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Polish Contribution to Space Research Pol J Aviat Med Psychol 2013; 19(3): 45-52 REVIEW ARTICLE POLISH CONTRIBUTION TO SPACE RESEARCH Piotr WOLAŃSKI Ins tute of Avia on, Warsaw, Poland Source of support: Own sources Author’s address: P. Wolański, Ins tute of Avia on, Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Background: A short historical description of Polish contribution to space research is given. Polish activities in the fi eld of space exploration, such as instruments designed and built in Poland and placed on board of rockets, satellites and space probes during the last 60 years are described. Contributions of the Space Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences (SRC of PAS), Institute of Aviation (IA), Military Institute of Aviation Medicine (MIAM) and others are presented. Also a discussion on new directions in education, scientifi c research and industrial development is discussed. Keywords: space fl ight, space research, rocket, satelitte INTRODUCTION Space has always excited people. In the past multistage rocket and rocket clusters (Fig. 1). Later Sun, Moon and stars were the subject of religious on general Józef Bem made further improvement cults and fascinations, but as time went by, more of a rocket. In XIX century Ignacy Łukasiewicz mysteries of our universe were explained and sci- developed a method of production of kerosene entists unveiled many previously mysterious phe- while Karol Stanisław Olszewski and Zygmunt nomena. In this activity Poles have played a very Wróblewski were the fi rst to obtain liquid oxygen. important role. Nicolaus Copernicus was the fi rst Not many people knows that ideas of Siemienow- who understood planetary motions in our Solar icz, as well as discoveries of Łukasiewicz, Olszews- System, Johannes Hevelius created the fi rst moon ki and Wróblewski are used in many space rockets, map, while Kazimierz Siemienowicz [1] proposed including the one that was used to launch the fi rst stabilization of rocket with aerodynamic fi ns, Sputnik. Kerosene and liquid oxygen from the be- Figures: 7 • References: 3 • Full-text PDF: h p://www.pjamp.com • Copyright © 2013 Polish Avia on Medicine Society, ul. Krasiń- skiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, license WIML • IndexaƟ on: Index Copernicus, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Educa on © The Polish Journal of Aviation Medicine and Psychology 2013 | Volume19 | Issue 3 | 45 This is an open-access ar cle distributed under the terms of the Crea ve Commons A ribu on Non-commercial License (h p://crea vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits use, distribu on, and reproduc on in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. Review Article ginning of the Space Era are the most commonly and Space Medicine, Physics of outer Space, Satel- used rocket propellants. At the beginning of the lite’s Geodesy and Teledetection. Committee rep- XX century Franciszek A. Uliński drew the project resents Poland in UN COPUOS, COSPAR and IAF. of Interplanetary Spaceship. In this paper Poland’s In the seventies of the last century, space- contribution to space research and exploration related scientifi c activity of Poland was basically over the last sixty years is briefl y described. confi ned to Interkosmos program coordinated by the Soviet Union [3]. Under that program, many in- SPACE-RELATED NATIONAL ACTIVITIES struments were developed and constructed in Po- land and later launched into space on board of the Even before the launch of the fi rst Sputnik in Soviet rockets. The fi rst Polish instruments were 1956, professor Kazimierz Zarankiewicz organ- launched into space aboard the Vertical rockets. ized the Polish Astronautical Society (PAS). In 1958 They were designed to study the Sun in the X-ray UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space spectrum. Those instruments were designed by (COPUOS) was created and Poland was among Professor Jan Mergentaler from Wrocław. the fi rst members of that signifi cant Committee. Another important instrument which was We also participated from the very beginning in launched into orbit on board of “Interkosmos-9 – the work of the Committee of Space Research Kopernik 500” was radio-spectrograph RS-500 K (COSPAR). Professor Włodzimierz Zonn, the fi rst (Fig. 2). That instrument was designed and built in Polish representative to those Committees, or- the IA by Zygmunt Krawczyk, MS PhD, under sci- ganized in Warsaw two very important meetings entifi c supervision of Professor Jan Hanasz from of those organizations: in 1963 COSPAR Congress Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. and in 1964 Congress of the International Astro- In 1965-1973, under the direction of Jacek Wal- nautical Federation (IAF). In 1968, Polish Academy czewski and Jerzy Haraźny from the National In- of Sciences created Committee for Peaceful Uses stitute of Weather and Water Management in IA, of Outer Space which since 1990 has worked un- about two hundred “Meteor” rockets were built der the name of Committee on Space Research and launched [23]. Those rockets were designed of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The Commit- to study the upper layers of the atmosphere at al- tee is affi liated with the Presidium and consists of titudes between 30 km and 100 km (Fig. 3). 