DOCSLIB.ORG

Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks materials Review Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks Kai Zhang 1 , Ping Jack Soh 2,3 and Sen Yan 1,* 1 School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; [email protected] 2 Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has attracted more and more attention in many sectors of society. As a critical component in these systems, wearable antennas suffer from several serious challenges, e.g., electromagnetic coupling between the human body and the antennas, differ- ent physical deformations, and widely varying operating environments, and thus, advanced design methods and techniques are urgently needed to alleviate these limitations. Recent developments have focused on the application of metamaterials in wearable antennas, which is a prospective area and has unique advantages. This article will review the key progress in metamaterial-based antennas for WBAN applications, including wearable antennas involved with composite right/left-handed trans- mission lines (CRLH TLs), wearable antennas based on metasurfaces, and reconfigurable wearable antennas based on tunable metamaterials. These structures have resulted in improved performance of wearable antennas with minimal effects on the human body, which consequently will result in more reliable wearable communication. In addition, various design methodologies of meta-wearable antennas are summarized, and the applications of wearable antennas by these methods are discussed. Keywords: metamaterial; wearable antenna; metasurface; wireless body area network Citation: Zhang, K.; Soh, P.J.; Yan, S. Meta-Wearable Antennas—A Review of Metamaterial Based Antennas in Wireless Body Area Networks. 1. Introduction Materials 2021, 14, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010149 The emergence of the Internet has brought about tremendous changes in the com- munication of human. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is one of the emerging Received: 20 November 2020 technologies that is capable of enabling the communication between people and things. Accepted: 28 December 2020 The development of body area network will result in a more context-aware and personal- Published: 31 December 2020 ized communication in an intelligent wireless environment. WBAN is a network distributed around human, which is mainly used to detect and transmit physiological data of users, Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- and cooperate with other networks to integrate the human into the overall network [1–5]. tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- Through WBAN, communication and data synchronization can take place to complete the ms in published maps and institutio- other communication networks, such as wireless sensor networks and mobile communi- nal affiliations. cation networks [1,2,6,7]. An important application of WBAN is in healthcare, where the body area network can transmit physiological information obtained from patients through various physiological sensors, such as blood pressure, blood sugar concentration, tempera- ture, weight, and heartbeat [1,8–10] to the hospital’s medical monitoring equipment or the Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Li- user’s personal mobile terminal [11]. In entertainment, a personal media device with high censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article speed communication capability will enable augmented/virtual/mixed reality interaction distributed under the terms and con- with users, and wirelessly communicate with a device such as glasses [12] or headset [13]. ditions of the Creative Commons At- In military applications, WBAN can provide personal location and mobile communications tribution (CC BY) license (https:// by a helmet [14,15] or a smart watch [16], etc. Figure1 shows some typical applications of creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ WBANs. 4.0/). Materials 2021, 14, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010149 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Materials 2020, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20 Materials 2021, 14, 149communications by a helmet [14,15] or a smart watch [16], etc. Figure 1 shows some typi- 2 of 20 cal applications of WBANs. Medical monitoring Location Wearable devices X JT U Game Virtuality and reality Wireless communication Figure Figure1. A Wireless 1. A Wireless Body Area Body Network Area Network (WBAN) (WBAN) and its andapplications its applications [1,8,9–16 [1,].8 –16]. Wearable antennas,Wearable as antennas,a vital component as a vital in componentWBAN systems, in WBAN enable systems, wireless enablecommu- wireless com- nication withmunication other devices with on other or off devices human on bodies or off [ human17–43]. Compared bodies [17– to43 ].traditional Compared an- to traditional tennas, the designantennas, of wearable the design antennas of wearable are facing antennas many are development facing many