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A Matrix for Assessing and Evaluating the Impact of Mobile Phones for Development in Rural Communities: a Case Study of Phake Rebone Community

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A Matrix for Assessing and Evaluating the Impact of Mobile Phones for Development in Rural Communities: a Case Study of Phake Rebone Community A MATRIX FOR ASSESSING AND EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONES FOR DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF PHAKE REBONE COMMUNITY by FLORAH SEWELA MODIBA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject DEVELOPMENT STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Dr S KAYE December 2015 DECLARATION Student number: 33428212 I declare that A MATRIX FOR ASSESSING AND EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONES FOR DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF PHAKE REBONE COMMUNITY is my own work and that all the sources that I have quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. __________________________ ____________________22/12/2015 Signature Date (FS Modiba) i DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my mother, Johanna Modiba, for her courage and love of education that despite her being uneducated wanted us to be educated. Thank you mother for setting such a high standard regardless of your circumstances. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitude goes to all those that made this research possible. I am grateful to my supervisor, Dr Sylvia Kaye for the leadership, guidance and support that enabled me to continue to work in this dissertation even when the going was really tough. Thank you for your time, hard work and patience. Thank you to Unisa for allowing me to study through them and all the financial contributions they provided which made my journey bearable. I am also grateful to the National Institute of Social Science (NISS) for awarding me with a SAHUDA scholarship which covered my tuition needs. Thank you for the support which led to the creation of Suganang Foundation which played a big role in continuing to inspire me to persevere in this doctoral journey. My gratitude extends to my editors who ensured that the work matched the required language standards of academia. I am also grateful to the community of Phake Rebone for allowing me to conduct my research in this area. The cooperation you exuded to me and my research team is highly appreciated. To the assistants who helped to collect all the data, your hard work is highly appreciated. To my family and friends, thanks for being supportive during the hard times of this research. Finalisation of this study wouldn’t have been possible without my dearest partner (Bogosi) who was my strength during the trying times of this journey. To my mother, who was always worried about the extensive hours that I spent in this research, ke a leboga Mma (thank you mother). iii ABSTRACT Rural communities have been disconnected from the global world in the past due to lack of infrastructure that rendered connectivity a challenge for them. Recent developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have led to improved connectivity in these areas. As a result, mobile phones have become ubiquitous in these rural communities. A matrix was proposed in this study in order to evaluate and assess the impact of mobile devices on development of the rural communities. Existing measurement tools have not yet explored how the usages of mobile phones and other ICTs are impacting the lives of people in rural communities of South Africa. The aim of this study was to understand the existing criteria used to measure the impact of ICTs in rural communities. This was be achieved by focusing on the use of mobile phones in the community of Phake Rebone, taking into account different users. Once this was established, the study had a primary objective to design a matrix that would assist in evaluating and assessing the impact of a mobile phone in social activities such as learning, business and governance. This was achieved by using a case study method, employing qualitative and quantitative research methods. Cases within a case study were used to uncover how the core groups within the community used the mobile phone. A mixed method approach was used in data gathering and analysis to enable the researcher to identify usages and challenges related to the mobile phones. Data was collected from 401 participants and was analysed through the computer-aided tools such GoogleDocs and Microsoft Excel. The findings of the study showed a greater usage of the mobile phone. The literature findings of the use of the mobile phone for basic communication as well as growing adoption of applications such as social media and Internet were confirmed. The use in community related activities and work purposes that impacted the community members were minimal. The need of training to gain knowledge on how to use the device more effectively was established. The proposed matrix therefore seemed iv relevant not only to measure impact but also to highlight the areas in which the community members can be trained on. The noted usage trends and needs by the community were then used to formulate indicators that could be used for the matrix. The indicators were then used to develop a matrix that could be used by community members and other interested parties to measure the impact of mobile phone on development of the users. The results of the matrix were also proved to be efficient in assisting individual users in recording the skills acquired through the use of the mobile phone. The matrix can be used in consultation with the guidelines that were formulated to ensure that each user, particularly from rural communities, benefits from such an evaluation tool. Key words: Information communication technologies (ICTs); mobile phones; impact assessment; evaluation; development; rural communities; matrix v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC ............................................. 4 1.2.1 Community profiling ................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Participatory development ....................................................................... 6 1.2.3 ICTs and development.............................................................................. 8 1.2.4 General contributions of ICTs ................................................................. 9 1.2.5 ICT access issues in Africa .................................................................... 12 1.2.6 The role of mobile phones in development .......................................... 14 1.2.7 SMMEs in improving socio-economic constraints .............................. 16 1.2.8 The impact of gender.............................................................................. 18 1.2.9 The educational landscape .................................................................... 19 1.2.10 Measurement of ICTs............................................................................ 22 1.2.11 Abuse of mobile phones ...................................................................... 25 1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM ............................................................................. 27 1.3.1 Research questions ................................................................................ 28 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 29 1.5 SCOPE OF THE THESIS ............................................................................... 29 1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINE ...................................................................................... 30 1.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................... 33 vi 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 33 2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 33 2.2 DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT .......................................................................... 34 2.3 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Actors in development ........................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Gender and development ....................................................................... 41 2.3.3 Rural development ................................................................................. 43 2.3.4 Technology in development .................................................................. 45 2.4 ICTS’ RELEVANCE IN DEVELOPMENT ....................................................... 47 2.4.1 ICTs in developing countries ................................................................. 49 2.4.2 Factors affecting usage.......................................................................... 55 2.4.3 Rural digital divide .................................................................................
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