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Exploring the Sustainable Development of Garden Tourism with Chinese Characteristics

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Exploring the Sustainable Development of Garden Tourism with Chinese Characteristics Upps ala University logotype 21023 Degree project 15 credits June 2021 Exploring the sustainable development of garden tourism with Chinese characteristics Mengxue Nie Programme name (eg Master's Programme in Molecular Biotec hnology Engineering) Master's Programme in Sustainable Destination Development Sustainable Nature-Based Destinations Uppsala University logotype Exploring the sustainable development of garden tourism with Chinese characteristics Mengxue Nie Abstract Both garden ontology and tourists influence garden tourism, and while many countries around the world have researched garden tourism, China's garden tourism market lacks development. This study aims to find a sustainable and distinctive development path for garden tourism development in complementary developed China. This study uses primarily qualitative research to interview visitors to Chinese garden tourism sites, using visitor experience factors and international case studies to explore the development of Chinese garden tourism. The study results show that Chinese gardens are characterized by developing essential elements: discovering tourism values, increasing infrastructure development, innovative management, and creating a and connotation of sustainable development. The study project will fill the gap in the development of garden tourism in China and provide a creative direction for the development of garden tourism in China. Faculty of Science and Technology , Upps ala University. Place of publication eg Uppsala/Visby. Supervisor: Name Surname, Subject reader: Name Surname, Examiner: Name Surname Faculty of Science and Technology Uppsala University, Place of publication :Visby Subject reader: Carina Johansson Examiner: Ulrika Persson-Fischier Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Garden tourism 2 1.2 Garden tourism in China 3 1.3 Research purpose 7 1.4 Research structure 8 2 Literature review 9 2.1 Origin of garden tourism 9 2.2 The formation of garden tourism 11 2.3 The development of garden tourism 11 2.4 Garden tourism in the UK 12 2.5 The development of garden tourism in China 12 3 Research methodology 15 3.1 Case study theory 15 3.2 Tourism experience theory 16 3.3 Sustainable tourism theory 16 3.4 Types of research 17 3.4.1 Interview method 18 3.4.2 Sampling methods 19 3.4.3 Research ethics 19 3.4.4 Data collection 20 4 Case study 22 4.1 National Garden Scheme (NGS), the UK 22 4.2 Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG), Indonesia 23 4.3 The Keukenhof Garden, Netherlands 24 4.4 Comprehensive analysis 25 5 Qualitative research analysis 26 5.1 Tourists' factors 29 5.2 Tourism resource factor 31 5.3 Visitor experience 33 5.4 Infrastructure factor 35 6 Chinese garden tourism enhancement strategy 37 6.1 Developing tourism value 38 6.2 Enhancement of infrastructure 38 6.3 Innovative management 39 6.4 Establishing a tourism brand 40 7 Research limitations 41 8 Future prospect 41 9 Conclusion 42 References 44 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Garden tourism Garden tourism is an essential attraction for many tourism purposes and attracts many tourists worldwide. Studies have shown that one-third of tourists around the world visit gardens during their travels (Benfield 2013). The "travel activities and motivation survey" conducted in the United States in 2007 showed that 2.65 billion Americans visited botanical gardens in two years (Ontario, 2008). In 2009, visiting the gardens was one of the top ten activities undertaken by international visitors to New Zealand, with 519,405 visits recorded (Chang et al. 2008). With the rise in enthusiasm for garden tourism, the concept of garden tourism has gradually emerged in recent years, referring to tourism activities where people visit gardens, parks, and botanical gardens of historical and sightseeing significance (Shapoval et al. 2020). The WTO defines tourism as: "Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business or professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents), and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which involve tourism expenditure (Glossary of tourism terms | UNWTO, 2020) .” Garden tourism can be specified as a form of tourism, whose geographical or thematic destinations are gardens or parks in their various forms and the types of garden tourism include the following: Gardens and Historic Places, Garden Tours to hotels, resorts, Malls, and private and public homes and Gardens, Garden shows and festivals, Specialty Gard (Benfield 2013). Garden tourism mainly focuses on hundreds of millions of plants, and most of them promote the theme of caring for plants (Sharpley 