bottleneck developments: The bottlenecks: electromagneticThe coupling electromagnetic between coupling the human between body and the the human antenna, body the and varying the antenna, physical the varying deformationphysicals, the widely deformations, varying operating the widely environments varying operating, and limitations environments, of the fabrica- and limitations of tion process the[27– fabrication33]. Further, process the requirements [27–33]. Further, for these the wearable requirements antennas for these include wearable me- antennas chanical robustness,include mechanicallow-profile, robustness, lightweight, low-profile, user comfort lightweight,, fabrication user simplicity comfort, [17 fabrication–24], simplic- ity [17–24], wideband [25,26], and multiband [20,27,29]. Thus, advanced design methods wideband [25,26], and multiband [20,27,29]. Thus, advanced design methods and tech- and techniques are urgently needed to address these problems and demands of wearable niques are urgently needed to address these problems and demands of wearable anten- antennas. In recent years, there has been much literature reporting the fabric material nas. In recent years, there has been much literature reporting the fabric material manufac- manufacturing and treatment: Embroidered fabric material, sewn textile materials, woven turing and treatment: Embroidered fabric material, sewn textile materials, woven fabrics, fabrics, materials that are not woven, knitted fabrics, spun fabrics, braiding, coated fabrics materials that are not woven, knitted fabrics, spun fabrics, braiding, coated fabrics through/lamination, printed fabrics, and chemically treated fabrics [18,19]. Furthermore, through/lamination, printed fabrics, and chemically treated fabrics [18,19]. Furthermore, novel forms of flexible devices such as a fully inkjet-printed antenna [30,31], a polydimethyl- novel forms of flexible devices such as a fully inkjet-printed antenna [30,31], a polydime- siloxane (PDMS)-based antenna [21,22], embroidery [32], and a silicone-based antenna [33], thylsiloxane (PDMS)-based antenna [21,22], embroidery [32], and a silicone-based an- and devices combined with new design methods such as substrate-integrated waveguide tenna [33], and devices combined with new design methods such as substrate-integrated (SIW) technology [34], miniature feeding network [23], magneto-electric dipole [35], char- waveguide (SIW) technology [34], miniature feeding network [23], magneto-electric di- acteristic mode theory [27,36,37], textile-type indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)-based pole [35], characteristictransistors [ 30mode], and theory thin-film [27 transistor,36,37], textile technologies-type indium [24], aregallium presented zinc foroxide special applica- (IGZO)-basedtion transistors scenarios. [30 Furthermore,], and thin-film miniaturization transistor technologies methods, such[24], asare inductor/capacitor-loaded presented for special applicationantennas scenario [38–40s.], Furthermore loop antennas, miniaturization [41], and planar methods, inverted such F antennasas inductor/ca- (PIFA) [42,43] are pacitor-loadedinvolved antennas in WBAN [38–40 devices], loop design,antennas which [41] is, and helpful planar to improve inverted the F design antennas flexibility of the (PIFA) [42,43wearable] are involved antennas. in WBAN devices design, which is helpful to improve the de- sign flexibility of Metamaterialsthe wearable antennas. are widely defined as an artificial periodic structure, in which the Metamaterials are widely defined as an artificial periodic structure, in which the length of the unit cell p is much smaller than the guided wavelength lg, with unusual length of theproperties unit cell notp is availablemuch smaller in nature than in the electromagneticguided wavelength field λ [44g, –with46]. Theunusual use of metamate- properties notrials available has been in hugely nature successful in the electromagnetic in adapting conventional field [44–46 antenna]. The use designs of met- into a wearable amaterials hasform, been including hugely compositesuccessful right/left-handedin adapting conventional transmission antenna lines designs (CRLH into TLs) a based anten- nas [45–54], zero-order antennas [55,56], metamaterials-inspired antennas [32,57], artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) [58–61], electromagnetic band-Gap (EBG) [62–65], and High- Impedance Surface (HIS) [16]. Wearable antennas
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metamaterial Design Antenna for Biomedical Application Integrated with Solar Panel
