laterally in both direc- out your dissection. Note that the numbers tions, roughly 4 inches, still working with indicate the sequence of the cutting procedure. your scissors. Cut in a curved pattern as Palpate the long, bony sternum and the softer, shown in Figure 4.1, which follows the cartilaginous xiphoid process to find the ventral contour of the diaphragm. -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery http://jfm.sagepub.com/ Partial urorectal septum malformation sequence in a kitten with disorder of sexual development Brice S Reynolds, Amélie Pain, Patricia Meynaud-Collard, Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk, Izabela Szczerbal, Marek Switonski and Sylvie Chastant-Maillard Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery published online 9 April 2014 DOI: 10.1177/1098612X14529958 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jfm.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/04/09/1098612X14529958 Disclaimer The Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery is an international journal and authors may discuss products and formulations that are not available or licensed in the individual reader's own country. Furthermore, drugs may be mentioned that are licensed for human use, and not for veterinary use. Readers need to bear this in mind and be aware of the prescribing laws pertaining to their own country. Likewise, in relation to advertising material, it is the responsibility of the reader to check that the product is authorised for use in their own country. The authors, editors, owners and publishers do not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage arising from actions or decisions based on information contained in this publication; ultimate responsibility for the treatment of animals and interpretation of published materials lies with the veterinary practitioner. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and the inclusion in this publication of material relating to a particular product, method or technique does not