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Tech Brief: Turbidity Control

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Tech Brief: Turbidity Control PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CENTER Turbidity Control By Zane Satterfield, P. E., NESC Engineering Scientist Summary One of the water treatment operator’s primary jobs is controlling turbidity. Turbidity control is usually associated with surface water systems and groundwater systems under the direct influ- ence of surface water. This Tech Brief examines turbidity control through the entire water treat- ment process from the raw water source to the clear well. What is turbidity? tiple levels of treatment. Turbidity is caused by particulates in the water and is synonymous with cloudiness. Raw Water Intake Measured in NTUs [nephelometric turbidity The key to turbidity control is having a good units] or occasionally in JTUs [Jackson tur- awareness of your intake and the quality of bidity units], it is significant because exces- the source water. There are measures that sive turbidity can allow pathogens to “hide” an operator can adopt to help minimize the and, hence, be resistant to disinfection. (For intake of turbid or dirty water. Most intakes more information about turbidity, see the have a screen or a structure of some kind article “Optimization: Helping Small Water to hold back debris. These screens or areas Plants Improve Their Product” in the Winter can become silted in with dirt and must 2005 On Tap.) be cleaned. If your system does not have a screen on the intake, install one as soon Source Water and Watershed Protec- as possible. tion Some raw water pumps can be reversed to Turbidity control can and should start with flow the water back out to flush the immedi- the source water and the area around that ate area around the intake. Never do this at source. Owning or having control of the the beginning of the shift or the beginning of land in the watershed area of your source the production day. The flushing should be water can make a tremendous difference done at the end of the day before shutting in the source water’s quality. Controlling down if your plant does not produce water land use for the purposes of lessening con- 24 hours a day. If the plant operates contin- taminants, and especially soil erosion and uously, then the flushing should be at the sedimentation control, is becoming more time of lowest demand so that the can water important as populations increase. Water clear up. systems should work with local watershed groups, farmers, developers, Natural Re- The time it takes for the water to clear fol- source Conservation Service offices, local lowing the flush depends on the velocity of extension offices, county commissions, and the water that carries the silt downstream. state environmental departments on water The faster the water flows in the river, the issues. The message they need to convey is: less time it should take to clear up. If a the better the source water, the easier and reservoir is your source water, it may take less expensive treatment will be. Turbidity several hours. If the pumps do not have the reduction or control at the source is a cost capability to reverse or there is not enough effective and efficient way to eliminate mul- water to push back through the intake, the cleaning must be done manually using an jar testing and feed pump calibration. (For excavator and a vacuum truck (and possibly more information about jar testing, see the even a diver). The cleaning intervals vary Tech Brief on this subject in the Spring 2005 from once a year to once a decade, depend- On Tap.) The coagulant is usually injected ing on how clean the source water is. Visu- into the line before the flash mix, sometimes al inspections may need to be done with a using a static mixer (a short piece of pipe camera or diver. Don’t forget to turn off the with internal spiral fins). If your plant is raw water pumps when inspecting. not equipped with an in-line static mixer, it would be a fairly inexpensive investment and The operator should record the raw water an improvement to the treatment process. turbidity every day that he or she produces water, even if it is not a state requirement. Proper mixing is important to coagulation, Free Available as is the proper dosage of the coagulant. Sampling the raw water should be done Residual upstream from the intake. Even though the Coagulation can start as soon as the chem- intake might be a long distance away from ical is added, but the flash mix kicks the the plant, it is useful to see the difference be- process into high gear. The flash mix is tween source water turbidity and the turbid- usually aided with a motorized paddle or the ity prior to treatment. Record data related to water is allowed to fall (splash) into a cham- different operating scenarios, weather condi- ber making the water turbulent. Although it tions, and other incidences that increase or isn’t required, the operator can take a daily decrease turbidity in the water. turbidity reading at the end of the flash mix. If the plant does not operate continuous- Flocculation ly and can shut down temporarily, a good Flocculation usually consists of a two-or practice is to produce water before any rain three-stage process, and begins when the storms when the water is the cleanest. Some particulates start sticking together more plants can’t handle extremely turbid water. visibly. The process still uses the motorized Watching or listening to the weather forecast paddles, but at a slower rate than during can be helpful in controlling turbidity. the flash mix. Stage one of flocculation is Another good practice for operators is to keep fastest, with the second and third stages in daily contact with other water system or working more slowly and sometimes with sewer system personnel up and downstream the paddles moving in the opposite direction. from your plant. Things like flash floods or In some plants, it is possible to adjust the problems with industries or sewage plants speed of these motors. Keep in mind you are easier to deal with if you know about the want the last stage to be at a slow, consis- problem before it gets to your intake. The tent speed so as not to break up the parti- operator can make as much water as pos- cles. This allows the particles to get heavier sible before shutting down and letting the and helpd them settle to the bottom in the problem pass. Don’t forget to relay the infor- next part of the process, sedimentation. mation downstream to other water systems. Again, it would not be a bad idea to take dai- (For more information about networks, see ly turbidity readings at the end of the floccu- the article “Crisis Communication: Building a lation process. Network to Keep Drinking Water Safe” in the Fall 2002 On Tap.) Sedimentation During sedimentation, the particles of dirt Coagulation, Chemical Feeds, Flash Mix settle to the bottom of the basin. The sedi- Turbidity reduction is best achieved when mentation basin is the last step before the the water goes through a series of chemi- filters, so sedimentation must work effective- cal and physical treatment methods before ly. The key to good sedimentation is having reaching the filter. The terms coagulation, enough area and/or time for settlement and, flocculation, and flash mix are often dis- subsequently, good sludge removal. cussed together. Basically, coagulation is Sludge at the bottom of the tank is usually the process of getting particulates to stick scraped with a slow-moving blade to a sump FOUR together, flocculation is when this process and drain. Some settlement basins have a becomes visible, and the flash mix is the fast cone-shaped bottom to direct the sludge to a two mixing that makes it happen. drain. It still may be necessary to drain the Coagulants include alum or polyelectrolytes sedimentation basin and clean the sludge PAGE OF PAGE such as polyaluminum chloride. Some water every five to 10 years, depending on the wa- will react better with one chemical than the ter quality. Some sedimentation basins have other. The correct dosage is determined with tube settlers (slanted tubes that help with Tech Brief • Turbidity Control, Summer 2006, Vol. 6, Issue 2 Table I processes—chemical mix, flash mix, coag- Summary of Optimization Monitoring ulation, flocculation, and sedimentation— and Performance Goals must work optimally for the life of the filters and to provide a safety factor or cushion for Minimum Data Monitoring Requirements lower turbidities. The less turbidity going • Daily raw water turbidity into the filters means longer filter runs and • Settled water turbidity at four-hour time increments from each longer filter-media life, which saves money. sedimentation basin Individual filter performance goals are show • On-line (continuous) turbidity from each filter in Table One. • One filter backwash profile each month from each filter The minimum data monitoring requirements for the filters are: Free Available Residual Individual Sedimentation Basin Performance Goals • On-line computer recorded (continuous when in operation) turbidity from each • Settled water turbidity less than 2 NTU 95 percent of the time if filter. If the water system only has two raw water turbidity is greater than 10 NTU, or filters, the combined filter effluent can be • Settled water turbidity less than 1 NTU 95 percent of the time if monitored but it is recommended that raw water turbidity is less than or equal to 10 NTU each filter has individual monitoring. • One filter backwash profile should be Individual Filter Performance Goals done each month from each filter.
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