    METAMATERIAL DESIGN ANTENNA FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION INTEGRATED WITH SOLAR PANEL G. Jeevagan Navukarasu Lenin1*, R. Vimala2, R. Dhanasekaran3, S. Arun Prakash4 and K. Baskaran5 1Department of ECE, Anna University- University College of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, India. 2Department of EEE, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, India. 3Department of EEE, Syed Ammal Engineering College, Ramanathapuram, India. 4Department of EEE, Anna University- University College of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, India. 5Department of CSE, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India. *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Today biomedical application holds a vital role an increase in antenna bandwidth. This can be in medical diagnosis and treatment and as an academic achieved by loading the radiating element of a patch discipline. In recent days glucose monitoring, insulin with complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR), pumps, deep brain simulations and endoscopy are a few employing a metamaterial superstrate or using CSRR examples of the medical applications through body in the ground plane. The future mobile applications implantable units. Antennas are placed into human bodies or mounted over the torso (skin-fat-muscle) to form a make use of the solar panel for self-power. The biomedical application and exterior instruments can be drawback is the size limitation for antenna in mobile arranged to be used for short range biotelemetry devices. The three main design types of mobile applications. Remote monitoring allows the diagnosis of photovoltaic antenna include the use of solar cells as diseases and can be serving as the application of hospital an RF ground plane, as a radiating element and as RF at home, this installation of instruments reduces the stacked parasitic patch element suspended above the hospitalization period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Metamaterial Anisha Susan Thomas1, Prof
    ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2013 A Survey on Microstrip Patch Antenna using Metamaterial Anisha Susan Thomas1, Prof. A K Prakash2 PG Student [Wireless Technology], Dept of ECE, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India 1 Professor, Dept of ECE, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India 2 ABSTRACT: Microstrip patch antennas are used for mobile phone applications due to their small size, low cost, ease of production etc. The MSA has proved to be an excellent radiator for many applications because of its several advantages, but it also has some disadvantages. Lower gain and narrow bandwidth are the major drawbacks of a patch antenna. In this paper, a survey on the existing solutions for the same which are developed through several years and an evolving technology metamaterial is presented. Metamaterials are artificial materials characterized by parameters generally not found in nature, but can be engineered. They differ from other materials due to the property of having negative permeability as well as permittivity. Metamaterial structure consists of Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) to produce negative permeability and thin wire elements to generate negative permittivity. Performance parameters especially bandwidth, of patch antennas which are usually considered as narrowband antennas can be improved using metamaterial. Metamaterials are also the basis of further miniaturization of microwave antennas. Keywords: Microstrip antenna, Metamaterial, Split Ring Resonator, Miniaturization, Narrowband antennas. I. INTRODUCTION Although the field of antenna engineering has a history of over 80 years it still remains as described in [1] “….
    [Show full text]
  • Multilayered Metamaterial Low Profile Antenna for Iot Applications
    J. ADV. SIMULAT. SCI. ENG. Vol. 6, No. 1, 273-281. © 2019 Japan Society for Simulation Technology MMLPA: Multilayered Metamaterial Low Profile Antenna for IoT Applications Tojoarisoa Rakotoaritina1,*, Megumi Saito1, Zhenni Pan1, Jiang Liu1, Shigeru Shimamoto1 1Department of Computer Science and Communications Engineering, Waseda University ∗[email protected] Received: November 22, 2018; Accepted: July 21, 2019; Published: August 10, 2019 Abstract. Nowadays, within the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), smart homes, smart factory, intelligent transportation among others are infrastructure systems that connect our world to the Internet. However, wireless communications technology are considerably con- strained by complicated structures, and lossy media in complex environments. Fundamental limitations on the transmission range have been treated to connect IoT devices in such Ra- dio Frequency (RF) challenging environments. In order to extend the transmission range in complex environments, Magnetic Induction (MI) communication has been proved to be an efficient solution. In this paper, a Multilayered Metamaterial low profile antenna (MMLPA) using Magnetic Induction communication scheme is proposed for IoT applications. The system model of the MMLPA is analyzed. Then an MMLPA system is designed by using a circular loop antenna backed with isotropic metamaterial which is considered as a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) as well as with anisotropic metamaterial for the purpose of a di- electric uniaxial metamaterial. By using a full-wave finite-element method, the proposed analysis is supported with simulation results where good agreement is achieved compared to the measurement results after realizing four prototypes of the MMLPA antennas. The effect of the presence of metal in the vicinity of the transceivers is also analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of a Waveguide-Fed Metasurface Antenna
