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Home , A Little Night Music, A Weekend in the Country, Brian Yorkey, Broadway Worldwide, Craig Bierko, Fosse (musical)

DIRECTED BY PETER DUBOIS

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ORCHESTRATIONS BY MUSIC & LYRICS BY SUGGESTED BY A FILM BY STEPHEN ORIGINALLY PRODUCED & DIRECTED ON BROADWAY BY SONDHEIM

SUMPTUOUS TONY AWARD-WINNING MUSICAL LITTLE A NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS

Standards 3

Guidelines for Attending the Theatre 4

Artists 5

Themes for Writing & Discussion 6

Mastery Assessment 8

For Further Exploration 10

Suggested Activities 14

© Huntington Theatre , MA 02115

September 2015

No portion of this curriculum guide may be reproduced without written permission from the Huntington Theatre Company’s Department of Education & Community Programs

Inquiries should be directed to: Donna Glick | Director of Education [email protected]

This curriculum guide was prepared for the Huntington Theatre Company by: Marisa Jones | Education Assistant with contributions by: Donna Glick | Director of Education Alexandra Truppi I Manager of Curriculum & Instruction CORE STANDARDS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS

STANDARDS: Student Matinee performances and pre-show workshops provide unique opportunities for experiential learning and support various combinations of the Common Core Standards for English Language Arts. They may also support standards in other subject areas such as Social Studies and History, depending on the individual play’s subject matter. Activities are also included in this Curriculum Guide and in our pre-show workshops that support several of the Massachusetts state standards in theatre. Other arts areas may also be addressed depending on the individual play’s subject matter.

Reading Literature: Key Ideas and Details 1 Reading Literature: Craft and Structure 5

• Grades 9-10: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to • Grades 9-10: Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), inferences drawn from the text. and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks), create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise. • Grades 11-12: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as • Grades 11-12: Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how inferences from from the text, including where the text leaves to structure specific parts of a text (e.g., the choice of where to matters uncertain. begin or end a story, the choice to provide a comedic or tragic resolution) contribute to its overall structure and meaning as Reading Literature: Key Ideas and Details 2 well as its aesthetic impact.

• Grades 9-10: Determine a theme or central idea of a text and Reading Literature: Craft and Structure 6 analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific • Grades 11-12: Analyze a case in which grasping point of details; provide an objective summary of the text. view required distinguishing what is directly stated in a text from what is really meant (e.g., satire, sarcasm, irony, or • Grades 11-12: Determine two or more themes or central ideas understatement). of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to Reading Literature: Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 7 produce a complex account; provide and objective summary of the text. • Grades 9-12: Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem (e.g. recorded or live production of a play or recorded Reading Literature: Key Ideas and Details 3 novel or poetry), evaluating how each version interprets the source text (Include at least one play by Shakespeare and one • Grades 9-10: Analyze how complex characters (e.g. those with play by an American dramatist). multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the themes.

• Grades 11-12: Analyze the impact of the author’s choices regarding how to develop related elements of a story or drama (e.g., where a story is set, how the action is ordered, how the characters are introduced and developed).

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 3 MASSACHUSETTS STANDARDS IN THEATRE

ACTING • 2.8 — Improvise characters, dialogue, and actions that focus on the development and resolution of dramatic conflicts • 1.7 — Create and sustain a believable character throughout a (By the end of Grade 8). scripted or improvised scene (By the end of Grade 8). • 2.11 — Read plays from a variety of genres and styles; compare • 1.12 — Describe and analyze, in written and oral form, and contrast the structure of plays to the structures of other characters’ wants, needs, objectives, and personality forms of literature (Grades 9-12). characteristics (By the end of Grade 8). • 1.13 — In rehearsal and performance situations, perform as a TECHNICAL THEATRE productive and responsible member of an acting ensemble • 4.6 — Draw renderings, floor plans, and/or build models of (i.e., demonstrate personal responsibility and commitment to sets for a dramatic work and explain choices in using visual a collaborative process) (By the end of Grade 8). elements (line, shape/form, texture, color, space) and visual • 1.14 — Create complex and believable characters through principals (unity, variety, harmony, balance, rhythm) (By the the integration of physical, vocal, and emotional choices end of Grade 8). (Grades 9-12). • 4.13 — Conduct research to inform the design of sets, costumes, • 1.15 — Demonstrate an understanding of a dramatic work sound, and lighting for a dramatic production (Grades 9-12). by developing a character analysis (Grades 9-12). CONNECTIONS • 1.17 — Demonstrate increased ability to work effectively • Strand 6: Purposes and Meanings in the Arts — Students will alone and collaboratively with a partner or in an ensemble describe the purposes for which works of dance, music, theatre, . (Grades 9-12) visual arts, and architecture were and are created, and, when READING AND WRITING SCRIPTS appropriate, interpret their meanings (Grades PreK-12). • 2.7 — Read plays and stories from a variety of cultures and • Strand 10: Interdisciplinary Connections — Students will historical periods and identify the characters, setting, plot, apply their knowledge of the arts to the study of English theme, and conflict (By the end of Grade 8). language arts, foreign languages, health, history and social science, mathematics, and science and technology/engineering (Grades PreK-12).

AUDIENCE ETIQUETTE

Attending live theatre is a unique experience with many valuable educational and social benefits. To ensure that all audience members are able to enjoy the performance, please take a few minutes to discuss the following audience etiquette topics with your students before you come to the Huntington Theatre Company.

• How is attending the theatre similar to and different from going to the movies? What behaviors are and are not appropriate when seeing a play? Why?

• Remind students that because the performance is live, ’s behavior and reactions will affect the actors’ performances. No two audiences are exactly the same, and therefore no two performances are exactly the same — this is part of what makes theatre so special! Students’ behavior should reflect the level of performance they wish to see.

