Shakespeare on Silent Film: an Excellent Dumb Discourse Judith Buchanan Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87199-0 - Shakespeare on Silent Film: An Excellent Dumb Discourse Judith Buchanan Index More information

Index

Bold type indicates a central-case reference; bold italics indicates reference to a ﬁgure; the suﬃx n indicates reference to a note.

Abel, Richard, 40n, 82n company logo, 116; the ‘Biograph Girl’, Achterberg, Fritz, German film actor, 231 Florence Lawrence, 3, 143 acting editions, 47, 86, 156, 159, 161 The Kissing Scene Between Trilby and Little acting manuals, 46, 174–75, 176, 177 Billee (1896), 61 acting styles, in transition, 174 duel scene from Macbeth (Bitzer, 1905), considered characteristic of particular 74–75n nations, 174, 178, 187–89 Americanism, of production company, films facial expressivity, 139–41, 144, 231–32, 241, and approach to Shakespeare, 112–18 249–50 anachronisms, 193, 197, 237 histrionic or excessive, xxii, 62, 63, 64, 166, androgyny, 20–21, 224–26, 226, 227 167, 172–74, 178–80, 181, 183–85, 229, Angeli, Diego, Italian translator of 230, 240, 241, 242, 246 Shakespeare, 70n ‘mugging’ (the mouthing of inaudible words Angiers, battle of, tableau interpolated in Tree’s for the camera), 63, 171, 172, 198–99 stage King John (1899), 64, 70n naturalistic/verisimilar/minimalist, 164, 170, Angus, Ian, xixn 174, 181, 183, 228–32, 242, 249–51 Anthony, Barry, 58n, 59n, 62n, 64–65n, 67n, pantomimic codes, 19, 46, 49, 173–78, 176, 68n, 69n, 70n 177, 181 Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare play advertising, see marketing strategies Antoine et Cléopatre, ballet (1761), 49n Ambrosio-Film, Italian film production Antony and Cleopatra, Vitagraph film (Kent, company 1908), 75, 108, 119n, 130 company and its distribution, 126, 186 Anzi, Anna Cavallone, 164n, 166n, 178n Otello/Othello (Frusta, 1914), 21, 90–91, 94, 248 Archer, William, ‘pamphleteer’, 175n, 178n American film industry – institutional struc- archives and libraries tures, exhibition conventions and national American Film Institute (AFI), 203n; self-consciousness, 105–09, 112–15, BFI National Archive (formerly 190–96, 217; satirised, 192–98, 212–13, the National Film and Television see also individual American production Archive): 79n, 80n, 106n, 149–50n, companies AMBC, Edison, Essanay, 187, 217n, 246n; British Library (BL), Fox, Kalem, Lubin, Metro, Rex, Sam London, 43n, 45n; Bodleian, The, Taylor, Selig, Shakespeare Film Company, Oxford, 160n, 175–76n; Cinématèque Thanhouser, Triangle-Reliance, Vitagraph de Toulouse: 150n; Cineteca di American Mutoscope and Biograph Company Bologna: 150n; Il Centro Sperimentale (AMBC), film production company, also di Cinematographia, Rome (CSC): known as Biograph 80n; Deutsches Institut für Film, company attributes and exhibition Frankfurt: 217n; Folger Shakespeare conventions, 57n, 105, 106, 107, 109 Library, Washington DC (Folger): 33n,

