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Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa

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Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa: A Desk Review and Proposal for Research Submitted by staff of the Research and Evidence Facility For the EU Trust Fund for Africa Horn of Africa Window 15 March 2017 The Research and Evidence Facility (REF) Consortium is comprised of: Thornhaugh St, Russell Square London WC1H 0XG United Kingdom www.soas.ac.uk TeamLeader: Laura Hammond Communications Key Expert: Idil Osman [email protected] International Migration Institute Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford University 3 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TB United Kingdom https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/ Migration & Development Key Expert: Oliver Bakewell Sahan Research Ltd Nairobi Kenya www.sahan.eu Conflict & Governance Key Expert: Vincent Chordi Research Coordinator: Caitlin Sturridge With Funding Provided by: The EU Emergency Trust Fund for the Horn of Africa Development Cooperation DG Brussels The views expressed in this report are those of the researchers and do not indicate a position or opinion on the part of the European Union or the EU Trust Fund for Africa. Suggested Citation: Research and Evidence Facility (REF). ‘Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa: A Desk Review and Proposal for Research,’ London and Nairobi: EU Trust Fund for Africa (Horn of Africa Window) Research and Evidence Facility. www.soas.ac.uk/hornresearch-ref Editor’s Note: A draft of this document was circulated for discussion on during October 2016. We thank all of those who took the time to read and comment on it. A summary of comments incorporated into the document can be found in Annex 4. Table of Contents 1 Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Sources and approaches ............................................................................................................ 3 3 Migration, Displacement and Conflict dynamics in the Horn of Africa ................................. 5 3.1 Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Eritrea ........................................................................................................................................ 12 3.3 Kenya ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.4 Somalia ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Somaliland ................................................................................................................................ 17 3.6 Sudan ......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.7 South Sudan .............................................................................................................................. 20 3.8 Tanzania .................................................................................................................................... 20 3.9 Uganda ...................................................................................................................................... 21 3.10 Djibouti & Yemen ............................................................................................................... 22 3.11 Libya ..................................................................................................................................... 23 3.12 Further migration ............................................................................................................... 23 4 Borders, Economies, and Livelihoods ........................................................................................ 24 4.1 Borders and Borderlands ........................................................................................................ 24 4.2 Rural and urban livelihoods and mobility .......................................................................... 26 4.3 Urban studies in the Horn of Africa ...................................................................................... 27 5 Demographic factors – population, age and gender ................................................................ 28 6 Dynamics of conflict and displacement ..................................................................................... 33 6.1 War economies ......................................................................................................................... 33 6.2 Experiences of Displacement and Response Strategies ...................................................... 34 6.3 Trafficking and Smuggling of people ................................................................................... 36 6.4 Governance and conflict prevention and dynamics of forced displacement and irregular migration .................................................................................................................. 39 6.5 Local CVE and peacebuilding efforts ................................................................................... 40 7 Migration, mobility and development linkages, policies and interventions ....................... 41 7.1 The Migration-Development debate ..................................................................................... 41 7.2 Development-Induced Displacement ................................................................................... 44 7.3 Climate Change and Migration ............................................................................................. 45 7.4 Diaspora and Origin Country Relations ............................................................................... 47 8 Migration management practices ............................................................................................... 48 8.1 Migration laws and regulations ............................................................................................. 48 8.2 Efforts by non-state actors ...................................................................................................... 49 8.3 Challenges to managing migration ....................................................................................... 49 8.4 Securitisation of migration management ............................................................................. 51 8.5 Managing the movements of national migrants ................................................................. 51 8.6 A joined-up approach ............................................................................................................. 52 9 Radicalisation and Violent Extremism in the Horn of Africa ................................................. 53 9.1 Overview of regional dynamics ............................................................................................. 53 9.2 Literature on radicalisation and violent extremism ........................................................... 55 9.3 Theoretical Models of Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. ......................................... 57 9.4 Drivers of Radicalisation and Violent Extremism ............................................................... 60 9.5 Countering Radicalisation and Violent Extremism ............................................................ 63 10 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 64 10.1 Research Gaps ..................................................................................................................... 65 11 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research ..................................................... 67 11.1 Research Theme 1: Interactions between rural and urban mobility ........................... 68 11.2 Research Theme 2: Experiences and impacts of voluntary, involuntary , diasporic and ex-combatant return and reintegration in Somalia ..................................................... 71 11.3 Research Theme 3. Impact of Youth Training and Employment on Migration and Conflict Dynamics ................................................................................................................... 74 11.4 Research Theme 4: Dynamics of cross-border economies and centre/periphery relations ..................................................................................................................................... 76 11.5 Research Theme 5. Migration management systems and their impacts on mobility patterns within the Horn of Africa ........................................................................................ 80 11.5.1 Assessing the impact of migration management systems on livelihoods and migration/conflict outcomes ................................................................................................ 80 11.5.2 Migration dynamics through Bossaso (Somalia), Obock (Djibouti) and Yemen 82 11.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................... 85 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 86 Annex 1: Key stakeholders and interventions
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