• Theatre should be an enjoyable experience for the audience. It is absolutely all right to applaud when appropriate and laugh at the funny moments. Talking and calling out during the performance, however, are not allowed. Why might this be? Be sure to mention that not only would the people seated around them be able to hear their conversation, but the actors on stage could hear them, too. Theatres are constructed to carry sound efficiently!

• Any noise or light can be a distraction, so please remind students to make sure their cell phones are turned off (or better yet, left at home or at school!). Texting, photography, and video recording are prohibited. Food, gum, and drinks should not be brought into the theatre.

• Students should sit with their group as seated by the Front of House staff and should not leave their seats the performance has begun.

4 CURRICULUM GUIDE ARTISTS

STEPHEN SONDHEIM — FATHER OF THE MODERN MUSICAL Stephen Joshua Sondheim was born on March 22, 1930, in , the only child of Herbert Sondheim, a prominent dress manufacturer, and Janet Fox Sondheim, his former chief designer. A highly intelligent child, Sondheim picked out tunes on the piano at the age of four, skipped kindergarten, and read The New York Times while in first grade. He loved puzzles, games, and anagrams. His parents divorced when he was 10 years old and Sondheim moved with his mother to Doylestown, Pennsylvania, where he met and became close with lyricist Oscar Hammerstein and his family. The Hammersteins became surrogate parents, and Oscar served as a role model for young Stephen. Enrolled at the George School, a prestigious private high school, Sondheim composed his first musical, By George!, a satire of campus life. He showed it to Hammerstein who gave him a four-hour critique. “I learned more that afternoon about song-writing and musical theatre than most people learn in a lifetime,” Sondheim later recalled. Hammerstein tutored Sondheim in the art and craft of writing for musical theatre and outlined a course of study that would last for six years.

In 1951, Sondheim won a two year fellowship to study with avant-garde composer Milton Babbitt in New York City. Babbitt later remarked that “[Sondheim] wanted his music to be as sophisticated and as knowing within the obvious restraints of a Composer Broadway musical.” In 1955, Sondheim secured his first professional job in the theatre composing the score for the show Saturday During the 1970s, Sondheim wrote music and lyrics for , Night, intended for Broadway. The project collapsed in pre- , , and A Little Night Music. He also production, but after hearing Sondheim’s score, composer Leonard co-wrote a screenplay called The Last of Sheila and contributed Bernstein asked him to write the lyrics for his new musical based new lyrics to Leonard Bernstein’s score for . He went on to on Romeo and Juliet. Sondheim hesitated but was convinced by write the scores of Merrily We Roll Along, Sunday in the Park with Hammerstein to accept the offer. The musical became West Side George, , , , and , and Story and opened in 1957. It ran on Broadway for nearly two years. is considered to be the leading composer in the American musical theatre. “,” from A Little Night Music, however, Teaming with composer , Sondheim wrote the lyrics was his first major hit, and the show remains one of his most for in 1959, followed by A Funny Thing Happened on the popular and romantic musicals. Way to the Forum in 1962, which was the first musical for which Sondheim was both composer and lyricist. Sondheim dedicated QUESTIONS: it to the memory of Oscar Hammerstein, who died in 1960. Sondheim then composed which closed 1. Continue your research of Sondheim and his body of work. after only performances. Out of loyalty to Hammerstein, but Select a song from each of his musicals in chronological order against his better judgement, Sondheim then agreed to write and evaluate the progression of his music and lyric forms. How lyrics to ’ music for Do I Hear a Waltz? Although has Sondheim’s work evolved over the past 40 years? In what the show ran only four months, Sondheim received his first Tony ways has it remained the same? Award nomination for his work. After he had contributed music 2. Next, listen to examples of music from musicals written by and lyrics to the television musical, Evening Primrose, Sondheim artists other than Sondheim. Compare and contrast Sondheim’s began the collaboration with , Harold Prince, and work with earlier musical theatre composers and lyricists such Michael Bennett that resulted in Company, which opened in 1970. as Leonard Bernstein, Richard Rodgers, and Oscar Hammerstein. Critics called the work “groundbreaking” and “the first modernist Which songs are structured in the traditional Rodgers and musical.” It won the New York Drama Critics’ Award and received Hammerstein “character sings his/her emotions while advancing 12 Tony Award nominations, winning six including, Best Musical the storyline’ and which shows the Sondheim ‘concept musical’ and Sondheim’s first for Best Music and Best Lyrics. influence, which broke the more traditional structure?”

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 5 THEMES FOR WRITING & DISCUSSION

can admit their true feelings. Desiree is also fortunate that the Count has misunderstood Fredrik’s intentions towards Charlotte and after feeling a jealous rage challenges Fredrik to a duel, and feels compelled to finally take his wife home. Even Petra has found a more appropriate relationship with another servant during her “weekend in the country.”

QUESTIONS:

HAWVER 1. Consider each character and describe the ways in which they

NILE have “played” the game of love: Did Anne ever flirt with Henrik? / What romantic advice did Charlotte give Anne? How did Fredrik SHOTS garner the attention of the famous Desiree Armfeldt? How did SCOTT Desiree signal that she was interested in Fredrik? Why does Count