299

300 Index

archives and libraries (cont.) Bandmann-Palmer, Millicent, stage actress (as 80n, 106n, 198n, 201n, 217n; George Hamlet), 220 Eastman House, Rochester, New York Bangs, John Kendrick, 192 (GEH), 31, 33n; MOMA, New York, ‘banners’, see ‘scrolls’ 185–86n; Motion Picture and Recorded Bara, Theda, screen actress (as Juliet), 2, 4, 20, SoundDivision,LibraryofCongress, 203–12, 204, 209, 251 Washington DC (LOC), 52n, 77n, Barber,XenophonTheodore,26n 80n, 91n, 97, 128, 170n, 198n, 202n, Bardèche, Maurice, 229 203, 221n, 222;NationalArchives,64n; Barker,HarleyGranville,Britishactorand Nederlands Filmmuseum, 72n; New theatre director, 136 York Public Library (NYPL), 193n; Barker,WilliamG,filmdirectorandproducer, Palace Theatre Archive, 66n; Russian 2, 72, 149, 184 State Film Archive, 91n; Theatre Barker Motion Photography, British film Museum,CoventGarden,London, production company 60n, 70n, 152n; University of Bristol Hamlet (Barker, 1910), 149 Theatre Collection, 70n King Henry VIII (Barker, 1911), 2, 72, 184, 197n archives/archiving priorities, xxii, 2n, 29n, 31, Barleon, Amelia, American screen actress, 128 40, 64n, 66n, 70n, 71n, 252 Barnes,J.H.,stageandscreenactor,156 artistic representations, of Shakespearean Barrie, James (J.M.), writer/director of The Real scenes, xxn, 146, 156–57n Thing at Last (Bushey Heath co., 1916), Shakespearean paintings used in lantern 2–3, 19–20, 77, 190–98, 202, 212, 213; sequences, 35–38 scenarist for AsYouLikeIt(1936), 217n art works appearing in, or animated by, Barry, Iris, xviin, 229n films, 121–24, 141, 146, 156–57, 248 Bartalotta, Gianfranco, 168n see also ‘Death of Caesar’, ‘King Lear in Bate, Jonathan, 53 the Storm’ and entries under Ophelia, Battle Hymn of the Republic, The, non- Hamlet, Othello and Romeo and Juliet Shakespearean film, see Vitagraph Art-Film, Asta Nielsen’s German film Bayne, Beverly, screen actress, 20, 202, 205–11, production company 208, 215–16 Hamlet,DramaofVengeance(Gade, 1920), 5, Becker,CarlLudwigFriedrich,artist,37, 38n 7, 135, 185–86n, 217–40 Benjamin, Walter, 20n AsYouLikeIt,Shakespeare play Benson,Frank,Britishstageandscreenactor E.W.Godwin’s open-air production (1885), (as Richard III), 4, 77 50–51 Berg,IreneandSamuel,arrangersofmusical lantern slide sequences, 30, 31, 74n scores, 211n, 216 SevenAgesofMan,Edison film (director Bernhardt, Sarah, French stage and screen unknown, 1905), 74n actress, 3, 15n, 41, 72, 74n, 77, 148, 220, AsYouLikeIt,Kalemfilm(Buel,1908), 75 221, 223 AsYouLikeIt,Vitagraph 3-reel film Bertini,Francesca,Italianscreenactress,3, (Blackton and Kent, 1912), 108, 130, 133 90, 125 AsYouLikeIt,Inter-Alliedfilm(Czinner, biblicalsubjects,inlanternslides,27, 28; 1936), 217n in films, 17, 108, 170n Aubert, Charles, 175, 177, 178 Biograph,shortenedformofTheAmerican Aumont, Jacques, 163 MutoscopeandBiographCompany (AMBC) q.v.,andofitsdaughter Baines, Richard Manwaring, lanternist and company, The British Mutoscope and slide collector, 27n BiographCompany(BMBC),q.v. Ball, Robert Hamilton, xviiin, 2n, 4, 6, 15n, 52n, Birtwhistle, Richard, collector, 113n 61, 69, 70–72, 74–75n, 77–78, 90n, 94n, Black Castle, The, play in unpatented 119n, 126n, 127n, 130n, 131n, 132n, 148n, theatre, 45 149n, 186n, 187, 191, 198n, 199n, 201n, 203n, Black Diamond Express, The, early Edison film, 205, 206n, 210n, 211n, 217n, 220, 221n 145–46 ballet, 9, 46, 49, 56 blacking-up, 241, 243–46, 244, 245 ‘ballet of action’, speechless stage production Blackton,J.Stuart,Vitagraphdirector/ with recitative, 43–45 production manager, 113, 115, 130, 146–47 Bancroft, Squire, theatre manager, 53 Blaisdell, George, 9n, 203n, 207n

