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An Early Medieval Cemetery and Roman Construction Camp Under Ysgol Yr Hendre, Llanbeblig, Caernarfon

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An Early Medieval Cemetery and Roman Construction Camp Under Ysgol Yr Hendre, Llanbeblig, Caernarfon An early medieval cemetery and Roman construction camp under Ysgol Yr Hendre, Llanbeblig, Caernarfon Archaeological excavations carried out by Gwynedd Archaeological Trust for Cyngor Gwynedd Council Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Archaeological excavations in 2010 and 2011 prior to the construction of a new school at Llanbeblig, Caernarfon, Gwynedd revealed an early medieval cemetery with five mortuary enclosures. A series of Roman military ovens were also found, possibly representing a camp used by soldiers who built the fort at Segontium. Other features found included a Neolithic pit and medieval pits and gullies. Introduction In 2006 while flying over Caernarfon tak- carry out a programme of work to investi- ing aerial photographs for the Royal Com- gate the area. Initial surveys were under- mission on the Ancient and Historical taken which involved examining archive Monuments of Wales Toby Driver spotted records, carrying out geophysical surveys and photographed a square green mark and excavating trial trenches. These re- in the parched grass of the playing fields vealed the presence of at least one more next to the Tŷ Gwyn housing estate. enclosed grave, a series of unenclosed Toby recognised the site as an en- graves and other features. Full excavation closed grave. This is a type of site found was undertaken of the whole area to be throughout western Britain, and usually developed. The main phase of the exca- dates from the 5th to 7th centuries AD. vation started on 5th April 2010 and was An opportunity to examine the site more completed on 30th July 2010, with a fur- closely came when Cyngor Gwynedd ther shorter phase of excavation between Council chose the fields at Tŷ Gwyn for the 16th May 2011 and 27th May 2011. construction of a new school. Gwynedd Archaeological Trust was employed to Left: Aerial photograph taken in 2006 showing square parchmark near centre (copyright Royal Commis- sion on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales) Copyright Gwynedd Archaeological Trust 01 Ysgol yr Hendre, Llanbeblig The Excavation Results Full excavation revealed a complex series cultural use in the later prehistoric period, of features, of which the earliest in date when in the late 1st century AD it was was a Neolithic pit containing burnt stone chosen by Roman soldiers as a suitable and flint flakes. Though a full history of site to build a series of temporary ovens. the site from this time on is difficult to re- Following this, during the Roman occu- construct, it is likely to have been in agri- pation of Segontium, the area once again 490 489 Right: 491 Plan of the site and ar- Key Ffordd Coed Marion chaeological features Archaeological features with inset showing Boundary of site location of site in 625 Limit of excavation 625 relation to Segontium Lôn Eilian Roman fort (© Crown copyright Ordnance Survey. All rights reserved) mortuary enclosures Lôn Tŷ Gwyn N 0 100m 624 624 early medieval cemetery not stripped 48 49 SH 64 64 623 Menai Strait N remains of farmyard Caernarfon 63 63 021 622 not stripped glasshouse Segontium fort Site 62 62 Ffordd Llanbeblig 621 SH 490 489 48 49 02 Copyright Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Ysgol yr Hendre, Llanbeblig seems to have reverted to agricultural use. and a corn drier dating from the 11th to Sometime after the withdrawal of the Ro- 12th centuries AD confirms that grain man troops in AD 393 the site was used was being grown here. In the 19th centu- as a cemetery. Five enclosed graves were ry a small farmstead was established, and found, and over 40 unenclosed graves. later a glasshouse complex was built on The cemetery is most likely to date from part of the site. the 5th to the 7th centuries AD. Once again the site reverted to agricultural use, The Neolithic Pit A small, shallow pit, measuring 1.1m by The presence of the pit here suggests, 0.9m and 0.16m deep, had a layer of heat- at the very least, the location of a tem- cracked stones and charcoal in its base. porary camp, where people cooked and The pit contained a collection of flint worked flint tools. Other evidence from flakes and chips, and a small fragment of the wider area, particularly in the form of Neolithic pottery. All the flint pieces are burial chambers, does indicate a resident waste products from tool making (a pro- population at this time, who would have cess called flint knapping), and there were moved around either in hunting groups, no completed tools in the pit. Small peb- or shifting their settlement from time bles of