NILE Carl-Magnus Malcolm insist on challenging Fredrik to a duel? Stephen Bogardus (Fredrik Egerman), Haydn Gwynne (Desiree Armfeldt), and Mike McGowan (Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm) in the 2. After watching or reading the musical, do you believe that the Huntington Theatre Company’s production of A Little Night Music story has a happy ending? Do you think the romantic shifts make sense, or do you think that certain characters are being reckless with their feelings? How well did these individuals play WINNING THE GAME OF LOVE the game of love? Actress Desiree Armfeldt feels an attraction to her former lover, Fredrik Egerman, during her performance on the night Fredrik PROMISE OF YOUTH VS. surprises his current wife with tickets to Desiree’s show. Perhaps WISDOM THROUGH AGING Fredrik should have known better than to seek out Desiree, but after being deprived of a physical relationship for the first 11 Madame Armfeldt has all but predicted the events before they months of marriage to the young and pretty Anne, rekindling the unfold. She speaks to her young granddaughter, Fredrika, with the romance with the attractive actress looms large in his mind. Anne, authority of a woman who has seen it all. And when she considers however, is not a fool and realizes the nature of her husband’s her granddaughter and her own daughter she believes there exists intentions almost immediately. She is reluctant to consummate the a poverty in their thinking. Madame Armfeldt speaks of the night marriage because she sees him as a father figure or an uncle rather smiling three times: “The first smile smiles at the young, who know than her lover. Additionally, it appears she is falling in love with her nothing… the second, at the fools who know too little … and the third stepson, Henrik, who is much closer in age and with whom she at the old who know too much.” spends a great deal of time. Henrik is in love with his stepmother, but his attempts to tell her so are constantly thwarted. His Fredrika watches her mother Desiree’s life unfold with inquisitive frustration leads him into the arms of the household maid, Petra. eyes. She listens attentively to her grandmother’s stories and asks many questions, which display her youth and innocence. It The presence of Fredrik’s wife is not a concern for Desiree. It is also could also be argued that Anne and Henrik approach life with not a concern that her current lover, Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm, a similar naiveté. Henrik insists on making himself a man of the who is also married, insists on making his presence known. He is cloth, consumed with his studies at the seminary, yet practically more of a nuisance than anything else and Desiree is clearly not speaking, he is more of a tortured soul, certain of nothing. Anne in love with him. The Count, married to one of Anne’s old has made a very practical decision to marry well and chose the named Charlotte, is outraged upon finding Desiree with Fredrik security of an older man instead of following her heart. Their wearing nothing but a night shirt . . . which unfortunately belongs actions show they lack perspective and are not quite aware of to the Count. He is baffled by Desiree’s lack of faithfulness to him, what will bring them true happiness. which is ironic and extremely humorous given his own marital status. The Count’s frustration with Desiree becomes gossip in his Fredrik, the Count, and Desiree also struggle, especially in their own home and he implores his wife to seek Anne out in order to romantic lives, but not because they lack knowledge. Pride, vanity, expose Fredrik and Desiree’s secret relationship. Out of loyalty and irresponsibility plague their decision making. Fredrik chooses and desperation, Charlotte agrees, and through their reunion, a young and beautiful woman for his second wife, because he can, Charlotte convinces Anne to accept Desiree’s invitation to Madame not because he should. He knows all too well that Anne does not Armfeldt’s chateau in the country to spend the weekend in a feel towards him the way a woman should towards her husband, covert operation to win back their husbands. but having her on his arm boosts his ego. The Count is prepared to throw away his perfectly decent marriage for the “sport” of chasing Desiree admits to her young daughter Fredrika that she is around a mistress. He feels almost as if it is his “right” as a man of his conspiring to lure Fredrik out of Anne’s grasp. Luckily, Anne and social status, an entitlement to have a woman to call on in every city. Henrik finally have a moment alone together during which they It is not until he believes he’s on the brink of losing Charlotte that he

6 A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE look, sizing up the situation approvingly, before following ANNE into the bedroom.” Fredrik may be completely oblivious to the fact that he is torturing his son through his marriage to Anne. However, he certainly wishes for his son to be happy and is proud of his accomplishments at home and in seminary school.

The situation in the Armfeldt household is perhaps more strained. Madame Armfeldt has made her opinions of Desiree’s lifestyle and career choices quite clear. She is very disappointed in her daughter and takes the extreme step of removing Fredrika from Desiree’s care because she believes it is inappropriate for a child to travel the world when she should be properly educated in a stable home environment. In Act I, Scene 1, Madame Armfeldt sings: HAWVER

NILE

/ Ordinary daughters ameliorate their lot, Use their charms and choose their futures, SHOTS Breed their children, heed their mothers. SCOTT Ordinary daughters, which mine, I fear, is not, NILE Tend each asset, spend it wisely The cast of the Huntington Theatre Company’s While it still endures… production of A Little Night Music Mine tours. can actually see her and appreciate her devotion to him. Desiree, of If Madame Armfeldt, is angry and hurt her by her daughter’s course, may believe she knows what she wants after seeing Fredrik actions, her granddaughter takes an opposing view, feeling again, but has spent the better part of her adult life traveling the somewhat in awe of her beautiful mother and her exciting life. world for her acting career without much serious thought to settling Instead of displaying feelings of disappointment or resentment, down, all while her daughter is being raised by her mother. Desiree Fredrika sings: makes a gamble with her “weekend in the country” event, which is ultimately a grand success. As the night smiles on the younger Ordinary mothers lead ordinary lives, generations, Madame Armfeldt can close her eyes knowing Keep the house and sweep the parlor, she’s saved her best champagne for her final toast to the world, Cook the meals and look exhausted. confident in what she’s learned during her full and long life and Ordinary mothers, like ordinary wives, secure in the knowledge that both the youth and the fools have Fry the eggs and dry the sheets finally sorted themselves out. And try to deal with facts — Mine acts! QUESTIONS: 1. Is it fair to say that the “young know nothing?” Do you agree As complicated as the romantic relationships become in A Little that Anne and Henrik showed an inability to make good Night Music, it is family relationships that provide the foundation decisions? Who do you think showed the most wisdom through for these characters’ lives. Ultimately, as lovers consider switching his or her actions? Why? partners, the family bond remains intact and is almost certainly strengthened as a result. Madame Armfeldt can leave this world 2. Is it surprising when Fredrik says, “How unlikely life is! To peacefully knowing that her daughter has finally chosen a “future” lose one’s son, one’s wife, and practically one’s life within an which includes properly caring for Fredrika and finding real love. hour and yet to feel — relieved. Relieved, and, what’s more, considerably less ancient.” Has Fredrik really “lost” Henrik? QUESTIONS: Why did Anne make Fredrik feel old instead of young? 1. If you were Fredrika, would you be upset by your mother’s 3. What does it mean for the night to “smile?” Does it mean that choice to tour as an actress rather than raise you? Would you everything comes together? Is the ending of A Little Night Music be angry with your grandmother for pulling you away from the a happy one? Why or why not? touring lifestyle, or would you be relieved to be in one place, going to school and making friends in that town? COMPLEXITY IN THE PARENT/CHILD 2. Would you be angry with a parent, if after a divorce or death of RELATIONSHIP his or her spouse, for marrying someone your own age? In a humorous moment during what would otherwise be a tense 3. What mistakes do you think the parents/children have made one, Fredrik and Anne return from the play and catch Henrik in a during the course of this story? Do you feel hopeful by the compromising position with the household maid. Instead of Fredrik musical’s conclusion that everyone will be able to forgive each feeling anger, the stage directions read: “Fredrik gives HENRIK a other and move forward with their lives?