    Analysis of a Waveguide-Fed Metasurface Antenna Smith, D., Yurduseven, O., Mancera, L. P., Bowen, P., & Kundtz, N. B. (2017). Analysis of a Waveguide-Fed Metasurface Antenna. Physical Review Applied, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.054048 Published in: Physical Review Applied Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2017 American Physical Society. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:02. Oct. 2021 PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 8, 054048 (2017) Analysis of a Waveguide-Fed Metasurface Antenna † † David R. Smith,* Okan Yurduseven, Laura Pulido Mancera, and Patrick Bowen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Nathan B.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.232,618 B2 Bourke, Jr
    USOO9232618B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.232,618 B2 Bourke, Jr. et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 5, 2016 (54) UP AND DOWN CONVERSION SYSTEMS (58) Field of Classification Search FOR PRODUCTION OF EMITTED LIGHT CPC .............. H01J9/00; H01J 61/00; A61N 5700; FROM VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES G01N33/00; G01N 2003/0003; G01N 33/53; INCLUDING RADIO FREQUENCY, G01N 33/551; G01N33/54346; G01N 33/553; MCROWAVE ENERGY AND MAGNETC G01N 23/02; G02B 26/00 USPC ....................................................... 250/458.1 INDUCTION SOURCES FOR UPCONVERSION See application file for complete search history. (56) References Cited (75) Inventors: Frederic A. Bourke, Jr., Greenwich, CT (US); Zakaryae Fathi, Raleigh, NC U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (US); Ian Nicholas Stanton, Durham, NC (US); Michael J. Therien, Durham, 4,608.222 A 8, 1986 Brueckner .................... 376/104 NC (US); Paul Rath Stauffer, Durham, 5,118,422 A * 6/1992 Cooper et al. ................ 210,636 NC (US); Paolo MacCarini. Durham, (Continued) NC (US); Katherine Sarah Hansen, Cary, NC (US); Diane Renee Fels, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Morrisville, NC (US); Cory Robert EP 2130553 A1 * 12/2009 ............. A61K 41.00 Wyatt, Durham, NC (US); Mark Wesley WO WO 2008, 118234 A2 10/2008 Dewhirst, Durham, NC (US) WO WO 2008118234 A2 * 10, 2008 .............. HOL 31,04 (73) Assignees: IMMUNOLIGHT, LLC, Detroit, MI OTHER PUBLICATIONS (US); DUKE UNIVERSITY, Durham, International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International NC (US) Searching Authority issued Mar. 28, 2011, in Patent Application No. PCT/US 2010/0561.78. *) Notice: Subject to anyy disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (Continued) U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Wireless Power Transmission System for Transfer Cart with Shortened Track
    applied sciences Article Development of Wireless Power Transmission System for Transfer Cart with Shortened Track Jae Sik Jin 1, Sunghun Jung 2 and Han Joo Kim 3,* 1 Department of Mechanical Design, Chosun College of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61453, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Smart Mobile Convergence System, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Convergence Technology Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-10-3863-1201 Received: 19 April 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 8 July 2020 Abstract: In this study, a wireless power transmission (WPT) system for high power was developed to supply the wirelessly powered transfer cart for a clean environment (such as liquid crystal display (LCD), semiconductor, and flat panel display (FPD) device industries) to improve the cleanliness of related industrial production lines and save energy. The power transmission method of WPT and the core design were optimized, and a shortened track was fabricated to enable WPT via short power lines for diverse applications in a small space-constrained workshop. In realizing the shortened Litz wire system, the amount of heat generated increased due to the increased resistance in the system, and efforts were made to improve the thermal performance. A simple approach was also proposed to estimate the skin depth caused by the skin effects in a cable made up of multiple strands of multiple wires, validated through thermal analysis by using ANSYS software in terms of heat generation by an electric field. Structure designs were implemented to improve the heat transfer performance, and the experimental results of WPT systems at a power level of 21.54 kW demonstrate that the power transfer distance of WPT was above 15 mm with a charging efficiency above 83.24%.