Index 301

Blood-Red Knight, The, play in unpatented Brothers Karamazov, The (Buchowetzki, 1921), theatre, 45 non-Shakespearean film, 240 Bogart, Humphrey, 223 Brown, Richard, 58n, 59n, 62n, 64–66n, 68n, ‘boomer’, category of lecturer, q.v. 69n, 70n Boose, Lynda E., 219n Browne, Gordon, artist, 156–57n Booth, Michael, 50n, 52n Brownlow, Kevin, 22n, 75n Bordwell, David, 2n, 7n, 20n, 156n, 250n Brutus, Cines film (1910), see Julius Caesar Borton, Terry, American lanternist and lantern Buchanan, Judith, xxii, 2–3, 29n, 35n, 38n, historian, 26n, 36 60n, 62, 127n, 137n, 149n, 152n, 201n Bourchier, Arthur, English stage and screen Büchner, Georg, German playwight, 240 actor, 184, 197, 250 Buchowetzki, Dimitri, Russian film director in Bowser, Eileen, 18n German film industry, 21, 217, 240–49 Bragaglia, Leonardo, 164n Bunyan, John, 28 Brandt, Mathilde, German film actress (as Burbage, Richard, 166–67 Gertrude), 229 Burrows, Jon, xviiin, 72n, 160n, 161n, 175n, Brasillach, Robert, 229 189n, 201n Brecht, Berthold, 20n Burt, Richard, 219n Brewster, Ben, 24n Bush, W. Stephen, moving picture lecturer and Bristol, Michael, 114 writer for MPW, xxi, 10–11, 15, 42, 121n, British Actors’ Film Company, 192n, 196 206n British film industry, 57, 79 Bushey Heath Co, British film production acting compared with continental styles, company 187–89 The Real Thing at Last, lampooning output morally condemned, 57–60 comparative productions of Macbeth preference for word-driven film-making, in (Barrie and MacBean, 1916), 2–3, comparison with Hollywood, 199 19–20, 77, 190–201, 202, 212–13 satirised, in comparison with American film Bushman, Francis X., American screen actor, 4, industry, 190–98 20, 202, 207, 208, 209, 215–16 its Shakespeare films critically preferred to Italian ones, 185–87 Caesar and Cleopatra, play by Bernard Shaw, 155 stops making Shakespeare feature films, 217 Calvert, Louis, actor, 64 see also individual British production Capelli, Dante, actor, 3, 80, 198n companies Barker, British Mutoscope ‘Carados’, see H. Chance Newton and Biography Company, Broadwest, Cardinal Wolsey, Vitagraph film from Henry Bushey Heath, Clarendon, Co-operative VIII (Trimble, 1912), 108 Cinematograph Company, Gaumont, Cardullo, Bert, 111n Inter-Allied, Masters, Piccadilly, Carmen, two non-Shakespearean films, subject Walderdaw; and individual British of rival releases, 203n films, in partic. King John (1899), The Caserini, Mario, Italian film director, 80n, Tempest (1908), Richard III (1911), Hamlet 198n (1913), The Real Thing at Last (1916) casting, 79, 85, 86n, 110, 133, 135, 137, 138–39, British Film Institute (BFI), London 144, 152, 190, 192–94, 198, 202–04, 207, DVD Silent Shakespeare, 4, 62, 71n, 77n, 234, 240, 242, 250–51 79n, 91n, 106n, 198n, 260 Cavell, Stanley, 223–24 BFI National Archive, 79n, 80n, 106n, 150n, censors, 3, 57, 59–60, 108n, 124n, 197 155n, 187, 214n, 217n Chanan, Michael, 23n British Mutoscope and Biograph Company Christie, Anna, film actress, 223–24 (BMBC), also known as ‘Biograph’ Christie, Ian, 118n company attributes and exhibition cinematograph, xxi, 20, 23, 40, 42, 66, 146 conventions, 62n, 105, 106, 107, 109 ‘Cinematographe’, 106 King John (Dickson and Dando, 1899), 23, cinematography, 76, 82, 96, 99, 137, 141, 151, 164, 40, 61–72, 65, 74, 77 166, 188, 201, 229, 232, 234–35, 246, 247 Studio Troubles/Wicked Willie (1898/9), 57–60 Cines, Rome-based film production company, Broadwest, British film production company 5, 77, 186 Merchant of Venice (Walter West, 1916), 77, 201 Otello/Othello (Caserini and Velle, 1907), 75

302 Index

Cines (cont.) (Vitagraph, 1908); 116; AWinter’sTale Amleto/Hamlet (Caserini, 1908, reissued 1910), (Thanhouser, 1910), 127; A Midsummer 75, 80, 149 Night’s Dream (Vitagraph, 1909), Giulietta e Romeo/Romeo and Juliet 132;Penelope (q.v.) in A Midsummer (Caserini, 1908), 75–76 Night’s Dream (Vitagraph, 1909), 133, Macbett/Macbeth (Caserini, 1909), 4, 80, 134; Florence Turner (q.v.) (as Viola/ 170n, 198n Cesario for Vitagraph), 142, 142; Brutus, film offshoot of Julius Caesar Julia Swayne Gordon (as Olivia for (Guazzoni, 1910), 19, 105, 106, Vitagraph), 139, 140, 142; Caesar in 125–26n Brutus (Cines, 1910); 126;Ophelia Gajus Julius Caesar/ Julius Caesar (Guazzoni, in Hamlet (1913), 156, 157; Edmund 1914), 105, 106n, 115, 116, 123, 126 Gwenn in The Real Thing at Last Clarendon, British film production company (1916), 195; Francis X. Bushman’s The Tempest (Stow, 1908), 18, 74–88, 94–95, ‘scanted garb’ in Romeo and Juliet 103–04 (Metro, 1916), 207;inRomeo and Coghlan, Rose, American film actress, 133 Juliet (Metro, 1916), 211n; in Collick, John, 23n, 60n, 71n unidentified film of Hamlet, 222;in Colman, George, theatre manager, 16 Hamlet (1920), 227, 230, 234, 236–37, colour, hand-colouring, stencilling, tinting 237;in Othello (1922), 242, 244, (slides and films), xxii, 26, 29n, 30, 31, 33, 245, 249 36, 91n Countryman and the Cinematograph, The, non- comedy, comic effects and comedians Shakespearean film (Paul, 1901), 129n (deliberate and inadvertent), 13, 20, 27, 28, Cran, Mrs George, 64n, 85n 66, 75, 102–03, 106, 111, 121–30, 173–74n, Crocombe, Leonard, 143n 192–97, 200–01, 214, 227, 229, 231–32, Crompton, Dennis, 29n 240, 242, 243, 246, 259 cross-dressing/cross-casting/transgendering Comedy of Errors, The, Shakespeare play (travestie roles) Two Little Dromios, Thanhouser film (1914), Hamlet, 20–21, 219–23, 224–26, 226; 127n Oberon, 135n; Lady Macbeth, 194 The Wrong Flat; or A Comedy of Errors, non- crowd scenes, 115, 207, 210, 211, 246–47 Shakespearean Vitagraph film (1907), Cushman, Charlotte, American stage actress 108 (as Hamlet), 220, 221 Cook, Olive, 27 Cymbeline, Shakespeare play Cookson, S.A., British stage and screen actor, Briggs’ lantern slide sequence (early 1890s), 62, 64, 65 31 Cooper, Gladys, British stage and screen Cymbeline,Thanhouserfilm(Sullivan,1913), actress, 193, 200n 127n Co-operative Cinematograph Company, 77 Macbeth (director unknown, 1911), Daggerwood, Sylvester, character in 197–98 18th-century drama, 16 Richard III (Benson, 1911), 197, 198n Dali, Salvador, 20n Corbin, John, 181 Dallas, E.S., 22n Coriolanus, Shakespeare play, of which no silent Daly, Augustin, 135 film made, 252n D’Ambra, Lucio, Italian scenarist/screenwriter, Cornely, Edouard, 156–57n 221n Cosandey, R, 104n Dando, Walter Pfeffer, film-maker, 57, 62 Costello, Maurice, American screen actor, 3, 130, Danes, Claire, American screen actress, 216n 144, 145 Danish film industry, 149, 218, see also Nordisk, costume Svend Gade, Asta Nielsen historical accuracy on stage, 50; of Dante, in Pathé advertising poster, 89 Shakespearean characters in lantern Danton, played by Jannings, 240 slides, 33–34; King John (1899), 62n, Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, ink-wash drawing 64n; Tree’s and Stow’s Calibans, ‘King Lear in the Storm’, 37; The 85; Vitagraph’s lavish and historical Darley Gallery of Shakespearean costumes, 110, 112; Julius Caesar Illustrations, 38n