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 7 MASTERY ASSESSMENT

OPENING 24. What is Fredrik’s excuse for his presence? 1. Which characters appear onstage first? What are they 25. Explain the irony of Carl-Magnus’ demand for Desiree to be singing about? loyal and faithful to him. 2. The main characters appear at the end of the song. Scene 5 What are they doing together? 25. What connection does Carl-Magnus make while speaking PROLOGUE with Charlotte? 3. At the beginning of the prologue, what game is Madame 26. Is Charlotte aware of Carl-Magnus’ extra-marital relationships? Armfeldt playing? Who is sitting with her and what instructions has she given to this person? Scene 6 4. Describe the situation in which Fredrika has grown up. 27. Who calls on Anne while she is with Petra? 5. According to Madame Armfeldt, how does one know when 28. How does Charlotte describe her husband? the night smiles? 29. What news does Charlotte share with Anne? How does 6. What instrument does Fredrika play? Anne react? Scene 7 Scene 1 30. What is Madame Armfeldt’s “advice for the day?” What is her rationale for this statement? 7. What is Henrik studying in school? 31. What favor does Desiree ask of her mother? 8. How is Henrik related to Anne? 9. Why does Henrik want time alone with Anne and request 32. What invitation has Anne received? How does she react to go for a walk? to it? What does Fredrik think? What is Desiree’s motivation for this event? 10. What surprise does Fredrik have for Anne? 33. Why does Charlotte think Anne should accept Desiree’s 11. Who is Desiree Armfeldt? Why is Anne excited to see her? invitation? 12. It has been 11 months since Fredrik and Anne married, but 34. Who is going uninvited to a “weekend in the country?” what is Anne is still afraid of? 35. What is the snag in Desiree’s plan as she describes it to 13. What word is Henrik tired of hearing? Why might he be Fredrika? frustrated? 14. How does Fredrik describe the “ordinary mother?” ENTR’ACTE 15. Why is Madame Armfeldt frustrated with her daughter? 36. What is the purpose of the Liebeslieder singers during the How has Desiree disappointed her mother? transition between Acts one and two?

Scene 2 ACT TWO 16. Who are Fredrik’s typists? Scene 1 17. According to the ladies, what qualities does Desiree possess? 1. Where does Act Two open? 18. Why is Anne upset by the performance during her surprise 2. Who has arrived early to the “weekend in the country?” night out? 3. What reason does Carl-Magnus give for his unexpected Scene 3 arrival? What awkward situation has developed for Desiree? 19. Who does Anne catch in the act of “sinning” and what is Scene 2 her reaction? What is Fredrik’s? 4. What is Charlotte’s plan to spoil the weekend? Scene 4 Scene 2A 20. According to Desiree, what does Fredrik regularly do during 5. What does Henrik confess to Fredrika? her performances? 21. What is the nature of Fredrik and Desiree’s relationship? Scene 3 22. How does Desiree explain why her daughter is no longer 6. What “ifs” do Carl-Magnus and Fredrik have about their living with her? relationships with Desiree? 23. Who arrives during Desiree and Fredrik’s liaison? 7. What does Fredrik assume when he learns Desiree’s Why is this guest a surprise to Desiree? daughter’s name?

8 A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE Scene 4 8. How is the dining room arranged for the guests? RELATED WORKS & RESOURCES 9. Why is Carl-Magnus embarrassed by Charlotte? Continue your research of Stephen Sondheim and 10. To what does Madame Armfeldt toast? his contributions to the world of musical theatre. The following suggested works were also used in the 11. Why is Henrik upset and who wants to go after him? development of this curriculum guide. Scene 5 Other Musicals by Stephen Sondheim: 12. What secret does Fredrika tell Anne? Why is Fredrika Company worried about Henrik? Into the Woods (with book by ) Scene 5A Sunday in the Park with George (with book by 13. What upsets Henrik at the conclusion of the scene? James Lapine) Scene 6 (with music by Leonard Bernstein 14. Desiree reveals her true intentions to Fredrik. Does he feel and book by ) the same way? For Further Research: Scene 7 Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. 15. In what position does Anne finally catch Henrik? Abingdon Press; Reprint edition, 2006. 16. How does Anne feel about Henrik? DeWitt, Charlotte J. -Culture Smart!: the 17. What is Petra’s new plan? Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard; Reprint edition, 2006. Scene 8 Kenrick, John. Musical Theatre: A History. Bloomsbury 18. What does Charlotte admit to Fredrik? Was her plan a Academic, 2010. success? Maslon, Laurence. Broadway: The American Musical. 19. Is Desiree subtle in her attempt to break off the relationship Theatre & Cinema Book, 2001. with the Count? What does Carl-Magnus see that incites his rage? Sondheim, Stephen. Sondheim on Music: Minor Details and Major Decisions. Scarecrow Press, 2010. 20. What happened to the Croation Count? Sondheim, Stephen. Look, I Made a Hat. Knopf, 2011. 21. To what game does Carl-Magnus challenge Fredrik? Secrest, Meryle. Stephen Sondheim: A Life. Vintage, 2011. 22. Why is Fredrik relieved temporarily? How Sondheim Found His Sound 23. How does the story conclude? How did the night smile Swayne, Steve. . three times? U of Michigan Press, 2007.

