DOCSLIB.ORG

Oil-Varnish Mixture Is Durable, Easy to Apply

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oil-Varnish Mixture Is Durable, Easy to Apply inishing just isn't my cup varnish and turpentine—at the oil finish, it won't obscure the the finish creates a slurry of of tea. Planning the de- woodworking school I went to texture and character of the wood dust, oil and varnish that F sign and construction in Boston in the late 1970s. wood. Yet because of the var- fills the pores beautifully. details, picking the wood and Since then, I've experimented nish, it offers more protection carefully laying out the parts to with the ingredients, the pro- than oil alone. Don't sweat the finish match the wood's color and portions and the method of ap- The varnish also helps the fin- proportions grain are all exciting. Cutting plication. These days, I use this ish build faster than a straight oil When mixing this finish, I don't joints and planing by hand are finish on everything from fine finish, eliminating much of the get overly scientific about mea- pure pleasure. But putting on a furniture and kitchen cabinets drudgery of application. Be- surements. The finish is very finish is my least favorite part of to the handles on the tools I use cause the proportion of varnish forgiving, and many propor- building furniture. That may be around my farm. is relatively low, this finish is as tions will work. Generally, I mix one reason I've settled on a fin- The finish is mixed from easy to repair or renew as an oil them in approximately equal ish that gives me consistently either tung oil or boiled linseed finish. And it can be tinted with measures. If I want more pro- satisfying results with a mini- oil and varnish, thinned with artist's pigments or oil-based tection, I'll add up to 50% more mum of effort. turpentine. It's easy to apply, stains to match any wood. varnish. If it's too thick (and al- I first learned about this hy- doesn't require a special dust- There's no need to fill pores on ways for the first coat), I'll add brid finish—a mixture of oil, free finish room and, like any open-grained woods: Sanding more turpentine to get better the few who still use them. Ingredients are Some of these varnishes take simple; propor- weeks to cure fully. tions are forgiv- ing. Linseed or Modern varnishes are a com- tung oil, varnish bination of synthetic resins in and turpentine an oil vehicle. Among the oils make up the used by finishing manufacturers author's favorite are soya, safflower, rung and finish. A pigment- linseed. The proportion of oil to ed oil stain can be added to give resin in these varnishes ranges the mixture a widely, and this affects how little color. long they take to cure, as well as how tough and how elastic the cured finish film will be. A spar varnish has a compara- bly high oil content, which takes longer to cure and leaves a fairly elastic surface that ac- commodates wood movement. Polyurethane varnishes dry quickly and form a tough, durable, but less elastic, coat- ing. Also, after the finish has cured, repairs or additional coats don't bond well. In terms of drying time, Flood the sur- face. The first toughness and elasticity, alkyd- coat will soak in- resin varnishes fall somewhere to the bare wood, between spar varnish and poly- so check the piece urethane. They're not as tough carefully for dry as polyurethane, but they're spots after it's more elastic, and any coats ap- been covered entirely. Re-coat plied after the varnish has areas that dry cured still bond well. in the first 10 I have used all three of these minutes or so. varnishes in my finish with good results, but my favorite is spar. The main reason is color. Spar is the darkest. In combina- tion with linseed oil, which also tends to darken wood, spar var- nish significantly affects the Rub off the color of some woods, like cher- excess. Pay close surface penetration. If I'm going ry. I happen to like the effect attention to the to color the mixture, I add an oil this mixture has. inside corners stain or artist's colors, keeping Right away, cherry and bird's- and the areas it light initially and darkening it eye and curly maple look older. around details more if need be. But on darker woods like wal- like cock bead- nut, the color change is barely ing, where the finish can collect. Spar varnish is a favorite perceptible. If you want to pre- It's more difficult Varnishes have been around serve the light color of a wood to remove excess for a long time. Really old-fash- like maple or ash, use a poly- finish after it has ioned varnishes are a mixture urethane varnish because it im- hardened. of plant resins (such as amber), parts the least color. oils and a solvent, which is Most varnishes also have ul- heated and combined in formu- traviolet light (UV) inhibitors lations often kept secret by added to their formulations to their makers. Even the tech- keep the finish in the can from niques for applying these var- turning an unattractive yellow nishes are carefully guarded by and to slow the natural aging ef- Brush on subsequent coats, one area at a time. Keep checking areas you've already coated to see whether they've started to become tacky. After the first