    [Show full text]
  • Metamaterial Superstrate Antenna Design with Gain Enhancement
    International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 24 (2018) pp. 16939-16944 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Metamaterial Superstrate Antenna Design with Gain Enhancement Dr.K.Kavitha 1,*, K .Seyatha 2 1Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi,626005, India 2PG Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, 626005, India. *Corresponding author Abstract loss is more. Similarly for size reduction, the monopole multiband metamaterial antenna with complementary split The Metamaterial Superstrate Antenna plays a major role for ring resonator and varicap diode was designed by Ridha improving the gain of the antenna. The main objective of this Salhi.et.al [3] mainly used to reduce losses and limited work is to enhance the gain and directivity of the bandwidth for wireless communication application. But the Metamaterial Microstrip Patch Antenna used for Wireless gain is nearer to 3.8 dB at 8.5 GHz. Likewise the miniaturized Point to Point Communication applications like Dedicated five band metamaterial inspired antenna was discussed by Short Range Communications (DSRC). The operating Tanweer Ali.et.al [4] consists of rectangular CSRR, two L- frequency range of DSRC is 5.85-5.925 GHz. The proposed shaped and one T-shaped slot in the ground plane. To increase antenna uses Roger RT Duroid 5880 Substrate and FR4 the operating ability of the antenna, slots are etched in the Metamaterial Superstrate. In order to improve the gain and ground plane but the gain is lesser. Similarly the directivity of the antenna, the Metamaterial is used as complementary split ring resonator placed horizontally Superstrate along with array of patches.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Applications of Metamaterials in Antenna Design, Cloaking Devices, Sensors and Solar Cells: a Comprehensive Review
    Journal of Optoelectronic and Biomedical Materials Vol. 13, No. 2, April – June 2021, p. 23 - 31 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF METAMATERIALS IN ANTENNA DESIGN, CLOAKING DEVICES, SENSORS AND SOLAR CELLS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW N.V. Krishna Prasada,*, T. A. Babua, S. Phanidharb, R. S. Singampalli c, B. R.Naikd, M. S. S. R. K. N.Sarmaa, S. Ramesha aDepartment of Physics, G.S.S, GITAM University, Bengaluru, India. bDepartment of EECE ,SoT, GITAM University, Bengaluru, India. cDepartment of Mech.Eng. SoT, GITAM University, Bengaluru, India dDepartment of CSE. SoT, GITAM University, Bengaluru, India This paper reviewed some of the applications of metamaterials in antenna design, cloaking devices, sensors and solar cells in brief. Metamaterials can be used as environment or as part of the antenna. Based on the required parameters, metamaterials while designing antennas are used in various types. They are highly useful in enhancing the power gain, bandwidth, in creating dense and antennas of multiple frequencies. Usage of metamaterial in antenna require proper designing of unit cell. This require creation of cells with special properties at required frequency. Cloaking is a technique of making specific objects invisible. This was achieved by isolating electromagnetic waves in that region. This paper reviewed some of the cloaking devices that use the technique of coordinate transformation and scattering cancellation. Metamaterial sensors which are more efficient than sensors with traditional materials are reviewed. These sensors exhibit enhanced sensitivity. Sensors used in wave guides and liquid chemical detection were reviewed. Solar cells that use metamaterials were reviewed. Usage of these materials reduce the loss in solar radiation making the solar cell more efficient based on the design.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary Meta-Hologram for a Reconfigurable Holographic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Binary meta-hologram for a reconfgurable holographic metamaterial antenna Ruey-Bing (Raybeam) Hwang1,2 This research reports a design method for synthesizing the binary meta-hologram pattern implemented in a leaky waveguide that can radiate the feeding signal toward a prescribed direction. In fact, the obtained pattern is not always a uniform array; it is an almost-periodic one. Statistical analysis of the radiation pattern for imperfect array is then conducted to demonstrate that radiating main-beam angle (ensemble average) is dominated by the average period of a non-uniform array subject to a small perturbation. Additionally,the leaky wave of higher-order space harmonic in a periodic structure is employed to accurately predict the directional radiation including main beam as well as grating lobes. In holography, the interference pattern, which is due to the superposition of object- and reference-waves, is recorded in a hologram. Once the reference wave is fed into the hologram, an object wave is emerging out of the structure. In microwave or millimeter wave, the interference pattern can be implemented on dielectric substrate or metal layer using chemical etching1,2. However, the pattern is fxed and cannot be altered. Recently, a physi- cal material, termed as metamaterial or meta-surface3–7 composed of subwavelength unit cell has been studied extensively. Moreover, some of the structures can even dynamically change its electrical properties by electric- or magnetic-bias. To mention a few: a dynamically reconfgurable holographic meta-surface aperture consist- ing of an array of subwavelength slot-shaped meta-elements was reported8,9.