The cast of the Broadway revival of Sunday in the Park with George (2008)

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 9 FOR FURTHER EXPLORATION

A scene from Ingmar Bergman’s film (1955)

A LITTLE INSPIRATION: “SOMMARNATTENS breaking the traditional film structure by experimenting with form LEENDE” OR SMILES OF A SUMMER NIGHT — he was less interested in the spectacle on the large screen and instead deeply devoted to the analysis of his characters. Themes A Little Night Music, like many other great pieces of art, is based which emerged in many of his films and throughout his career upon another work, the romantic comedy entitled Smiles of a include: the dynamics of marriage, the complexity of the human Summer Night. This Swedish film received much critical acclaim mind, the loss of the artist’s identity, man’s relationship to God, when it was released in 1955. The film’s director, Ingmar Bergman, and the inevitability of life ending in a sad, slow decline. won international recognition after its 1965 showing at the Cannes Film Festival. It is considered by many film critics to be a “top 100 QUESTIONS: film” of all time. 1. Continue researching Ingmar Bergman’s film career. What kind At the heart of this story is the romantic conflict amongst a group of films was Bergman known for before Smiles of a Summer of old acquaintances — which keeps all of the characters, married Night? Did Smiles of a Summer Night mark a departure in or not, in turmoil. Smiles of a Summer Night is set during a party Bergman’s career? Were critics and audiences shocked that at the Armfeldt’s estate to celebrate the Midsummer Night, the Bergman directed this particular film? shortest night of the year, which was a traditional observance in 2. Choose one of Bergman’s other films to view and compare and Sweden at the turn of the 19th century. On this evening, many contrast with Smiles of a Summer Night. What aspects of the people would stay up until dawn, partying the night away. In the films make it clear that they are the work of the same director? film, Desiree Armfeldt, a famous theatrical star, invites her current How do they reflect similar ideas but translate them differently lover and his wife, a man she is interested in and his young wife through comedy instead of drama? and son, along with various servants to her mother’s country 3. In addition to A Little Night Music, what other pieces of art have home. Through a series of conflicts and accidents, the “couples” been inspired by this film? break up and rearrange themselves into much more suitable pairs. The film concludes with a happy ending. 4. After attending the Huntington Theatre Company’s production of A Little Night Music, compare and contrast the plot lines and Following the success of the film, Bergman said that he wrote themes to Bergman’s film. How are the stories and settings and directed the movie to show his critics his range as an artist; similar and different from each other? Do the characters remain at the time, Bergman, already considered widely to be one of the the same (names, personalities, ages, etc.) from film to stage? most talented directors of the 20th century, had a body of work Which artistic form, in your opinion, best tells the story of these that was considered dark and contemplative. He is credited with couples in their quest for love — film or theatre?

10 A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE Jon Cryer, Aaron Lazar, Craig Bierko, Jim Walton, , and (center) in the New York Philharmonic’s presentation of Company (2011)

COMPANY AND SONDHEIM’S done without one. Many of the people who disliked MUSICAL BREAKTHROUGH the show disliked it for that reason. They wanted a strong story line and they didn’t get one and were Stephen Sondheim’s Company is considered by many to be a disappointed. landmark musical. Actor and playwright George Furth wrote a series of one act plays based on the culture of romantic Prince: Company was the first musical I had done relationships in New York City, and after reading the plays, without conventional plot or subplot structure. The Sondheim asked his friend and collaborator Harold Prince if the first without hero and heroine, without the comic work could be the foundation for a musical. Company uses a relief couple. There are, of course, plots, but they are central character, Robert, who is himself single and apprehensive subtextual and grow out of subconscious behavior, about commitment, to examine the relationships of his married psychological stresses, inadvertent relations: the and engaged friends. The “breakthrough” for the musical theatre nature of the lie people accept to preserve their genre occurred when Sondheim, librettist Furth, producer/director relationship. Prince, and choreographer Michael Bennett “broke the rules” QUESTIONS: of the traditional structure of the American musical. Sondheim commented, “[we] realized early on that the kind of song that 1. After researching and viewing/reading, Company, compare and would not work in the show was the Rodgers and Hammerstein contrast it with A Little Night Music. How are the two musicals kind of song in which the characters reach a certain point and then similar? How are they different? sing their emotions . . . In Company the songs are really outside the 2. Did Sondheim work on any other musicals after Company that scenes rather than part of them. You can’t guess so well in advance successfully dispensed with a linear plot structure? when the dialogue is building to a musical cue.” Instead of being sequential and linear, Company is “plotless.” Sondheim and Prince MARTIN LUTHER AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH commented on this break with tradition: In A Little Night Music, Henrik references his study of the well- Sondheim: A lot of the controversy about Company known church reformer, Martin Luther, in his discussions with Anne was that up until [this musical] most musicals, if not regarding his religious training. Luther’s teachings are central to all musicals, had plots. In fact, up until Company, I Henrik’s education in seminary, as Anne discovers when she picks thought all musicals had to have very strong plots. up one of his books, which quotes Luther as saying, “You cannot One of the things that fascinated me about the prevent the birds from flying over your head, but you can prevent challenge of the show was to see if a musical could be them from nesting in your hair.”