coat, the finish becomes sticky quickly. feet of sunlight on wood. All varnishes are naturally glossy. The sorter luster of a satin or semigloss varnish re- sults from the addition of a flat- tening agent, such as aluminum stearate or silica, which breaks up the reflection of light off the wood's surface. Stick with a gloss for the toughest finish, and use steel wool to get a satin finish, if that's what you're after. Two rags are better than Boiled linseed or tung one. To remove excess finish oil and turpentine after each coat, the author For the oil component of my uses two rags. The first one finish, I use either boiled lin- picks up the majority of the seed oil or tung oil (also known residual finish; the second en- as China wood oil). Boiled lin- sures the wood is really dry. seed oil is made by steam-heat- ing processed oil from raw flax and adding metallic drier com- pounds. The nondrying portion of the oil is removed, making what's left suitable as a finish. Tung oil also is heat-treated, which speeds its curing time when exposed to oxygen. Tung Brush it on; rub it o f f oil is more expensive than lin- The key to a really good finish seed oil. However, it cures to a with this mixture, or any finish tougher, more water-resistant for that matter, is to prepare the film, and it doesn't darken the surface well. For me, this usual- wood as much. If you want ly means a planed or scraped maximum protection and a surface. I find this to be faster light color, use tung oil. Don't and more enjoyable than sand- use raw linseed oil because it ing. If you do sand, start with a won't dry. fairly coarse grit, and work up I thin my varnish and oil fin- to at least 220-grit. But it's less ish with turpentine. This in- important which grit you end creases surface penetration and up with than how thoroughly speeds drying time. High-qual- you work through each grit to ity turpentine is getting harder eliminate scratches from the and harder to find. It largely has previous grit. been replaced by mineral spir- For the first coat of finish, I its, which should work. I stick brush on the mixture, flooding with turpentine because it's al- the surface and re-coating any ways worked well for me. dry areas that appear (see the 50 Fine Woodworking center photo on p. 49). After ment. Each layer adds a little half an hour or less, any finish more depth to the finish, some still on the surface will start to gloss and some additional pro- feel tacky. As soon as it does, I tection. For a chest of drawers, start rubbing with clean cotton three coats is fine. For a table rags to absorb it (see the bot- that's going to see hard use, I tom photo on p. 49). would go with a minimum of This initial coat is the easiest four coats—five would be bet- to apply because most of it ter. When I'm satisfied with the soaks right in. Nevertheless, it's finish, I wait at least 24 hours, important to wipe off every bit and then I top it off with a paste of excess so that the surface wax made from beeswax, doesn't turn into a sticky mess. boiled linseed oil and turpen- When the surface is thoroughly tine (see the box at right). rubbed dry, I'll set it aside for at least 24 hours before re-coat- Using the finish ing. Make sure you dispose of to fill the grain the rags properly. Either spread Another one of the beauties of them flat outside until they've this finish is that open-grained dried or put them in a metal woods such as red oak or ash bucket with a lid. Oily rags can don't need to be filled before combust spontaneously.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Components and Types of Varnishes
    Components and types of Varnishes Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent. However, different types of varnish have different components. After being applied, the film-forming substances in varnishes either harden directly, as soon as the solvent has fully evaporated, or harden after evaporation of the solvent through curing processes, primarily chemical reaction between oils and oxygen from the air (autoxidation) and chemical reactions between components of the varnish. Resin varnishes "dry" by evaporation of the solvent and harden almost immediately upon drying. Acrylic and waterborne varnishes "dry" upon evaporation of the water but will experience an extended curing period. Oil, polyurethane, and epoxy varnishes remain liquid even after evaporation of the solvent but quickly begin to cure, undergoing successive stages from liquid or syrupy, to tacky or sticky, to dry gummy, to "dry to the touch", to hard. Environmental factors such as heat and humidity play a very large role in the drying and curing times of varnishes. In classic varnish the cure rate depends on the type of oil used and, to some extent, on the ratio of oil to resin. The drying and curing time of all varnishes may be sped up by exposure to an energy source such as sunlight, ultraviolet light, or heat. Drying oil There are many different types of drying oils, including linseed oil, tung oil, and walnut oil. These contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Drying oils cure through an exothermic reaction between the polyunsaturated portion of the oil and oxygen from the air.