35 members nominated by the President of the Also in 1976, the Institute of Geodesy and Car- Polish Academy of Sciences. It has fi ve Sections: tography created Remote Sensing Center “OPO- Astronautics and Space Technology, Astrobiology LIS”. Activities of the Center encompassed a broad Fig.1. The ideas of Kazimierz Siemienowicz (1650). Multistage rocket, rocket cluster and stabilization of rocket by aerodynamics fi ns. 46 | 2013 | Volume19 | Issue 3 | www.wiml.waw.pl P. Wolański - Polish contribution to... Fig. 2. Radiospectrograph RS-500 K, Polish instrument on board of the “Interkosmos-9” satellite. range of research related to the use of various sat- sion, 11 experiments were conducted. Medical ellite images and products for agriculture, which experiments conducted during that fl ight were included: forecasting of yield, drought detection, prepared at MIAM under the supervision of pro- crop recognition and crop condition assessment, fessor Stanisław Barański. Technological experi- estimates of heat and carbon fl uxes between sur- ment “Syrena” (“Siren”), devoted to material study face and air, detection of soil moisture changes in under microgravity conditions, was prepared by wetland areas, hydrological aspects, bioenergy, the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of forests, natural hazards: fl oods, forest fi res and Sciences under the supervision of professor Rob- landslides as well as land cover and land cover ert Gałązka. It should be also mentioned that changes. the selection of candidates for a cosmonaut was In February 1977, SRC of PAS was established. conducted at MIAM. For a long time in the 1970s This Institute is engaged in a wide range of re- and 1980s that Institute was involved in intensive search topics including: physics of the Sun (a divi- research in the fi eld of medical aspects of space sion in Wrocław), study of planets and small Solar fl ights, astrobiology and aeromedicine, including System bodies, interplanetary space physics and psychological aspects of long-term space fl ights. astrophysics, plasma physics, planetary geodesy Also for a long time, the activities of PAS were and geodynamics (a division in Borowiec). closely connected to that Institute. In 1978, on board of the Soyuz-30, Mirosław After the change of the political system in Po- Hermaszewski, the only Polish cosmonaut, was land, Polish space activities were widened to in- launched into space with a Russian cosmonaut clude international cooperation with ESA mem- Piotr Klimuk (Fig. 4). Their spaceship docked later bers, NASA as well as with India, Japan, China and to the Salyut-6 space station. During an 8-day mis- other countries. Instruments designed and built © The Polish Journal of Aviation Medicine and Psychology 2013 | Volume19 | Issue 3 | 47 Review Article information from meteorological satellites for more than 45 years. Before the end of the last century, Poland signed cooperation agreements with ESA which resulted initially in PECS agreement and later on in a full accession to ESA. That was possible owing to a strong and continuous support of the Polish Government and especially the Ministry of Econo- my, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs, the Committee of Space of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Parliamentary Group for Space Research. At the beginning of November 2012 both chambers of the Polish Parliament accepted unanimously the ratifi cation of our accession to ESA and as a result Poland became the 20th full member of ESA on 19 November 2012. The education of space science is constantly evolving in Poland. This includes special educa- tional programs for primary and high schools. Special programs dedicated to space education exist at the Warsaw University of Technology and other universities. ESA granted special projects for supporting educational activities of students at the Warsaw University of Technology and Fig. 3. „Meteor-2” rocket built at the Institute of Aviation Wrocław University of Technology. Students from (maximum altitude of approx. 105 km). the Warsaw University of Technology from the As- in Poland were present in many international mis- tronautical Group were involved in many projects sions, such as: CASSINI, MARS EXPRESS and VENUS related to space activities such as: microgravity EXPRESS. In January 2005, the space probe HUY- fl ights, Mars Rover Competition with Skarabeusz, GENS landed on the Saturn’s moon Titan with in- REXUS/BEXUS, European students’ satellite SSETI struments designed to study thermal properties Express, Yes-2, ESEO, ESMO. With the help of SRC of the surface of that moon. Those instruments of PAS, they also built the fi rst Polish satellite PW- were built by SRC of PAS.
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