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 11 in a letter to his local bishop. The letter included a document titled the “Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences,” which came to be known as “The Ninety-Five Theses.” NILE HAWVER / NILE SCOTT SHOTS The Roman Catholic Church considered Luther’s assertions to be blasphemous, raising especially strong objections to Luther’s 86th line which asked, “Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?”

Luther’s disgust with the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope continued to grow. He viewed the church as a corrupt organization in which the most powerful leaders received the largest financial gains, while the true message of the Bible was largely ignored, as it did not further the financial goals of the Papacy. Luther came to believe that the only way to receive “Salvation” or redemption was when a person accepted Jesus Christ as his or her savior. The “indulgences” which were supposed to absolve an individual from their sins, were an inappropriate transaction in Luther’s view, as forgiveness was God’s alone to grant. Luther’s philosophy and teachings became the foundation of the Protestant church.

“The Ninety-Five Theses” and Luther’s radical message crossed Europe and people clambered to hear him speak; however, Luther attracted negative attention from the Catholic Pope, who excommunicated Luther in 1520 for refusing to recant his more heretical statements. In April 1521, at the Diet of Worms, a Catherine Zeta-Jones as Desiree Armfeldt in general assembly of the estates in the Holy Roman Empire, Luther the 2009 Broadway revival of A Little Night Music continued to publicly refuse to retract his words. As a result, the Roman emperor exiled Luther, made it a crime to feed or shelter him, and announced that Luther’s murder would be legally allowed. Martin Luther, a German, lived from 1483 until 1546. He was born to Fortunately for Luther, his powerful ally, Elector Friedrich the Wise, hard working parents of modest means. Luther’s father desperately had him rescued and provided safe passage to the Wartburg Castle. wanted him to become a lawyer and spent a great deal of During Luther’s stay, he translated the New Testament from Latin resources securing his son’s education. Luther compared much of to German, one of his most important accomplishments, making his time in school to “purgatory or Hell” and quickly dropped out the Bible more accessible to the lay person. In another astonishing of law school. Feeling uncertain about pursuing a career in the field of law, he turned his attention to Biblical study, which he believed break from the Catholic Church, Luther also declared that priests held more purpose and promise. Through his schooling he adopted and nuns should not be afraid to marry, believing that the celibacy two important viewpoints that would color his work in the church: required of these vocations would not secure one’s place in heaven To question authority and recognize that reason and rationalization and the practice was similar to the “indulgences” he so opposed. would not lead a person to God. A near-death experience drove Luther himself married Katharina von Bora, a nun he helped escape him into the Augustinian Friary to study, a move that infuriated his from her convent. This marriage laid the precedent for high ranking father who deemed it a “waste” of an education. church officials in the Protestant church to do the same.

Luther continued his education, receiving another bachelor’s QUESTIONS: degree and doctoral degree and finally landed at the University 1. Continue your research of Martin Luther. Why might Henrik have of Wittenberg where he served in the theological department as admired Luther’s work? a Doctor in Bible for the remainder of his career. The Dominican 2. What would Luther think about the lives of the characters in A Friar Johann Tetzel came to Germany in 1516 to raise funds for the Little Night Music? building and renovation of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. He was sent to offer “indulgences” to the congregation there; the idea being 3. Do you agree with Luther about the corruption in the Catholic that man must prove his heart through works and by donating Church? Why or why not? Why do some scholars consider money to the church, then the “good deed” would be achieved. Luther a controversial figure, beyond his views of the Papacy Luther was outraged by this practice and expressed his objection and the Catholic Church?

12 A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC — THE REVIVAL! Nearly four decades after the original production of A Little Night Music, Sondheim’s masterpiece returned to Broadway in 2009 boasting an all-star cast. The following year, the production received nominations and awards from the Drama League, Drama Desk, Outer Critics Circle, and the . Catherine Zeta- Jones won critical praise and multiple awards, including a Tony Award, for her performance as Desiree Armfeldt. played the role of her mother, Madame Armfeldt.

With ticket prices averaging $100 each, it is surprising that it took such a long time for the show to return to Broadway, as it promised producers and investors to be a commercial success. It ran for two years, with 425 performance and 20 previews and grossed over $38 million dollars. Beyond the obvious financial benefits of a revival, some critics suggested that it seemed “too easy” to put the story back onstage, arguing that A Little Night Music is not one of Sondheim’s more complex works such as Sweeney Todd or Company. Nevertheless, the revival of A Little Night Music enjoyed success not only in New York City but London as well.

QUESTIONS: 1. The revival of A Little Night Music was an obvious commercial success, but was it an artistic one? Read some critical reviews of this particular production. Do you think it was the right time for this story’s revival? Do you think the production was well cast? A map of Sweden and its neighbors in northern Europe 2. What are the potential pitfalls in re-producing an already famous musical? Why are popular stories sometimes hard to re-tell? After the church reform lead by Martin Luther in the 1500s, the authority of the Catholic Church was abolished in Sweden and SET IN SWEDEN… by the late 1900s, citizens were legally allowed to practice other Smiles of a Summer Night is a Swedish film. Therefore it is not religions. surprising that the musical it inspired is also set in this Scandinavian country. Sweden is located in Northern Europe bordering Norway QUESTIONS: and Finland. It is geographically the largest country on the continent, 1. Continue your research of Sweden. How do the country’s but does not have the largest population, as only 9.7 million people geography, history, and culture influence A Little Night Music? call Sweden home. The capital is Stockholm and the majority of 2. After attending the Huntington Theatre Company’s production the population lives close to urban centers. Sweden boasts the 8th of A Little Night Music, reflect on the visual design elements of highest ranking in the world for per capita income and maintains the the show, including costumes, props, and scenery. Where do Nordic Welfare System, which includes health care and educational you see a Swedish influence in these design elements? services for its citizens and ranks at the top worldwide in the category of “quality of life.” Swedes live under a constitutional 3. Is this a Swedish musical, an American musical, or something monarchy and parliamentary democracy. else? Do you believe that the themes in A Little Night Music are universal in nature, accessible to a wide audience, or not? In the late 19th century, the time in which A Little Night Music is set, Sweden was relatively poor — as other countries were industrializing, Sweden continued to support an agricultural economy. The country’s increasing population was attributed to a combination of the availability of a small pox vaccine, a healthy potato crop, and peace, as war puts a strain on a country’s resources. Between 1850 and 1910, over 1 million Swedes immigrated to the United States.