    [Show full text]
  • Multianalytical Assessment of Armour Paints—The Ageing Characteristics of Historic Drying Oil Varnish Paints for Protection of Steel and Iron Surfaces in Sweden
    heritage Article Multianalytical Assessment of Armour Paints—The Ageing Characteristics of Historic Drying Oil Varnish Paints for Protection of Steel and Iron Surfaces in Sweden Arja Källbom 1,*, Austin Nevin 2 and Francesca C. Izzo 3 1 Department of Conservation, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden 2 Courtauld Institute of Art, Somerset House, London WC2R ORN, UK; [email protected] 3 Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155/b, 30173 Venice, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The characteristics of armour paints, historically used to protect ferrous industrial heritage, are explored. Amour paints contain lamellar and highly reflexive pigments of micaceous iron oxide (MIO) and metallic, leafing aluminium, bound in linseed oil and linseed oil–tung oil mixtures, on an inhibitive and soap-forming linseed oil primer (red lead). It is the first study of the binding media used for historical armour paints and investigates the chemical and physical ageing of armour paints using a multianalytical approach. Naturally aged examples are compared to accelerated aged replica armour paint, and to historical paints. The ageing and degradation reactions are assessed by complementary GC–MS and FTIR, together with measurements of wettability, hardness and surface colour. The historical paint formulations include linseed oils and alkyd binders. The results confirm Citation: Källbom, A.; Nevin, A.; Izzo, F.C. Multianalytical Assessment that the leafing effect of aluminium pigments results in only a small concentration of binder at the of Armour Paints—The Ageing surface: the paints studied reflect light and form a strong chemical and physical barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • Miscellaneous Paint Drying Oils and Paint Dryers
    . (• TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON BUILDING MATERIALS TIBM - 4p FOR USE IN THE DESIGN OF LOW-COST HOUSING ****** THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WASHINGTON, D. C. April 6 , 1037 MISCELLANEOUS PAINT DRYING OILS AND PAINT DRIERS This is chiefly a digest of sections of the following publications of the Bonean of Standards dealing with Lung oil, Perilla oil, Menhaden oil, Soy-bean oil, paint driers, and applicable Federal Specifications.^ Circular No. 69 , "Paint and Varnish", (November 1/, 1917)*^ Technologic Paper No. 66 , "Detection of Resin in Drier", (January lp, 1916),^ by E. N. Boughton. Technologic Paper No. 274, "Use of United States Government Specifi- cation Paints and Paint Materials", (December 15, 1924), by P. H« Walker and E. F. Hickson, Tung Oil or Chinese Wood Oil Source : Tung oil is imported from the Orient, where it is produced from nuts of certain trees of the genus Aleurites. Properties : This oil differs from linseed and other drying oils in that it dries to a white opaque, wax-like film. It has a very characteristic odor, Specifications adopted bj^ the Federal Specifications Executive Com- mittee and approved by the Director of Procurement, Treasury Department, for use of all departments and establishments of the Government. Copies of all Federal Specifications mentioned in -this digest may be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. (price 5 cents) 2 Out of print and no longer available by purchase, but may be consulted in Government depository libraries. 3 'Available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C (Price 5 cents) 4 Available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prospering of Macromolecular Materials Based on Plant Oils Within the Blooming Field of Polymers from Renewable Resources †
    polymers Review The Prospering of Macromolecular Materials Based on Plant Oils within the Blooming Field of Polymers from Renewable Resources † Julio Antonio Conti Silva 1 , Luan Moreira Grilo 1 , Alessandro Gandini 2 and Talita Martins Lacerda 1,* 1 Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, CEP 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil; [email protected] (J.A.C.S.); [email protected] (L.M.G.) 2 Graduate School of Engineering in Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Grenoble INP-Pagora), University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, CEDEX 9, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-1231595043 † This paper is an extended version of paper published in The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020, 5–25 November 2020. Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the recent progress in research and development dealing with polymers derived from plant oils. It highlights the widening interest in novel approaches to the synthesis, characterization, and properties of these materials from renewable resources and emphasizes their growing impact on sustainable macromolecular science and technology. The monomers used include unmodified triglycerides, their fatty acids or the corresponding esters, and chemically modified triglycerides and fatty acid esters. Comonomers include styrene, divinylbenzene, acrylics, furan derivatives, epoxides, etc. The synthetic pathways adopted for the preparation of these materials are very varied, going from traditional free radical and cationic polymerizations to Citation: Silva, J.A.C.; Grilo, L.M.; polycondensation reactions, as well as metatheses and Diels–Alder syntheses. In addition to this Gandini, A.; Lacerda, T.M. The general appraisal, the specific topic of the use of tung oil as a source of original polymers, copolymers, Prospering of Macromolecular and (nano)composites is discussed in greater detail in terms of mechanisms, structures, properties, Materials Based on Plant Oils within and possible applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterlox Original Interior Tung Oil Finishing System