Index 303

de Cordova, Rudolph, film scenarist/screen- eagle, Vitagraph company logo, 113–23, 117, 120, writer, 203 122, 145 de Klerk, Nico, 91n Éclair, French film production company de Putti, Lya, film actress and dancer (Emilia The Tempest (1912), 52, 80 in Othello), 251 Macbeth (director unknown, 1916), 198n ‘Death of Caesar’, painting by Gérôme q.v., Edison, Thomas, early film pioneer, 25, 62 ‘quoted’ in Vitagraph’s Julius Caesar Edison Manufacturing Company, American (1908), 121–24, 146, see also artistic film production company, 107, 109, 141, representations 143, 145 Death of Othello, film from Verdi’s opera, Shakespearean films see Othello Burlesque on Romeo and Juliet (1902), Defoe, Daniel, 28 74n Dehn Paul, xviin Seven Ages of Man (1905), 74n Dench, Ernest A., 172 single scene from Julius Caesar (1913), Dent, Alan, 152 15n Desdemona, offshoot films by Messter and non-Shakespearean films Nordisk, 77 The Black Diamond Express (1896), Desprès, Suzanne, actress (as Hamlet), 220 145–46 di Caprio, Leonardo, screen actor, 216n of assassination of President McKinley Dickens, Charles, 17, 26n, 28; in Pathé (1901), 118 advertising poster, 89 Uncle Josh at the Moving Picture Show Dickson, William Kennedy-Laurie, (Porter, 1902), 131n film-maker, 23, 25, 56, 57, 62, 68, 69 The Dream of a Rarebit Fiend Dion, Hector, film actor, 201 (McCutcheon and Porter, 1906), distribution 170n distributors’ aspiration in relation Edmonds, Jill, 219n, 220n to Shakespeare films, 214; films Edwards, J. Gordon, film director for Fox q.v., advertised by distributors, 90, 203n, 205 151; films branded by production Eisner, Lotte. H., 236 company in distribution, 105, 106–07; Elizabeth I, portrait of in a slide, 32 film exchanges (federated film played by Florence Turner, 143 markets), 106n; distribution handled Elliott, Gertrude, British stage and screen by separate company, 74, 220n; actress(Opheliain1913 Hamlet), 152, 156, international distribution, 68, 89, 90, 158, 160, 172, 182, 183 101–02, 135, 143, 154, 185, 186, 205, Ellison, James, 61n, 67n, 70n 206–07; international distribution Elliston, Robert William, 43–44 withheld, 197; production companies’ Elsaesser, Thomas, xxiin, 11n, 75n, 163n and distributors’ monopolising Elsinore, setting of Hamlet, directly used by engagements with exhibitors, 106, Nordisk (1910), 149; imitated by Hepworth 206; typical speed of film through (1913), 153, 163; location intended for a film production and distribution not made, 220; dramatised by Art-Film cycle, 132 (1920), 233, 238, 247 Dondini, Cesare, Italian stage and screen actor Embankment, London, scene of BMBC’s (Iago in 1909 Othello), 91–92, 92, 93 open-air studio, 61, 70 Donohue, Joseph, 43n, 50n, 174n Emerson, John, film director, 198–99 Doppelgänger themes, 234 Esenwein, J. Berg, 158 Dougall, Richardson, 113n Essanay, American film production company, Duey, Helen, 63n 107 Dumas, Alexander, in Pathé advertising poster, Euripides, Greek tragedian, 6 89 exhibition conventions in silent cinema Duse, Eleonora, Italian stage actress, 223 lecturers in early cinema, 10–13, 15, 28, Dyer, Anson, cartoonist, illustrator, director, 102–03, 145, 195 21, 149, 217n, 246 musical accompaniment, xviin, xxii, 28, 66, Dyer, Richard, 225n 125, 195, 211, 216 Dyer, T.F.T., 50–51 speakers behind the screen, 13n

