The University of Chicago Constituting the International Nuclear Order: Bureaucratic Objectivity at the Iaea a Dissertation Subm
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CONSTITUTING THE INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR ORDER: BUREAUCRATIC OBJECTIVITY AT THE IAEA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ANNA MARIA WEICHSELBRAUN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2016 Copyright © 2016 by Anna Maria Weichselbraun All Rights Reserved Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Bureaucratic Objectivity: Making Apolitical Knowledge ..................................... 1 1.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Making nuclear boring ......................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Achieving technical authority .............................................................................................. 7 1.4. Authoritative knowledge ...................................................................................................... 9 1.5. Epistemic ideology ............................................................................................................. 16 1.6. The study of bureaucracy ................................................................................................... 22 1.7. Weber's bureaucracy and bureaucratic objectivity ............................................................. 25 1.8. Achieving bureaucratic objectivity .................................................................................... 30 1.9. Bureaucracy as ideology .................................................................................................... 36 1.10. Overview .......................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2: A Critical Genealogy of Nuclear Safeguards ........................................................ 46 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 46 2.2. International Control of Atomic Energy ............................................................................ 52 2.3. The inspector becomes a bureaucrat .................................................................................. 68 2.4. The ideological effects of bureaucracy .............................................................................. 82 2.5. Challenges to the IAEA’s legitimacy reveal cracks in the nuclear order ........................... 89 Chapter 3: Practices: Negotiating the Technopolitical.......................................................... 109 iii 3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 109 3.2. Becoming an inspector in the 21st century ...................................................................... 112 3.3. Becoming an inspector in the 1960s ................................................................................ 119 3.4. Bureaucratizing analysis .................................................................................................. 129 3.5. The division of technopolitical labor (again) ................................................................... 136 3.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 142 Chapter 4: Objects I: The Seal ................................................................................................ 146 4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 146 4.2. Seals ................................................................................................................................. 150 4.3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 168 Chapter 5: Objects II: The Manual ........................................................................................ 170 5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 170 5.2. Safeguards Manual ........................................................................................................... 174 5.3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 197 Chapter 6: Writing and Translation: Producing the IAEA's Civil Voice ........................... 201 6.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 201 6.2. Finding the IAEA voice ................................................................................................... 203 6.3. Translation constraints ..................................................................................................... 218 6.4. Conclusion: Regimentation and its effects ....................................................................... 238 References .................................................................................................................................. 240 Appendix: Poetic Analysis of Speech ...................................................................................... 252 1. Transcript of speech ......................................................................................................... 252 iv 2. Pages of official records containing summary of Mr. Bunche’s speech .......................... 257 3. Analysis of speech ........................................................................................................... 262 4. Comparison with the précis of the speech ....................................................................... 268 5. Bunche speech, parsed ..................................................................................................... 270 v List of Figures Figure 1: Active seal, Electronic Optical Sealing System (EOSS). Photo: IAEA. ..................... 152 Figure 2: Passive seal, metal (CAPS). Photo: IAEA. ................................................................. 153 Figure 3: Historic seal, 1967. Photo: IAEA. ............................................................................... 154 Figure 4: The Safeguards Manual. Photo: author. ...................................................................... 177 Figure 5: Pyramid of documents. ................................................................................................ 179 Figure 6: Expressions used in Board of Governors resolutions. Source: Findlay (2016)........... 208 Figure 7: First page of a Director General’s Report to the Board of Governors. ....................... 212 Figure 8: Excerpt, official records from Board of Governors meeting, 7 November, 1958. ...... 232 vi Acknowledgments While it is easy to identify the people who have provided guidance throughout this academic Werdegang, it is difficult to find the words to express the scope of my gratitude to them. Here is an attempt. Joseph Masco taught Systems the year I entered the program and he was also my first year advisor. Since the beginning, then, Joe has been a dedicated mentor and patient interlocutor who has profoundly shaped the way I understand the discipline and its scholarly and political commitments. Susan Gal, with her deep and careful attention to her students’ writing, brought clarity and strength to even the most muddled of my arguments. Conversations with Justin Richland ideally blend intellectual prodding, convivial collegiality, and plain old good advice. E. Summerson Carr encouraged me to think comparatively and venture into bodies of scholarship that lie beyond the usual suspects. Other faculty at the University of Chicago who engaged this project with their time and thoughts include Michael Silverstein, Kaushik Sunder Rajan, Karin Knorr Cetina, John Kelly, and Constantine Nakassis. Anne Ch'ien, without whom nobody would ever finish, deserves all the gratitude for keeping us all on track. I am indebted to the friends and colleagues in writing groups who cheerfully read incoherent pages and kindly pointed out what needed watering and what needed pruning: Chris Bloechl, Hannah Chazin, Zebulon Dingley, Colin Halverson, Vincent Ialenti, Britta Ingebretson, and Jay Schutte. I am thankful for the dynamic discussions about some of the material in this dissertation presented at the Semiotics workshop, the workshop on U.S. Locations, as well as for the focused engagement of the linguistic anthropology lab participants. Graduate school would not have been the enriching, stimulating, and thoroughly positive experience without my fellow vii students at the department who make up this extraordinary community, with special thanks to the cohort. Life as a graduate student worker was made more lively and dignified through the organizing efforts of comrades at Graduate Students