    Waterlox Original Interior Tung Oil Finishing System WHERE TO USE Beautiful. Natural. Durable. That’s a Waterlox Original Tung oil finished wood surface. A unique blend of Tung oil and resin, Waterlox showcases the natural beauty of wood, providing lasting, durable protection. This elegant, one-of-a-kind finish has been made by the Hawkins family since 1910, and is still made by hand according to the original family formula. The Waterlox Original Interior Tung oil finishing system is specially formulated for interior wood surfaces, including: • Hardwood floors • All interior woodwork, doors, walls, windowsills, beams, ceilings, etc. • Countertops, bars and table tops • Bathroom & kitchen vanities/cabinets • Furniture & fine woodworking • Various woodworking projects • Exterior wood ceilings (not in direct UV/sunlight) • NOT recommended for use outdoors in direct UV/sunlight1 The origin of our name, Waterlox, stands for "locks out water.” Therefore, we think our Waterlox Original Tung oil finishes are the perfect solution for any and all wood finishing project(s). When you add to that your plans to finish a floor or a known water-related area like a bathroom, kitchen, counter top or table top, we think Waterlox should be the only finishing choice since no other clear finishes, surface finishes or raw oils available on the market today have our superior protection and water resistance properties. Waterlox Original Tung oil finishes are tough enough to stand up to foot traffic and household spills, are water resistant and non-toxic2 and food-safe when dry. Waterlox Original Tung oil finishes have good heat resistance, can be used around stoves and are unaffected by boiling water and liquids.3 As with any finish, special care and attention should be used when applying the Waterlox Original Tung oil finishes.
    [Show full text]
  • Safflower Oil Fatty Acid Content
    Decarboxylation and hydrogenation of safflower and rapeseed oils and soaps to produce diesel fuels by Dwight Randall Hiebert A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Montana State University © Copyright by Dwight Randall Hiebert (1985) Abstract: The purpose of this research was to study the decarboxylation and hydrogenation of safflower and rapeseed vegetable oils and their derivatives and evaluate their products' potential use as diesel fuels. Decarboxylation reactions were carried out on the raw oils and their calcium salts (soaps) in a 500 ml batch reactor. These experiments were run at high temperatures (700-800°F) and at atmospheric pressure, both with and without catalysts. Hydrogenation was done in a 500 ml rocking bomb at 1500 PSI and 300°F using a Raney nickel catalyst. Thickening tests were performed at 150°C in the presence of oxygen and a copper catalyst to determine if small amounts of the fuel substitute would polymerize in crankcase lubricating oil. Feed materials and products were analyzed to determine the following physical characteristics: iodine value, kinematic viscosity, density, water content, distillation ranges, acid number, and elemental analysis. The most promising safflower oil decarboxylation catalyst was a Harshaw nickel-molybdenum variety which gave liquid product yields of 74%. Even greater yields (over 90%) were obtained using this catalyst to decarboxylate crude rapeseed oil. Decarboxylation of the calcium soap of safflower oil produced its highest yield (55%) without the aid of a catalyst. Thermal decarboxylation of the rapeseed calcium soap without a catalyst produced yields of over 60%.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetable Oil Raw Materials E.H
    454.9 Reprinted fl:.om THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS" SOCIETY, Vol. 56,No.ll, Pages:719A-725A (1979) Purchased by U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for Offic'.:al Use AGeS Presented at the AQCS Short Course on Industrial Fatty Acids, Tamiment, PA, June 10·13,1979 Vegetable Oil Raw Materials E.H. PRYDE, Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604 ABSTRACT fats and oils. Not only the oils themselves but also the Vegetable oils that are important to the chemical fatty acids recovered from soapstock represent a industry include both edible and industrial oils, which several billion pound resource. Coconut oil is contribute 24% and 13.5%, respectively, compared to imported to the extent of 700-1,000 million pounds 55% for tallow, to the preparation of surfactants, per year. Its uses are divided about equally between coatings, plasticizers, and other products based on edible and industrial applications. Safflower oil has a J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., November 1979 (VOL. 56) 719A TABLE I Relative Contributions of Fats and Oils to Edible and Industrial Usesa Edible uses Industrial uses Amount, Percent Amount, Percent Fat or Oil million Ib of total million Ib of total Food vegetable oils 9630 90.3 761 24.0 Animal fats lOIS 9.5 1850b 58.4 Industrial oils 429c 13.5 Marine animal oils 57 1.8 Other 17 0.2 71 2.3 Total 10,662 100.0 3168 100.0 aCalculated from the data given in Ref.