304 Index

exhibition conventions in silent cinema (cont.) long-shot, 98, 99, 162, 169, 231; use of depth- published programmes, 13n, 52n, 66n, 67, of-field, 141–42, 211 68–69, 107n, 115–16, 123 Fool, The, character in King Lear, xix, 127, 201; variety programming, 40, 66, 67, 68–69, 75, interpolated character in Thanhouser’s A 103, 106–07, 111, 220 Winter’s Tale (1910), 127–29, 128 feature-film programming, 202, 206, 215 Forbes, Norman, British stage and screen actor, venues (music halls, penny-gaffs, shop- 194 front theatres, vaudeville theatres, Forbes-Robertson, Johnston, British stage and nickelodeons, picture palaces), 10, 13, screen actor, xvii, 4, 5, 19, 77, 190;screen 41, 57, 62, 66–69, 102–03, 106–07, Hamlet, xvii, 5, 19, 147, 149–64, 153, 107n, 112, 145, 160, 195, 203n, 206, 154, 169–72, 179–89, 182, 199, 218; stage 213–14 Hamlet, 150, 151–52, 156, 160–61, 179n, 180; non-Shakespearean films, 184 Fairbanks, Douglas, screen actor, 217n Forestier, A., illustrator, 174n Falena, Ugo, Italianscreenactoranddirector, Forrest, Edwin, American stage actor, 210 91–92, 92, 93 Forsyth, Neil, 77n Famous Players-Lasky, American film produc- Foulkes, Richard, 71n tion company, Carmen (1915), 203n Fox Film Corporation (Fox), American film Farrar, Geraldine, screen actress, 203n production company, see also Bara Faust, Martin,screenactor,128 Romeo and Juliet (Edwards, 1916), 2, 8–9, 20, Felton, Cornelius, 26n 190, 191, 201–16, 204, 209 Film d’Arte Italiana (FAI), Italian film continuity script (‘Fox continuity script’), production company, 5, 77, 88–90, 186 203, 204n, 206n, 207n, 211–12 films of Verdi operas, Il Trovatore (1909) and courted competition with simultaneous Aida (1911), 89 Metro release, 203–16 Otello/Othello (Lo Savio, 1909), 4, 18, 74, 77, non-Shakespearean Fox films starring Bara, 88–104, 92, 93, 97 Carmen (Walsh, 1915), 203n, 205; Siren Re Lear/King Lear (Lo Savio, 1910), 90, 91, of Hell (Walsh, 1915), 205; AFoolThere 105, 106, 125 Was (Powell, 1915), 205; Sin (Brenon, Il Mercante di Venezia /The Merchant of 1915), 205; The Devil’s Daughter (Powell, Venice (Lo Savio, 1910), 90, 91 1915), 205 Giulietta e Romeo/ Romeo and Juliet Francis, David, 3n (GeralmoandLoSavio,1911), 90, 91 Freddy Versus Hamlet,skittishappropriation, Film Industrie Gesellschaft, German film see Vitagraph production company, Macbeth (Bourchier, French film industry, see individual film 1913), 184, 197 production companies Éclair, Gaumont, filmindustrydevelopmentstages, Méliès, Pathé 16–20, 18n Frölich, Carl, German film director, 240 pioneering era (c.1895–1906), 17, 57–73, 74, Fuller Company, film distributors, 220n 74–75n, 145–46 Fullerton, John, 28n transitional era (c.1907–1913), 18–19, 75–104, Fuseli, Henry, artist, 30, see also artistic 105–46 representations early cinema, incorporating both pioneering andtransitionalphases(1895–1913), Gade,Svend(alsoSven),Danishfilmdirector 19, 105 workinginGermanfilmindustry,186n, feature-film era (1913–1927), 147–251 217, 218–20, 232–33, 237 sound era (post-1927), 213, 216n, 217n Gallone, Carmino, Italian film director, 221n Findon, B.W., 152 Gallone, Suave, Italian film actress, 221 First World War, effects on international film Garavaglia, Ferruccio, Italian film actor, 91, distribution, 186, 206 94n, 95–96, 100 Fitzgerald, Percy H., 43n, 46, 47, 54, 181, 183 Garbo, Greta, Swedish film actress, 223–24 Fitzsimmons, Linda, 71n, 158n Garcia, Gustave, 174–76, 176, 178 focal lengths, see also cinematography Gardner, Helen, American film actress, close-up, 76, 162, 163, 169, 170, 173, 179, 229, 220, 221n 230, 231, 235, 243, 247, 248 Gardner, Viv, 219n mid-shot, 76, 139, 231 Garrett, John, xviin