poor quality flint were used, prob- to time. Though the tidal estuary of the ably collected from the nearest coastline Seiont, and proximity to the coast, would where they wash up having eroded from have ensured a plentiful supply of food the glacial boulder clays. The charcoal and other resources, this is the only in the pit was mainly hazel and abundant evidence archaeologists have so far found hazelnut shell fragments were also found, for Neolithic occupation in the immediate possibly introduced on branches for fuel. area of the site. Two radiocarbon dates on charred hazel- nut shells showed that the pit dated to the Left: late Neolithic period; between about 2800 Flints from the Neo- and 2300 BC. lithic Pit Far Left: Neolithic Pit during excavation Copyright Gwynedd Archaeological Trust 03 Ysgol yr Hendre, Llanbeblig Roman Pit Ovens and a possible Construction Camp for Segontium Fort Scattered across the site, within and be- features ranged in length from 2.98m to yond the later cemetery, were eighteen 1.40m, in breadth from 2.0m to 0.65m roughly figure-of-eight shaped features and in depth from 0.58m to 0.12m. The formed from two conjoining pits. In each evidence suggested that the fire pits were case one of the pits had orange-red heat- roofed possibly with turves supported on affected soils along the base and sides branches, creating an enclosed space that and must have held a fire, while the oth- could be used for cooking. The other pit er, although containing charcoal, gener- was used to rake out the remains of the ally lacked traces of burning. All these fire. Right: Plan showing location of ovens (in black) 0 25m 04 Copyright Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Ysgol yr Hendre, Llanbeblig The features have been interpreted coherent pattern to their distribution. as ovens. It is usual in clay or pit ovens The very few small finds from these to remove the ash from the oven once it features included a corroded nail, tiny has reached temperature, insert the food, fragments of burnt bone, very occasional seal up the oven and leave to cook. The flint flakes and a single abraded piece of design of the oven is not one intended for pottery. This last is difficult to diagnose, long term use, and from the amount of but is almost certainly a small piece of Ro- charcoal in the raking pit and the intensity man pottery. None of the finds seemed to of burning in the ovens it is suggested that be directly related to the use of the ovens. each oven was only used a few times. Analysis of the charcoal revealed that Most of the ovens were separated the fuel used in the ovens was mainly from each other by a distance of 15-20m, oak, with some hazel, ash and willow or though some were paired, and others poplar. Elm was also occasionally used. formed a rough line, but there was little Left: Examples of the ovens N 0 1m Key # # # # Limit of excavation # # # # # Charcoal # # Burnt clay/soil # # # # # # # # Copyright Gwynedd Archaeological Trust 05 Ysgol yr Hendre, Llanbeblig Right: Section through one of the raking out pits show- ing the layers of charcoal and burnt soil from each use Right: A pair of ovens close together A few charred cereal grains were found fragile nature of the ovens suggests that including wheat, barley and oats, but not each one was used for only a short period, very many and it is possible that the grain and their layout over the site could be was introduced with straw to light the fire. consistent with them being used by small The lack of finds made it difficult to groups of people at roughly the same time. date the ovens so charred fuel and ce- Though it is not possible to prove real grains from seven of the ovens was with certainty that all the ovens were in radiocarbon dated. Statistical analysis of use simultaneously, it is worth examining the results suggests that the ovens were in the hypothesis, and looking again at the use between cal AD 25–80 and cal AD statistical analysis. By combining all the 60–120 , over a period lasting no longer dates, a much closer estimate of use can be than 80 years and probably for only 1–30 arrived at which gives a time span of cal years. The dates are actually consistent AD 65-80; a precise enough range to be with all the ovens being used at the same compared to historical events. It has been time and it is the statistical error on the suggested by the excavators of Segontium dates that give the potential range. The Roman fort, using historical evidence and pottery and coin evidence, that ‘the site is 06 Copyright Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Ysgol yr Hendre, Llanbeblig Left: Tribuli created by a re-enact- ment group Copyright: Sean Richards, Legio IX His- pana, California date suggests they were in use during the construction of the fort at Segontium.
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