    [Show full text]
  • Eleostearic Acid
    coatings Article Bio-Based Composites with Enhanced Matrix-Reinforcement Interactions from the Polymerization of α-Eleostearic Acid Amanda Murawski and Rafael L. Quirino * Chemistry Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 June 2019; Accepted: 9 July 2019; Published: 17 July 2019 Abstract: Vegetable oil-based composites have been proposed as interesting bio-based materials in the recent past. The carbon–carbon double bonds in unsaturated vegetable oils are ideal reactive sites for free radical polymerization. Without the presence of a reinforcement, typical vegetable oil-based polymers cannot achieve competitive thermo-mechanical properties. Compatibilizers have been utilized to enhance the adhesion between resin and reinforcement. This work discusses the antagonist implications of polarity and crosslink density of an unprecedented polar α-eleostearic acid-based resin reinforced with α-cellulose, eliminating the need of a compatibilizer. It is shown that the polar regions of α-eleostearic acid can interact directly with the polar reinforcement. The successful isolation of α-eleostearic acid from tung oil was verified via GC-MS, 1H NMR, Raman, and FT-IR spectroscopies. The optimal cure schedule for the resin was determined by DSC and DEA. The composites’ thermo-mechanical properties were assessed by TGA, DSC, and DMA. Keywords: bio-based materials; fatty acids; thermosets; tung oil; cellulose composites 1. Introduction In the past decade, vegetable oils have received a lot of attention as an attractive bio-renewable starting material for the preparation of bio-based polymers. Polymers prepared from vegetable oils have the advantage of being versatile due to their easily tunable properties, which can be simply adjusted with changes in the resin composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetable Oil Paints
    Vegetable Oil Paints L. L. CARRICK, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan HE Egyptians recognized the inedicinal proper- table waxes, pitches, or the oils from wild nuts or T ties of linseed oil but were unacquainted with its seeds. The early use of raw walnut, linseed, poppy drying properties. Ludius used oil in encaustic seed, olive, or hcmpseed oils has been noted together paints during the reign of Agustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D,). with the advent of their refined and bleached modifi- Vitruvius, during the same period, prepared a var- cation. Chinese tung oil, according to D'Incarville, nish from Punic wax and a little oil. Dioseorides 1735, was first a common adulterant of Chinese lac- (69-30 B.C.) recognized the dispersion properties of quers and did not commercially replace linseed oil in oils for natural resins. Pliny the author (A.D. 23-70) many varnishes in the United States until 1900. makes no mention of the use of oil by artists or Enamels were unknown before the beginning of the painters. Lucanus (A.D. 37-68) mentioned the use present century. Prior to this time it was common of oil to improve the working characteristics of color practice to apply a flat oil paint of the desired color for paints. Galen (A.D. 131-200) coagulated drying and follow it with a coat of clear varnish to obtain oils, such as hempseed, nut, and linseed oils by means the needed gloss. About this time it was found that of litharge, white lead, and umber. Actius (A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Modification of Alkyd Resins and Seed Oil Based Reactive
    MODIFICATION OF ALKYD RESINS AND SEED OIL BASED REACTIVE DILUENTS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE COATINGS A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Brittany A. Pellegrene August, 2019 MODIFICATION OF ALKYD RESINS AND SEED OIL BASED REACTIVE DILUENTS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE COATINGS Brittany A. Pellegrene Dissertation Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Mark Soucek Dr. Sadhan Jana Committee Member Interim Dean of the College Dr. Thein Kyu Dr. Ali Dhinojwala Committee Member Dean of Graduate the School Dr. Younjin Min Dr. Chand Midha Committee Member Date Dr. Tianbo Liu Committee Member Dr. Chelsea Monty-Bromer ii ABSTRACT Alkyds, one of the most commonly used binders for coating systems, are modified polyesters derived from seed oils. They find utility in several coating applications, including architectural, industrial and wood coatings. Formulation involves the use of reactive diluents to decrease the viscosity and trigger the autoxidative curing mechanism of the alkyds to avoid the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This work studies the modification of alkyds and reactive diluents and the differences between the coating performance of these additives. Two differently functionalized alkyds and reactive diluents were synthesized and formulated into high solids alkyds coatings. Alkoxysilane and fluorine functionalities were chosen to improve adhesion, hardness, and chemical and corrosion resistance of the coating system. The resulting coatings were analyzed for performance, tensile properties, corrosion resistance and weatherability. ESEM-EDX was used to observe the distribution of the fluorine and alkoxysilane in the cross-section of the coating.