Index 305

Gasperini, Maria Caserini, Italian film actress, Griffith, D.W., American film director, 80, 198n 163, 198 Gates, Harvey H., 144n Grillo, Ernesto, 164n, 179n Gaudreault, André, 13n, 103n Guazzoni, Enrico, 125 Gaumont, French film production company Guneratne, Anthony, xviiin which spawned a British division, 109, Gunning, Tom, 17, 18n, 68n, 74, 76n, 103n 126 Gwenn, Edmund, British stage and screen Romeo and Juliet (unknown, 1908), 75–76 actor, 194–95 Le Roi Lear au Village/ A Village King Lear (Feuillade, 1911), 77 Hamilton, Clayton, xxi Hamlet (Plumb, 1913), 19, 149–65, 184–89, Hamlet, Shakespeare play 199 ballet, 49n Othello (Anson Dyer, 1920), burlesque lantern slide sequences, 29, 31, 32–39, animation, 21, 217n, 246 37, 38 Oh’Phelia (Anson Dyer, 1919), burlesque stage productions, Burbage, 165–66;Tree animation, 149, 217n (1895) 168n; Forbes-Robertson (1897), Gepard, Erwin, scenarist/screenwriter, 219 19, 152; Forbes-Robertson (1913), 150, German expressionism, 219, 233, 246 151–52, 156, 160–61, 179n, 180; various, German film industry, 2, 20, 217–49; 150, 155 Ruggeri (1915 in Italy), 164, 166, Doppelgänger German films, 234n 168n; Ruggeri (1926 European tour), see also individual film production 165–66; Synetic’s wordless production companies Art-Film, Film Industrie (2002 with revivals), 253–59 Gesellschaft, Messter, Neumann- novelisation of 1913 film (Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Filmproduktion, Peter Paul Felner- The Story of the Play concisely told), Film, Wörner-Filmgesellschaft 160–62, 183 Gérôme, Jean-Léon, painter of ‘The Death of variant texts, Q1 and Q2, 161 Caesar’ q.v. overview of Hamlet films, 147–51 ghosts, in Hamlet, 236; in lantern slide Le Duel d’Hamlet / The Duel Scene from sequences (including Hamlet’s ghost), Hamlet,Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre 28, 29, 33; Hamlet’s ghost on film, 80, film (Maurice, 1900), 15n, 41, 72, 149, 157, 167–70; and absent from film, 74n, 220 238; Banquo’s ghost on film, 132; non- Hamlet, Méliès film (Méliès, 1907), 75 Shakespearean film ghosts, 170n Amleto/Hamlet, Cines film (Caserini, ‘giddy’, animated picture with risqué subject, 1908,reissued1910), 75, 80n, 149 Studio Troubles, 57–60 Hamlet, Barker film (Barker, 1910), 149 Gielgud, John, 152 Hamlet, Gaumont-Hepworth film (Plumb, Glover, Julia, stage actress (as Hamlet), 220 1913), xvii, 5, 19, 147, 149–64, 153, 154, Glulick, J., artist, 152, 153 169–72, 179–89, 182, 199, 218 Godwin, E.W., theatre producer, 50–51 Amleto/Hamlet, Rodolfi film (Rodolfi, Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, in Pathé 1917), 5, 19, 149–50, 164–70, 172–79, advertising poster, 89 181, 185–89, 229, 230 Goetz, Wolfgang, biographer of Krauss, 242n Hamlet, Drama of Vengeance, Art-Film film Goldie, Albert, 181n (Gade, 1920), 5, 7, 185–86n, 217–40, Gollancz, Israel, 190n 248–49 Gordon, Julia Swayne, American screen actress Hamlet, Nordisk film (Blom, 1910), 149 for Vitagraph, 3, 124, 130, 139, 142 Hamlet,Luxfilm(Bourgeois,1909), Gorky, Maxim, 20n 185–86n Gottesman, Ronald, 110n offshoots Gounod, Charles, composer, 211 When Hungry Hamlet Fled, Thanhouser Graham, Arthur, 49n film (director unknown, 1915), 148n, Graham, Charles, 163 149 Gramsci, Antonio, Italian political theorist and Freddy versus Hamlet, Vitagraph film cultural critic, 166, 185 (Currier, 1916), 107, 148n, 149, 200 Grau, Robert, 12n Pimple as Hamlet, Piccadilly film (Evans, Graves, George W., 205n 1916), 149, 200 Gress, Elsa, 225n