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 13 SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES

EXPLORATION IN THEATRE DESIGN — SET DESIGN PROPOSAL In anticipation of your visit to the B.U. Theatre to see the Huntington Theatre Company’s production of A Little Night Music, think about what the set and props designers will create for the production. Begin by reading the following stage directions from the script:

The place: Sweden

The time: Turn of the 19th century

A NOTE ON THE ORIGINAL STAGING:

The Broadway set for A Little Night Music stressed a fluid merging of scenes with no cumbersome set changes.

The stage was multi-level and used tracked platforms which moved the larger set pieces on and off stage. Rooms were defined by furniture groupings.

The basic frame for the production was screens which moved to mask actors’ entrances and exits and to define new scenes.

The second act was dominated by the upstage façade of Madame Armfeldt’s country chateau which remained throughout the last act.

Create a set design for A Little Night Music. Starting with the opening number, notate the set arrangement for each scene from beginning to the end of the play.

SCENE SET CONFIGURATION PROPS/SET PIECES

Opening Number

Act I, Prologue

Act I, Scene 1

Continued…

Reflect: Did you closely follow the instructions from the text or did you arrange the stage as you wished? Share your design proposal with the class, after seeking advice and critique from peers, and be prepared to defend your choices!

After attending the Huntington Theatre Company’s production of A Little Night Music, compare and contrast your proposal with the design you saw on stage. Did anything surprise you about the set’s arrangement? Is there anything you, as the scenic designer, would have done differently?

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A SHORT HISTORY OF MUSICAL THEATRE An evening of musical theatre is “when everybody has a good time — even in the crying scenes.” – Bob , Director/Choreographer

Musical theatre is often considered the most collaborative art form. To measure a work of musical theatre accurately means to weigh the contributions of many different artists, including the librettist, composer, lyricist, director, choreographer, actors, singers, dancers, and designers of scenery, costumes, and lighting. In his book, The Musical, Richard Kislan writes that “musical theatre offers an intricate and colorful puzzle for the senses with each piece complete enough in its artistry to fulfill a prescribed function while subservient enough to submit to the Emily Blunt as the Baker’s Wife and James Corden as the assimilation necessary for the total effect of a work that in performance Baker in the 2014 film adaptation of Into the Woods loses, as if by magic, the seams that separate the parts.”

Musical theatre is also as old as western theatre itself. From its beginnings as ritual chanting of a dithyramb addressed to the Greek god Dionysus, to the musically underscored pantomime of the pre-Christian days of the Roman Empire, to the origins of the opera during the Renaissance, musical theatre combines music and drama to create a union that enhances the power of each art, creating a unique theatrical experience. Over the centuries, different formulas combining music and theatre have led to a myriad of alternative forms ranging from oratorio to to the . Many scholars believe that America’s contributions to the evolution of musical theatre is perhaps our nation’s greatest artistic achievement.

ELEMENTS OF MUSICAL THEATRE The Book: Sometimes called the , the book of a musical is typically written first. The book generates the “theatre” in the musical theatre form. It is the glue which binds the other elements together. The book encompasses the necessary components of the dramatic form, such as: characters – the people in the story plot – the sequence of actions and events that drive the characters, ideas, or situations situation – within the plot that generates drama, sustains audience attention, and begs for resolution dialogue – speech; generally a companion in tone and style to the lyrics of the musical theme – main idea (or ideas) of the story

In a traditional musical book the following dramatic elements are generally established within the first five minutes of the performance, either through action or exposition: time – morning, afternoon, or night place – geographical setting characters – social identity, status, relationships theme – a hint of the message or purpose of the story is introduced conflict – obstacles that the characters must endeavor to overcome tone – mood of the musical (serious, comedic, etc.)

The Lyrics: The lyrics are the words written to accompany the score. Lyrics must be compact and meaningful. Song lyrics differ from all other forms of literature because lyric form and musical form must synchronize. Sondheim explains, “Lyrics exist in time — as opposed to poetry. You can read a poem at your own speed, but on the stage the lyrics come at you and you hear them once. Second, lyrics go with music and music is very rich. Lyrics therefore have to be underwritten.”

The Score: The music! Music expresses and reinforces the emotion in the drama and stimulates or serves the dramatic action. Music establishes the tone and sets the mood of the story. Its component parts are melody, which represents an aural image of the lyric, harmony, which creates tones that color the aural image, and rhythm, which contrasts the dramatic values of character and action.

Elements of the score include: the overture, opening number, establishing songs, patter songs, rhythm songs, chorus numbers, musical scenes, underscoring, segues, and reprises. Songs with dramatic functions are often called: ballads, charm songs, comedy songs, “I am” songs, and “I want” songs. Consider A Little Night Music and identify one song for each of these dramatic functions.

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 15 SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES

RESEARCH/GROUP WORK ON THE HISTORY OF MUSICAL THEATRE Ask students to work in groups to research and define each of the following musical theatre forms, citing examples of the influence of earlier forms. Students should be encouraged to present recorded examples that will allow the class to appreciate the variety of music, songs, artists, and musical facts that represent their findings. Assign teams to one or more of the following categories:

Opera Operetta Ballad Opera Minstrelsy Vaudeville Burlesque Revue Follies Oratorio Musical Comedy Concept Musical Audra McDonald as Bess and Porgy as in the 2012 Broadway revival of Porgy and Bess Rock Musical/Rock Opera

Create student teams and assign one of the following musicals as the subject for a research project to be shared in class.

