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Review and Analysis of Small-Scale Aquaculture Production in East Africa

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Review and Analysis of Small-Scale Aquaculture Production in East Africa Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation supports value creation by Wageningen University & Research strengthening capacities for sustainable development. As the international expertise Review and analysis of small-scale P.O. Box 88 and capacity building institute of Wageningen University & Research we bring 6700 AB Wageningen knowledge into action, with the aim to explore the potential of nature to improve The Netherlands the quality of life. With approximately 30 locations, 5,000 members of staff and aquaculture production in East Africa T +31 (0)317 48 68 00 10,000 students, Wageningen University & Research is a world leader in its domain. www.wur.eu/cdi An integral way of working, and cooperation between the exact sciences and the Part 2. RWANDA technological and social disciplines are key to its approach. Report WCDI-18-022 Eugene Rurangwa and Jean Bosco Kabagambe Review and analysis of small-scale aquaculture production in East Africa Part 2. RWANDA Eugene Rurangwa1 and Jean Bosco Kabagambe2 1 Wageningen University & Research 2 AFAS Rwanda Ltd With contributions of: Bas Bolman, Deltares, The Netherlands Peter G.M. van Der Heijden, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands Arie Pieter van Duijn, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation Wageningen, October 2018 This study was conducted for Msingi East Africa. Msingi East Africa is funded by the following organisations: Report WCDI-18-022 Kies een bouwsteen. Eugene Rurangwa and Jean Bosco Kabagambe, 2018. Review and analysis of small-scale aquaculture production in East Africa; Part 2. RWANDA. Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen University & Research. Report WCDI-18-022. Wageningen. This report presents the findings of a desk study and a field work conducted in Rwanda on small-scale commercial aquaculture and is part of a regional study commissioned by Msingi East Africa Limited. The aquaculture sector in Rwanda is dominated by small-scale producers of mainly Tilapia and African catfish (to a lesser extent) in ponds, and an increasing number of Tilapia producers in cages in Lakes Kivu and Muhazi. Based on production infrastructure used and production volumes, three segments have been identified: 1. Small-holder farmers producing Tilapia in ponds using animal manure to fertilise the ponds and feeding with bran and vegetables. The production of fish farmers in segment 1 range between 1.5 and 17 tonnes of fish per year. 2. Small-holders producing Tilapia in low volume cages using farm-made feed and locally manufactured feed. The production of fish farmers in segment 2 range between 17 and 30 tonnes of fish per year. 3. Small-holders producing Tilapia in high volume cages using locally manufactured feed and imported feed. The production of fish farmers in segment 3 range between 30 and 50 tonnes of fish per year. Key constraints encountered by the sector are the lack of fingerlings in quantity and quality, the low quality of locally manufactured feed, the high cost of imported feed, the lack of skills and access to finance. Opportunities to expand small-scale commercial fish farming exist in mass on-growing of tilapia fry, semi-intensification of pond production, and clustering of small-scale commercial cage farmers for improved access to inputs, services, information and training, and a consistent supply of fish products to the markets. Recommended production models for small-scale commercial fish farmers include aquaculture park systems linked through farming contracts to input/service suppliers and fish traders. Key words: small-scale aquaculture; commercial aquaculture; small-holders; aquaculture value chain; Rwanda; East Africa This report can be downloaded for free at www.wur.eu/cdi (under publications). © 2018 Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, part of the Stichting Wageningen Research. P.O. Box 88, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands. T + 31 (0)317 48 68 00, E [email protected], www.wur.eu/cdi. The Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation uses a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (Netherlands) licence for its reports. Disclaimer and confidentiality This publication has been prepared for the exclusive use and benefit of the addressee(s). No part of this publication should be reproduced, distributed or communicated to any third party without the written consent of Msingi East Africa Limited and Wageningen University and Research. Msingi East Africa Limited does not accept any liability to any third party in respect of this report. This publication is for information only and on the express understanding that it should neither be regarded as comprehensive nor sufficient for making decisions, nor should it be used in the place of professional advice. Msingi East Africa Limited and the Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation accept no liability or responsibility for any direct or consequential loss or damage suffered by any party because of that party acting on or failing to act on the basis of the information provided by or omitted from this publication. Msingi East Africa Limited gives no undertaking to provide the recipient with access to any additional information or to update this publication or any additional information, or to correct any inaccuracies in it which may become apparent. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the official policies of Msingi’s funders. Third-party material that has been used in the work and to which intellectual property rights apply may not be used without prior permission of the third party concerned. The user must specify the name as stated by the author or licence holder of the work, but not in such a way as to give the impression that the work of the user or the way in which the work has been used are being endorsed. The user may not use this work for commercial purposes. Report WCDI-18-022 Photo cover: Ms Byukusenge Christine, owner and manager of Fresh Fish Ltd, observing Tilapia behaviour during feeding of her circular cages at Lake Muhazi. Photo: Eugene Rurangwa Contents Acknowledgements 7 List of abbreviations and acronyms 8 1 Introduction 9 2 Methods 10 2.1 Definition of aquaculture smallholders 10 2.2 Literature and field studies 10 3 Findings 11 3.1 Brief overview of the aquaculture sector in Rwanda 11 3.2 General description of the small-scale commercial fish farming sector 14 3.2.1 Main small-scale commercial fish farming segments/groupings 14 3.2.2 Management systems 14 3.2.3 Disease and health management 15 3.2.4 Geographic clusters/distribution or (key) existing production areas 15 3.2.5 Supporting systems 17 3.2.6 Marketing and distribution of fish 20 3.2.7 Sector coordination 23 3.2.8 Regulations and standards 24 3.2.9 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) effects of small-scale commercial fish farming (by production model) 24 3.2.10 Key trends with relevance to small-scale commercial fish farming 26 3.3 Detailed description of small-scale commercial fish farming by production model 28 3.3.1 Main small-scale commercial fish farming segments/groupings 28 3.3.2 Technological assessment 28 3.3.3 Differences and similarities between different small-scale segments/production models 36 3.3.4 Motivation of small-scale commercial fish farmers 36 3.3.5 Skill levels and information access 36 3.3.6 Access to inputs 37 3.3.7 Key challenges in small-scale commercial fish farming by segment/production model 39 3.3.8 Which production models are proving most successful and why? 42 3.4 Analysis and insights 42 3.4.1 Common conditions, habits or other factors determining success of small-scale commercial fish farming 42 3.4.2 Key problems by segment and production model and opportunities for improving productivity 43 3.4.3 Key barriers to entry 44 3.4.4 Opportunities to expand small-scale production 45 3.4.5 Models linking smallholders to the market and support services 46 3.4.6 Production and price analysis 46 3.4.7 Data and information gaps 47 3.5 Small-scale commercial fish farming suitability maps 47 4 Recommendations 49 References 50 Study objectives and subjects covered 52 Interview questions for various categories of informants 54 List of key informants interviewed 57 List of small-scale commercial pond farms above 10,000 m2 (Segment I) 58 List of small-scale low volume commercial cage farms above 100 m3 (Segment II) 59 List of small-scale high- volume commercial cage farms above 100 m3 (Segment III) 60 Acknowledgements The work that resulted in this report would not have been possible without the contribution of persons interviewed during the field work in Rwanda. Their names are listed in Appendix 3 of this report. We are grateful for the time they made available and for the fact that they welcomed us on their farm or in their company or office. We would also like to thank the staff members of Msingi East Africa and colleagues from Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation (WCDI) who critically reviewed drafts of this report and provided valuable suggestions for improvement. Report WCDI-18-022 | 7 List of abbreviations and acronyms AfDB - African Development Bank AIC - Aquaculture Innovation Community ARES - Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur BDF - Business Development Fund BMP - Best Management Practices BRD - Banque Rwandaise de Développement BSc - Bachelor of Sciences CAVM - College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine CP - Crude Protein DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo EAC - East African Community EDCA - Enhancing
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