306 Index

Hamlet, Shakespeare play (cont.) Howard, Tony, 220n, 226, 234 ToBeor NotToBe,Beauty film (Watt, Howe, Julia Warde, 109 1916), 149, 200 Hughes, Arthur, artist, his painting ‘Ophelia’ Hamlet Made Over, Lubin film (Metcalfe, usedasalanternslide(1890s),35, 37–39, 1916), 149, 200 156n, see also artistic representations The Barnyard Hamlet, Powers film (Stark, Hughes-Hallett, Lucy, 205n 1916), 149 Hugo, Victor, in Pathé advertising poster, 89 Oh’Phelia, Hepworth animation film Hulette, Gladys, American child screen actress, (Anson Dyer, 1919), 149, 217n 131, 132 Amleto e il suo Clown / On with the Motley, Hutchings, Peter, 225n D’Ambra film (Gallone, 1919), 221 Hammerton,J.A.,biographerofBarrie,192, Ibsen, Henrik, playwright, 6, 218 195n, 196n Ihering, Herbert, biographer of Krauss, 242n Hankin, John, satirist, 48–49 Imrie, Thos. S., 207n Hanlon,Alfred,filmactor,128 Indian Romeo and Juliet, An (Trimble, 1912), Hann, Walter (incorrectly given elsewhere as Vitagraph offshoot, see Romeo Hamm), designer of stage tableaux, and Juliet 69–70 intertitles (also known as title cards), 13, 15, Hapgood, Robert, 6 45, 55, 77n, 80n, 81, 95, 102, 103, 115, Harrison, Louis Reeves, 189n 116, 117, 135, 144, 150n, 157, 158–59, Hastings, Chris, 213n 162, 171, 173, 193–94, 207, 211, 230, Haviland,William,Britishstageactor, 86 231, 235, 238–39 Hazlitt, William, 175 Irace, Kathleen O., 161n Heard, Mervyn, lanternist and lantern Irving, Henry, actor-manager, 48, 152, 156–57n, historian, 29n, 30n 175–78, 183n Heard,Mo,lanternhistorian,35n Italian film industry, 2;non-Shakespearean HelenGardnerPicturePlayers,220 films made in the spectacular style, 186; Hendricks, Gordon, 221n performancestyles(compared with Henry VIII,Shakespeareplay British and American), 187–89;Ruggeri’s staging principles, 51 compared with Nielsen’s, 229, see also Scenes from Shakespeare’s King Henry VIII, individual film production companies Barker offshoot film (Barker, 1911), xvii, Ambrosio, Cines, Film d’Arte Italiana, 2, 72, 77, 184, 197n Milano, Rodolfi Henry, David, 29n Henson, Leslie, 193n, 194 Jackson, Russell, xviiin, 53, 86n, 135n Hentschel, C., artist, 156n, see also Ophelia and Jacobs, Lea, 24n artistic representations Jacobsson, Lilli, screen actress (plays Ophelia Hepworth,Cecil,Britishfilmdirectorand with Nielsen), 226, 229 producer, 19, 149–64, 169–70, 188 Jancovich, Mark, 225n Herbert, Stephen, lantern historian, 25n, 29n, Jannings,Emil,stageandscreenactor,4, 7–8, 35n, 116n 20, 21, 77, 94, 217, 224, 240–51, 244, 245, Hertogs, Daan, 91n 249 Higson, Andrew, 18n ‘Jingle’, journalist for Pick-Me-Up, 67n Hill, Aaron, 174 Johnson, Adrian, scriptwriter, 203n, 204 Hilliard,Harry,Americanscreenactor, Johnson, Tefft,Americanscreenactor,140 207, 209, ‘Jolo’,pseudonymousreviewerforVariety, 9 History, Murders, Life and Death of Macbeth, Jorgens, Jack, 6 The, stage-production, see Macbeth Jud Süß (Veit Harlan, 1940), 21 Hoenselaars, A.J., 72n, 192n Judson, Hanford C., 155n, 164n, 170n, Hoffman, H.F., 103 171n, 211n Hollows, Joanne, 225n Julius Caesar, Shakespeare play, 118 Hosenrolle, ‘breeches roles’, 224, see also cross- Le Rêve de Shakespeare/ La Mort de Jules dressing César/ Shakespeare writing Julius Caesar, House, M., 26n Georges Méliès offshoot film (Méliès, Howard, Camille Cole, 49n 1907), 2, 75, 106, 119