    [Show full text]
  • A Simple Linear-Type Negative Permittivity Metamaterials Substrate Microstrip Patch Antenna
    materials Article A Simple Linear-Type Negative Permittivity Metamaterials Substrate Microstrip Patch Antenna Wei-Hua Hui, Yao Guo and Xiao-Peng Zhao * Department of Applied Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China; [email protected] (W.-H.H.); [email protected] (Y.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: A microstrip patch antenna (MPA) loaded with linear-type negative permittivity metama- terials (NPMMs) is designed. The simple linear-type metamaterials have negative permittivity at 1–10 GHz. Four groups of antennas at different frequency bands are simulated in order to study the effect of linear-type NPMMs on MPA. The antennas working at 5.0 GHz are processed and measured. The measured results illustrate that the gain is enhanced by 2.12 dB, the H-plane half-power beam width (HPBW) is converged by 14◦, and the effective area is increased by 62.5%. It can be concluded from the simulation and measurements that the linear-type metamaterials loaded on the substrate of MAP can suppress surface waves and increase forward radiation well. Keywords: metamaterials; negative permittivity; microstrip patch antenna; gain 1. Introduction Citation: Hui, W.-H.; Guo, Y.; Zhao, Electromagnetic (EM) metamaterials are composed of periodic, subwavelength arti- X.-P. A Simple Linear-Type Negative ficial structures, which can be resonant or non-resonant units. A two-dimensional form Permittivity Metamaterials Substrate of metamaterials is called a metasurface. According to the uniform effective medium Microstrip Patch Antenna. Materials theory, the properties of these structures can be determined by the effective permittivity 2021, 14, 4398.
    [Show full text]
  • Opening Satellite Capacity to Consumers with Metamaterial Antennas
    Opening Satellite Capacity to Consumers with Metamaterial Antennas M.C. Johnson1 1Kymeta Corporation, USA [email protected] Abstract| A metamaterial antenna is being developed for satellite communication that is thin, light-weight, and lower cost than existing technologies. These antennas are built upon reconfigurable metamaterials and the principles of holography, and they produce a directed, steerable, high-gain beam without mechanically moving parts and with considerably lower power- consumption than the competing technologies. This paper briefly introduces this antenna, only made possible by the intentional engineering of metamaterials, that is poised to bring satellite data capacities to the mass market. 1. INTRODUCTION The most well-known non-natural characteristic achieved by the engineering of metamaterials is simultaneous negative magnetic permeability and electric permittivity [1], and metamaterials were responsible for the successful experimental demonstration of the celebrated application of electro- magnetic cloaking in 2006 [2]. Yet, there are many other applications in which engineering the electromagnetic response of a material is useful, and, indeed, many other applications that are easier to achieve than the Harry Potter-esque invisibility cloak. One area that has seen intensive development with the advent of metamaterials is antenna design. Metamaterials are enabling smaller, highly-directive antennas [3, 4] and novel architectures. The engineering of the reconfigurable holographic metamaterial antenna (RHMA) that is the subject of this paper (and is the demonstrated technology that has garnered much commercial attention and impressive financial backing in the form of the internationally recognized Bill Gates-funded company Kymeta) is poised to re-energize the satellite communications sector, particularly mobile applications (moving antenna platforms, moving satellites, or both).
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Metamaterial in Antenna Design: a Review
    International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. ISSN 0974-2166 Volume 8, Number 1 (2015), pp. 87-90 © International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Impact of Metamaterial in Antenna Design: A Review Swagata B Sarkar Assistant Professor, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai Abstract In this paper it is observed that how metamaterials can be used to improve the design parameters of antenna. Metamaterials are kind of structures through which negative permittivity and negative permeability can be obtained. This special property will improve some vital properties of antenna such as return loss, efficiency, size, bandwidth, multiband behavior, directivity, gain and specific absorption rate (SAR). In this paper some popular structures of metamaterial are highlighted after review. Key Words: Metamaterial, Antenna parameters, Negative permittivity, Negative permeability I. INTRODUCTION In recent days people are concentrating more about metamaterial based antenna design as it has lot of advantages. The metamaterial based antenna can be designed with improved antenna parameters. i) Return loss (RL): Return loss is the loss of power in the signal returned/reflected by a discontinuity in a transmission line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB). The metamaterial structure can decrease the return loss and make antenna to work with a better efficiency. ii) Efficiency: Antenna efficiency is radiation efficiency. It is a measure of the efficiency with which a radio antenna converts the radio-frequency power accepted at its terminals into radiated power. Efficiency can be increased with the metamaterial defect introduced in the antenna design. iii) Size: Physical size of the antenna can be decreased by using metamaterial structure as substrate, superstrate or any other position.
    [Show full text]