Show Boat Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II, 1927 Porgy and Bess George and , 1935 Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, 1949 West Side Story Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim, 1957 Hair MacDermott, Ragnis and Rado, 1968 Jesus Christ Superstar and Andrew Lloyd Weber, 1971 Les Miserables Claude-Michel Schönberg and , 1980 Assassins Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman, 1990 and , 2008

Questions to Consider: Who are the composers, lyricists, directors, and producers? What themes are prevalent in these musicals? What historical relationships do these musicals have with their themes? Why were these “serious” musicals popular, resonating with wide audiences? What social impacts did these musicals have on their first audiences? Why were these musicals considered controversial at the time of their world premieres?

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BREAKING DOWN PLOT Part 1: Chart the plot structure of Sondheim’s A Little Night Music (using a piece of graph paper can be helpful for this exercise). Use the model below to help notate the rising and falling action, central conflict, climax, and finally the musical’s resolution.

Climax (a decision must be made about the conflict)

Rising Action Falling Action (events that lead to (events in which the the conflict) conflict unravels)

Exposition Resolution (intro of characters, (a new status quo setting, etc.) is established)

Part 2, Option A: Complete the same exercise for Smiles of a Summer Night, the film on which A Little Night Music is based. Do the charts line up similarly? Or, are there different events that impact how the plot unfolds?

Part 2, Option B: Complete the same exercise for Company, the musical by Sondheim that dispensed with conventional linear storytelling. How does the plot of Company develop over the course of the story?

The cast of the New York Philharmonic’s presentation of Company (2011)

A LITTLE NIGHT MUSIC CURRICULUM GUIDE 17 SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES

ACTING — SCENE STUDY AND CHARACTER ANALYSIS Select and perform a scene from A Little Night Music. Part 1: Begin preparations to perform the scene by answering the following questions: • What are the given circumstances (5 W’s) of this scene? • What is the scene’s primary conflict? • Objectives: What does my character want in this scene? What does my character want in the play overall? • Tactics: What is my character doing to get what he or she wants? • Obstacles: What or who is standing in the way of my character’s efforts to achieve his or her objective? • Stakes: What is at risk for my character? What is A scene from Ingmar Bergman’s the best thing that could happen if my character film Smiles of a Summer Night (1955) achieves his or her objective? What is the worst thing that could happen if he or she fails? • What adjectives describe my character’s personality? Are there any contradictions? • What statements does my character make about him or herself? What do others say about my character? • Describe the status of each character in the scene. Does anyone have power over someone else?

Part 2: Create a biographical sketch of your character by answering the following in first person from the character’s perspective: • Full name and date of birth. • Where did you grow up? Where do you live now? • Do you have any siblings? • Describe your relationship with your parents. • How did your childhood influence who you are today? • When you were young, what were your dreams and aspirations? Have these dreams changed over time? If so, how and why? • Do you have any secrets? If so, what are they? • What is your best quality? What is your worst quality? • Describe your sense of humor. • Do you have any hobbies? If so, what are they? Why do you enjoy them? • List your favorites: Food, color, music, season.

Part 3: Put the scene on its feet. How can you use stage pictures to communicate the story of the scene? Consider: • Composition of the onstage images. • The rhythms of the actors’ movement around the stage. • The pacing of the dialogue. • How the actors’ body language and vocal expression reflects the information examined in Parts 1 and 2.

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QUOTABLE MOMENTS Option A: Choose one of the following quotes from A Little Night Option B: Choose one of the following quotes by Stephen Music. Write an essay analyzing the quote’s meaning. Consider: Sondeim and write an essay in which you argue for or against Sondheim’s perspective. Use evidence from musicals both by • Which character said it? Sondheim and others to support your opinion. • Does the character mean it literally, or is there an unspoken subtext? Although one can’t underestimate the importance of • What does this statement reveal about the character’s way “” songs, it’s the book that the musical theatre is all about, of looking at the world? and I’m not being modest. • How do the character’s actions support or contradict the quote? At least half my songs deal with ambivalence, feeling two things at once…I like neurotic people. I like troubled • Do other characters seem to agree or disagree? “” people. • How does the quote contribute to the forward progression of the scene and of the plot as a whole? I usually write lying down, so I can go to sleep easily. I “” write about ten minutes and sleep for two, on the average. Everything is unlikely, dear, so don’t let that deter you. “” Obviously the hardest kind of lyric in the world to set Martin Luther says: You cannot prevent the birds from “” is often the best kind to read. Iambic pentameter is “” flying over your head, but you can prevent them from wonderful to read and terrible to set. I learned from Oscar nesting in your hair. and : as you’re writing a lyric, get a rhythm even if you don’t have a tune in your head. I’m afraid being young in itself can be a trifle ridiculous. “” Good has to be so good, bad so bad, such superlatives! We Americans have a special tendency to ignore history. “” We remember only what is pleasant. We must have a sense of the past. Without it the present is meaningless A civilized man can tolerate his wife’s infidelity, but when and stupid. “” it comes to his mistress, a man becomes a tiger. As for humor in lyric writing, it’s always better to be funny I shall be polite to your guests. However, they will not than clever — and a lot harder. “” be served my best champagne. I am saving that for my “” funeral. People mistake sentimentality for feeling. I believe in sentiment but not sentimentality. “” WHAT A HORRIBLE PLOT! A WEEKEND IN THE COUNTRY! “” I believe it’s the writer’s job to educate the audience…to To lose a lover or even a husband or two during the course bring them things they would never have expected to see. of one’s life can be vexing. But to lose one’s teeth is a “” “” It’s not easy, but writing never has been. catastrophe.

A man’s youth may be as remote as a dinosaur… but “” with a beautiful woman, youth merely accompanies him through the years.

How strange that one’s life should end sitting on a bench “” in a garden.

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