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Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs

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Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF EDIBLE MARINE GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS Biology and Ecology of Marine Life BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF EDIBLE MARINE GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758 Canada USA © 2019 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-638-3 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-09943-9 (eBook) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re- cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publish- er or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Santhanam, Ramasamy, 1946-, author Biology and ecology of edible marine gastropod molluscs / Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD. (Biology and ecology of marine life) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-77188-638-3 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-09943-9 (PDF) 1. Sea snails. I. Title. II. Series: Santhanam, Ramasamy, 1946- . Biology and ecology of marine life. QL430.4.S36 2018 594’.3 C2018-902025-3 C2018-902026-1 CIP data on file with US Library ofC ongress Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF MARINE LIFE BOOK SERIES Series Author: Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD Former Dean, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thoothukudi 628008, India E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Books in the Series: • Biology and Culture of Portunid Crabs of the World Seas • Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs • Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs • Biology and Ecology of Venomous Marine Snails • Biology and Ecology of Venomous Stingrays • Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ramasamy Santhanam, PhD Dr. Ramasamy Santhanam is the former Dean of Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India. His fields of specialization are marine biology and fisheries environment. Presently, he is serving as a resource person for various universities of India. He has also served as an expert for the “Environment Management Capacity Building,” a World Bank-aided project of the Department of Ocean Development, India. He has been a member of the American Fisheries Society, United States; World Aquaculture Society, United States; Global Fisheries Ecosystem Management Network (GFEMN), United States; and the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Commission on Ecosystem Management, Switzerland. To his credit, Dr. Santhanam has 25 books on Marine Biology/Fisheries Science and 70 research papers. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations .................................................................................... xi Preface .......................................................................................................xiii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 2. Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs .................. 7 3. Profile of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ........................................ 19 4. Nutritional Value of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ................... 293 5. Pharmaceutical Value of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ............ 335 6. Industrial Uses of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ....................... 357 7. Aquaculture of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ............................ 373 8. Diseases and Parasites of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ........... 395 References ........................................................................................................ 417 Index ................................................................................................................. 435 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AbHV abalone herpes virus EAA essential amino acids FW fresh weight GAG glycosaminoglycan GSK-3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 HIV-1 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin LC-PUFA long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid MIC minimum inhibitory concentration MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid NO nitric oxide PL phospholipid PSP paralytic shellfish poisoning PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid SFA saturated fatty acid TBT tributyltin TT thrombin time UFA unsaturated fatty acid PREFACE The gastropods (Phylum: Mollusca; Class: Gastropoda) play important diverse roles in nature and are also sensitive indicators of environmental change. During a long evolution, this class of animals has colonized the majority of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. There are about 50,000 described species of marine gastropods distributed throughout the world from intertidal zones to the ocean depths. Abalone, conchs, and periwinkle snails are popular and highly sought after food items throughout the world. Shells of these gastropods occupy an impor- tant role in the commercial shell craft industries, especially in South India. Apart from nutritional values, several species of these edible, marine gastropods have potential industrial and therapeutical applications. Mari- culture techniques have also been developed for certain species of these gastropods. Knowledge about the biology and ecology edible marine gastropod molluscs of world seas and oceans is very much limited, and a compre- hensive book on these aspects is still wanting. Keeping this in consid- eration, an attempt has now been made. In this book, aspects, namely, (1) biology and ecology, (2) profile (habitat, geographical distribution, morphology, food and feeding, reproduction, etc.), (3) nutritional values, (4) pharmaceutical and industrial applications, (5) aquaculture, and (6) diseases and parasites of about 250 species of edible marine gastropod molluscs have been covered in an easy-to-read style with neat illustra- tions. It is hoped that the present publication would be of great use for the students and researchers of disciplines such as Fisheries Science, Marine Biology, Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, and Zoology, besides serving as a standard reference book for the libraries of all universities and libraries. I am grateful to Dr. G. Sanjeeviraj, formerly Professor and Head, Department of Fisheries Extension, Fisheries College & Research Insti- tute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Thoothukudi, India, for his valuable suggestions on the manuscript. I sincerely thank all my international friends who were very kind enough to collect and xiv Preface send the shells of some species for the present purpose. I also thank Mrs. Albin Panimalar Ramesh for her help in photography and secretarial assis- tance. The author would like to express his indebtedness to Dr. S. Ramesh, Professor, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India for his suggestions on the chapter dealing with pharmaceutical values of marine gastropods. Suggestions from the users are welcome. —Ramasamy Santhanam CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS Abstract .....................................................................................................2 Keywords ..................................................................................................6 2 Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Gastropod Molluscs ABSTRACT The characteristics of the class Gastropoda along with the human uses/ commercial importance of edible marine gastropod Molluscs are given in this chapter. The marine gastropods have been associated with humans since the dawn of civilization. Cowrie shells were once used as currency in many Polynesian cultures. These animals were gathered for food, and their shells were used as tools, ornaments, and later as money. Although the venom from the “sting” of some cone snails is fatal to humans, several bioactive compounds with therapeutical values have
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