Habiter Sous Contrainte Carbone En 2050 : Hypothèses Sur Le Confort

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Habiter Sous Contrainte Carbone En 2050 : Hypothèses Sur Le Confort Recherche Dominique THEILE Formation Conseil Habiter sous contrainte carbone en 2050 : hypothèses sur le confort Rapport final Edition revue et augmentée 13 MARS 2012 PROGRAMME « Repenser les villes dans une société post-carbone » Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable, des Transports et du Logement DGALN / Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture MAPA n° D 09.02 (0901821) du 01 juillet 2009 titulaire : Dominique Theile Sommaire Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 I/ Confort thermique et disponibilité en espace habitable..................................................... 5 A/ La « thermo-rénovation » des murs : quelle ampleur ? ........................................ 5 Quels logements prendre en considération ?................................................. 5 2 Délimitation par date d’achèvement et réglementation thermique afférente : .................................................................................................... 7 L’effectivité de l’application des réglementations thermiques : ..................... 10 Comportement thermique des constructions achevées avant 1969 ................ 13 Environ 15,7 millions de logements concernés par l’épaississement mais de fortes incertitudes ........................................................................... 17 Conclusion du chapitre A : .......................................................................... 20 B/ Quelle rencontre entre rénovation thermique, conditions et comportements ? .................................................................................................... 21 Rénovation thermique et systèmes de valeur liés aux bâtiments .................... 21 « Green-value » versus perte en espace habitable : ....................................... 25 Rénover en isolant par l’intérieur : réduire et-ou réallouer l’espace habitable...................................................................................................... 27 Rénover en isolant par l’extérieur : pousser les murs .................................... 33 Quelles inégalités des populations et territoires ? ......................................... 36 Impact des épaisseurs d’isolant thermique sur les surfaces habitables et urbaines ....................................................................... 36 La rénovation énergétique : une chausse-trappe dans les trajectoires résidentielles ?................................................................ 40 Simulation thermique et aides à la rénovation thermique .............................. 44 Des incitations à ne pas isoler les murs ............................................. 45 Rénover est peu compatible avec vendre, sauf sur les biens très valorisés .......................................................................................... 50 La question de l’adéquation des pratiques de travail à la rénovation thermique .................................................................................................... 56 Quel effort de construction et rénovation ? ....................................... 56 Quel effort de formation ? ................................................................ 59 Artisans et effet d’opportunité : impact sur les malfaçons et les inégalités.......................................................................................... 62 Les évolutions des procédés d’isolation : .......................................... 65 Conclusion de la Première Partie : .......................................................................... 71 II/ Confort lié aux NTIC et consommation électrique ......................................................... 75 A/ Les nouvelles électrifications de l’habitat :.......................................................... 75 L’électrification de l’habitat : ....................................................................... 75 Les efforts des fabricants pour diminuer les consommations électriques ....... 79 Un déphasage entre efforts pour les bâtiments et efforts pour les équipements ................................................................................ 79 Plus efficace mais pas plus sobre : illustration avec des lave- 3 linge ................................................................................................ 82 Si ce n’est pas plus grand, c’est plus petit mais avec plus d’usages… ....................................................................................... 85 Conclusion du chapitre A : .......................................................................... 89 B/ Du wattmètre au paramétrage du confort : de la place pour la sobriété ? ............ 90 De sérieuses difficultés dans la mesure, liées à un matériel pas assez précis : ........................................................................................................ 90 Des résultats qui tendent à noircir le scénario ouvrant ainsi des pistes de pondération : .......................................................................................... 92 Résumé de mesures : il y a bien boîte noire donc tout est possible ! ............. 97 Où vont passer les économies de chauffage ? ............................................... 100 Quelles économies de chauffage ? .................................................... 100 De la destinée des économies : entre rebonds, tolérances et visibilité ........................................................................................... 103 Extérieur, intérieur : les évolutions du concept de confort ............................ 108 L’alimentation électrique de charges thermiques complexes ......................... 111 Facteur de puissance : ...................................................................... 112 De l’effet joule dans les apports internes pour le paramétrage des besoins d’énergie ....................................................................... 116 Des besoins d’énergie paramétrés sur des apports à charges thermiques complexes ...................................................................... 119 Conclusion de la Seconde Partie : ........................................................................... 125 Conclusion génerale ........................................................................................................... 127 Repousser l’isolation des murs au risque de ne jamais les isoler ........ 127 Une rénovation thermique avec fort épaississement des murs est-elle pertinente ? .......................................................................... 129 Conditionnement des comportements moyens et limites des bâtiments intelligents ........................................................................ 131 Bibliographie ..................................................................................................................... 134 Illustrations, tableaux, encadrés, graphiques ....................................................................... 141 INTRODUCTION Nous proposons une prospective à 40 ans de l’interaction entre évolution du confort et urbanisation sous contrainte carbone, dans un scénario de forte action sur l’habitat et l’infrastructure sans maîtrise urbaine : - l’éventuelle modification des exigences de confort liées à l’espace habitable sous l’effet de l’exigence réglementaire thermique ; 1 - l’impact de l'émergence de nouvelles exigences de confort (nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication) sur l’applicabilité de l’exigence réglementaire thermique. La méthode de recherche consiste à : - se placer dans le contexte d’une transition post-carbone de forte action sans maîtrise urbaine (famille deux des scénarii de l’appel à projet Ville post Carbone) ; - élaborer des hypothèses catastrophe au niveau de l’impact des épaisseurs d’isolants, d’une part, de l’évolution de la consommation électrique des ménages, d’autre part ; - établir l’éventail des possibles entre ces extrêmes au regard des probables évolutions techniques et comportementales à 40 ans ; - cartographier les conditions favorables et défavorables à l’avènement de ces possibles. Dans ce rapport final, nous avons poursuivi et consolidé le travail d’accumulation et d’ordonnancement de données permettant de bâtir les scénarii extrêmes et l’éventail des possibles les plus probables. Le travail produit relève beaucoup plus de la quête multidirectionnelle par essais et erreurs, que du déroulement linéaire d’une méthodologie détaillée en projet initial. Et notre perception actuelle n’est plus exactement la même que celle qui a conduit l’élaboration du projet, puisqu’elle s’est nourrie entre-temps d’une masse considérable de documents, mesures et observations. Et ce que nous avions initialement bâti comme des hypothèses extrêmes ne nous apparaît plus comme vraiment extrême. Concernant l’exigence réglementaire thermique, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que l’incapacité à recourir à l’isolation extérieure obligeait à recourir à l’isolation intérieure sur la base des performances actuelles des isolants conventionnels, ou à ne pas isoler. Or il apparaît que l’exigence réglementaire thermique, dans sa récente évolution en ce qui concerne l’existant, donne une relative possibilité de ne pas isoler. En effet, la correction thermique, qui était plutôt connotée amateurs de vieilles pierres soucieux d’écologie, est désormais réglementairement promue, au travers de l’arrêté du 03 mai 2007 désormais applicable à l’ensemble de l’habitat existant. Cette réglementation est applicable
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