    [Show full text]
  • Α-Eleostearic Acid Extraction by Saponification of Tung Oil and Its Subsequent Polymerization
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Summer 2017 α-Eleostearic Acid Extraction by Saponification of Tung Oil and Its Subsequent Polymerization Amanda Murawski Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Materials Chemistry Commons, and the Polymer Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Murawski, Amanda, "α-Eleostearic Acid Extraction by Saponification of Tung Oil and Its Subsequent Polymerization" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1616. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1616 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. α-ELEOSTEARIC ACID EXTRACTION BY SAPONIFICATION OF TUNG OIL AND ITS SUBSEQUENT POLYMERIZATION by AMANDA MURAWSKI (Under the Direction of Rafael L. Quirino) ABSTRACT The goal of environmentally sound research is to provide alternatives that are more sustainable and renewable, such as vegetable oil-based polymers, than the current petroleum-based products. Vegetable oil-based polymers have received a lot of attention recently due their multifaceted properties, which are simply achieved by adjusting the monomer or resin composition. The carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated oils are ideal reactive sites for the free radical or cationic polymerizations. Most vegetable oils must be modified before polymerization due to the low reactivity of their non-conjugated fatty acid chains. Tung oil (TO) contains ~83% of a triply conjugated fatty acid (α-eleostearic acid), making it an attractive starting material.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,102,549 B2 Alper (45) Date of Patent: Aug
    US009102549B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,102,549 B2 Alper (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 11, 2015 (54) PROCESS FOR PRODUCING (56) References Cited COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN REMOVAL OF DISPERSED, SOLUBILIZED AND/OR U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS EMULSIFIED UNDESRED SPECIES FROM 2,160,532 A 5, 1939 Barrett et al. WATER AND GASES 2,418,920 A 4/1947 Berger et al. 2,441,068 A 5, 1948 Hewitt et al. (75) Inventor: Hal Alper, Flowery Branch, GA (US) 3,067,154 A 12/1962 Sterling 3,755.448 A 8, 1973 Merianos et al. (73) Assignee: MYCELXTECHNOLOGIES (Continued) CORPORATION, Duluth, GA (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 BE 859836 2, 1978 U.S.C. 154(b) by 417 days. WO 99.48584 A1 9, 1999 (Continued) (21) Appl. No.: 13/494,410 OTHER PUBLICATIONS (22) Filed: Jun. 12, 2012 D. Swern, ed. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products vol. 1. Fourth (65) Prior Publication Data Edition (1979), pp. 687-816. US 2012/O316251A1 Dec. 13, 2012 (Continued) Related U.S. Application Data (60) Provisional application No. 61/520,646, filed on Jun. Primary Examiner — Vu A Nguyen 13, 2011. (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP (51) Int. C. C09K3/00 (2006.01) CO2F I/28 (2006.01) (57) ABSTRACT AOIN 25/34 (2006.01) Disclosed is a method of making coagulant and viscoelastic AOIN 6L/00 (2006.01) compositions for use in removal of dispersed, solubilized, and C09D 5/14 (2006.01) emulsified oils and hydrocarbons and other noxious species C09D 9/00 (2006.01) from water and air.
    [Show full text]