2007). As a field that has gradually become known in recent years, garden tourism lacks specifically targeted research and global development. Only a few countries, such as the United Kingdom (Sharpley 2007), Austria (Payer 2013), and Sweden (Hultman and Hall 2 2012), have studied garden tourism as a tourism model, and all have some developed cases. Their appearance can usually distinguish gardens and parks. Gardens are usually private, with most being built in the back or front yard of the homeowner, and are usually smaller in size; parks are essentially public, located primarily in public areas, intended for use by the general public, and are usually larger (Marcucci 2000). Garden tourism is classified as ecotourism which mainly includes sightseeing exhibitions in parks, historic gardens, and botanical gardens (Israel Petros and Firew 2020). The concept of ecotourism has existed since the 1980s as a form of tourism that integrates environmental conservation, community participation, and sustainable development, with outstanding contributions to both socio-economic and environmental benefits (Wearing & Neil, 2009). Ecotourism needs to meet four indicators: nature-based, sustainably-managed, conservation supporting, and environmentally educated (Buckley, 1994). 1.2 Garden tourism in China The development of Chinese gardens can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty in the 21st century B.C. as a "You (囿)" for the emperor's hunting trips ( Lou Qingxi, 2003a). During the Sui and Tang dynasties, around the 6th century, the development of Chinese gardens reached its heyday, and private gardens flourished, giving rise to different schools of thought, which gradually became Chinese classical gardens we see today ( Zhou Weiquan, 1999). Chinese gardens have a unique quality, and according to Sirén (1950), Chinese gardens are more imaginative and creative, or rather, more artistic than most gardens in the world, as they are not simple copies of nature, neither do they simply rely on existing natural scenery or landscape compositions nor do they transform them on a large scale simply and brutally (Sirén 3 1950). The Chinese people's deep feelings about nature implicitly influenced their artistic thinking and concepts, which were then expressed through gardens. Chinese gardens are influenced and conditioned by political, economic, geographical, and cultural factors and are humanized landscapes, physical landscapes, poetic landscapes, and even historical landscapes, to which world events, interpersonal encounters, honor and disgrace, and promotions are attached (Ren, Chao-Wang, 2004). After the 1950s, many private gardens were handed over to the collective management of the state, and professional departments were established to manage them. Furthermore, some gardens also became tourist destinations, open to the public for tours. After the summer resort of Chengde in Hebei, the classical gardens of Suzhou and the Summer Palace in Beijing were approved by the World Heritage Committee for inclusion in the World Heritage List in December 1994, December 1997, and December 1998, respectively, Chinese gardens attracted an increasing number of tourists (Huang, Chuan-Ling & Cheng, Chun-Wang, 2006). Chinese gardens are of various styles, and there are four classifications according to the regions: northern gardens, Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens, and Sichuanese garden. The northern gardens are mostly royal gardens and monastery gardens with a standard layout, showing the royal atmosphere, represented by the Summer Palace and the Chengde Summer Resort. The gardens in Jiangnan are mainly private gardens, with Suzhou as the representative city having such world-renowned classical gardens as the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Master of Nets Garden, whose gardens have unique and diverse architectural forms, artificial mountains, artificial water features, and carefully arranged flowers and plants, making the style here unique and garden tourism has become the city's calling card (Qin Su & Shuwei Qian, 2012). Suzhou received 2.487 million visitors during the Chinese New Year holiday in 2021 (Suzhou City Receives 2.487 Million Visitors - Suzhou Municipal People's Government, n.d.). The Lingnan gardens are located in southern China's Guangdong 4 Province and are represented by the Qinghui Garden and the Keyuan, which have a more humid and warm climate and are designed in a combination of garden and architecture; the Sichuanese gardens amous for the Du Fu Cottage and most of them in a more natural and tranquil style (Lou Qingxi 2003). Figure 1: The Water Heart Pavilion at Chengde Summer Resort, Hebei, China (Official website of Chengde Summer Resort, Retrieved from: https://www.bishushanzhuang.com.cn/index.php/Scenic/spot_view/id/193.html) 5 Figure 2: Taihu Stones in
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