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Development and Validation of the Marine Benthic Copepod Robertsonia Propinqua As a Bioindicator to Monitor Estuarine Environmental Health

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Development and Validation of the Marine Benthic Copepod Robertsonia Propinqua As a Bioindicator to Monitor Estuarine Environmental Health Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Development and validation of the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator to monitor estuarine environmental health A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University New Zealand By L. A. Hack Lincoln University 2008 i Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Development and validation of the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator to monitor estuarine environmental health By L. A. Hack Abstract Studies in the USA have reported that species of meiobenthic copepods can be used as bioindicators of sediment-associated contaminants. The main objective of this research project was to develop and validate methods to assess the effects of estuarine pollution, using the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator of environmental health in New Zealand intertidal/estuarine areas. Cultures of R. propinqua were set up and maintained in the laboratory and individuals used in 96h acute and full life-cycle chronic bioassays using the pre- selected contaminants atrazine and zinc sulphate. From the 96h acute experiments it was found that the lethal doses at which 50% mortality occurred (LC 50 ) for exposed nauplii and adult individuals were 7.5 mg/L and 31.8 mg/L, respectively for atrazine and 1.7 mg/L and 2.7 mg/L, respectively for zinc sulphate. This indicated that the nauplii life stage was more sensitive than were the adult life stages for exposure to both contaminants. Based on the ”trigger‘ values reported (atrazine = 0.013 mg/L, zinc = 0.015 mg/L) in the Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality, which provide values at which concentrations of contaminants can occur in the environment before they begin causing effects on aquatic fauna, it is unlikely that the calculated LC 50 s in the current research will induce biological effects in exposed copepods in the short-term. The calculated LC 50 results were then used to further investigate the effects of chronic exposure of sediment-associated contaminants on the complete life-cycle (egg-reproductive adult) of R. propinqua . In a laboratory-based full life-cycle toxicity test, field-collected sediments from polluted sites in the Auckland and Bay of Plenty regions reduced reproductive output (nauplii and copepodite production) of R. propinqua individuals, but the number of males and females, gravid females, clutch size per female and the number of ii eggs produced were not affected by either the polluted or non-polluted (reference) sediment samples from both field regions. Field investigations of meiofauna community composition in polluted and non-polluted field sites were carried out in 2004 in the Auckland and Bay of Plenty field regions in New Zealand. Greater sediment organic content and a correspondingly deeper redox potential discontinuity layer occurred in all polluted field sites compared with the non- polluted sites. However, species composition could not be used to characterise polluted and non- polluted sites, as there were no dominant taxa which were representative of these sites. The results presented in this thesis indicate that R. propinqua has strong potential to be a good candidate species as a bioindicator of environmental contamination. Furthermore, the full life- cycle toxicity test could be used as a rapid test to detect immediate changes in individual reproduction and development as well as long-term population effects. The technologies developed as part of this research may eventually provide additional tools for commercial environmental consultancies and may compliment existing standard operating procedures for environmental assessments involving pollution of estuarine ecosystems. Keywords Robertsonia propinqua , bioindicator, environmental health assessment, ecological risk assessment, atrazine, zinc sulphate, 96h acute and full life-cycle chronic toxicity bioassays, water quality guideline values, copepod life-cycle, copepod culture, standard operating procedures. iii Acknowledgements There are a great many people who deserve my most sincere appreciation and deepest gratitude for helping me progress through the past three years and assisting me with the completion of this thesis. Firstly, thank you to my supervisor Professor Steve Wratten (Lincoln University, Christchurch) without whom I would still be floundering in the quagmire of data processing and thesis drafts. I greatly appreciate his faith in me and providing me with so much guidance, support and encouragement when I was losing sight of the ”bigger picture‘. Thank you to Dr. Louis Tremblay (Landcare Research Ltd) for initiating me into the field of Environmental Toxicology, for constantly challenging me to strive for higher goals. Thank you also to Dr. Vaughan Keesing (Boffa Miskell Ltd) for providing me with guidance and the opportunity to become involved in the application of science in a commercial context. Secondly, special thanks to my colleagues at Lincoln University for their support and assistance, especially Alison Lister for statistical support. Boffa Miskell Ltd for providing logistical and financial support, encouragement and guiding me into the commercial world and Landcare Research Ltd for proving me with the facilities to undertake this project. I would also like to thank all the staff from these locations for the many light-hearted conversations and many jovial times. Thirdly, thank you to Professor John Wells (Victoria University, Wellington) for identifying Robertsonia propinqua , Professor Tom Chandler (University of South Carolina, USA) for the many conversations which have led to my passion for meiofauna. Last but by no means least, Professor Duncan McLennan for his perseverance and kindness. I would also like to acknowledge with gratitude the financial support given by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, science and Technology, AgResearch (Dr. Nigel Bell) and Environment Bay of Plenty (Dr. Stephen Park), Lincoln University, Boffa Miskell Ltd and Landcare Research Ltd, without which this project would never have succeeded. Thank you all for allowing me to contribute to the field of Environmental Toxicology. iv I would like to thank my family and friends for providing me with strength and endless encouragement when I began to falter. Thank you for the many nuggets of happiness along the way which kept me sane and mindful that there is light at the end of the tunnel. Finally, thank you to life, for giving one of the hardest roads to travel and for showing me that when the road becomes rough, to call on your strength and never give up. —Hardship builds character, and a strong but humble character will guide you to fulfil your aspirations.“ v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1. General introduction................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. The importance of estuaries............................................................................................ 2 1.3. The state of estuaries in New Zealand............................................................................ 5 1.4. Ecological significance of chemical contamination ....................................................... 6 1.5. Chemical contaminants in sewage.................................................................................. 6 1.6. Metal contamination....................................................................................................... 7 1.7. Environmental risk assessment techniques..................................................................... 9 1.8. Meiofauna as bioindicators of contamination .............................................................. 10 1.9. The usefulness of Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator of environmental contamination ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.10. Aims and hypotheses................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. Benthic meiofauna community composition at polluted and non-polluted sites in New Zealand intertidal environments..........................................................................................
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