Index 307

Julius Caesar, Vitagraph film (Ranous and other artistic representations, xxn Blackton, 1908), 4, 16, 19, 105, 106, 108, King Lear,Vitagraphfilm(Ranous,1909), 115–26, 117, 122, 132, 139, 146 19, 105, 106, 108, 124, 125, 127, 131, 132, Brutus, only partly Shakespearean Cines 139, 143 film (Guazzoni, 1910), 19, 105–06, Re Lear/ King Lear, FAI film (1910), 90, 91, 125–26 105–06, 125 Scene from Julius Caesar,Edison Le Roi Lear au Village/ A Village King Lear, Kinetophone film (director unknown, Gaumont updated film (Feuillade, 1913), 15n 1911), 77 Gajus Julius Caesar/ Julius Caesar, Cines film King Lear, Thanhouser film (Ernest Warde, (Guazzoni, 1914), 105, 115–16, 123, 126 1916), front cover, 9, 13, 32–33, 77, Junckerman, Hans, German screen actor, 229 96–97, 127n, 201 Kino, DVD/video production company, 4, Kachur, B.A., 70n 217n, 260–61 Kahn, Coppélia, 113n, 190n Kitchin, Laurence, 6 Kalem, American film production company, 107 Klauber, Adolph, 155n AsYouLikeIt(Buel, 1908), 75 Kleine Optical Company, American film Romeo of the Coal Wagon, offshoot film production company and distributor, (Beaudine, 1916), 200 107, 186 Kean, Charles, theatrical actor-manager, 29, Kleine, George, 27n 47–48, 70n, 85 Kliman, Bernice W., 155n, 185n Kean, Edmund, theatrical actor-manager, 28, Knight, Joseph, 47n 175, 178 Krauss, Werner, stage and screen actor (as Keil, Charlie, 18n, 104 Iago), 21, 217, 240–46, 248, 245 Kemble, Charles, actor-manager, 50 Kuleshov, Lev, 7 Kennedy, Dennis, 48n, 53n, 78n Kent, Charles, stage and screen actor, film Lady Godiva, non-Shakespearean film, see director for Vitagraph, 4, 120, 130, 131, Vitagraph 138–41, 140 Lake, Fred, 79n Keys, Nelson, British stage and screen actor, 194 Lally, Gwendoline, British actress (as Hamlet), Keystone, American film production company 220 A Tugboat Romeo, Shakespeare offshoot film Lamb, Charles and Mary, 54–55, 56 (Campbell, 1916), 200 Lang, Fritz, German film director, 233, 241 King, Norman, 10n Lang, Matheson, British actor, 201 King John, Shakespeare play lantern, see magic lantern stage productions Latham, Robert, 26n Coburg Theatre, Magna Charta, or, The Launcelot and Elaine, non-Shakespearean film, Eventful Reign of King John (1823), see Vitagraph 70n Lawrence, Florence, American screen actress, Kemble’s production at Covent Garden ‘the Biograph Girl’, 3, 143, 144, 211n (1824), 50 Lawrence, Gerald, British stage and screen Tree’s production at Her Majesty’s actor, 64 Theatre (1899), 17 leaders, alternative name for intertitles, 158–59, films see also intertitles King John, BMBC film from Tree’s Le Diable et la Statue, offshoot film with loose stage production (Dickson and connections to Romeo and Juliet (Méliès, Dando, 1899), 4, 23, 40, 41, 57–73, 1901), 74n 65, 74n, 77 lecturers, live, for early moving pictures, King Lear, Shakespeare play, 99, 127, 143, 238 xviin, 10–13, 15, 28, 102–103, 145, Orwell’s visual recollection of the play, xix- 195 xx, 238, 255 ‘boomer’, category of lecturers, 12–13 Edmund Kean’s stage production (1821), 28 for lantern shows, 29–30 lantern slide sequences, 29, 31 see also exhibition conventions ‘King Lear in the Storm’, drawing by Darley, Leeds, Arthur, 158 used as lantern slide, 37, 38n Leisegang, Franz Paul, 23n

308 Index

Lepanto, Vittoria, Italian screen actress, 91, Macbeth, Triangle-Reliance film (Emerson, 94n, 95, 97, 1916), 2, 20, 72–73, 77, 190, 191, 192n, Levenson, Michael, 237 198–202, 213 Levine, Lawrence W., 15, 114n, 210n The Real Thing at Last, Bushey Heath Licensing Act of 1737, 43;repealed Company’s film lampooning 1843, 46 comparative productions of Macbeth Lindsay, Vachel, 6, 77, 232–33 (Barrie and MacBean, 1916), 2–3, Lippman, Max, 12n 19–20, 77, 190–201, 202, 212–13 Lo Savio, Gerolamo, Italian film director, 74, McCormick, Richard W., 227n 88, 91, 92 Mackail, Denis, biographer of Barrie, logos, company logos exhibited within films, 191, 194n 95, 96, 112–13, 116–18, 117, 120 see also McKernan, Luke, xviiin, 25n, 64n, 71, 79n, 81n, eagle 82n, 116n, 187n, 192n, 201n, 213–14n Lonergan, Lloyd, 127n McKinley, American President, 118 Longfellow, Henry, poet, 28 Macleod, Mary, 54, 156–57n Lowe, Robert, ‘pamphleteer’, 175n, 178n McManus, John T., 193n Lowrey, Caroline, 215n McQuade, James S., 126n Lubin, American film production company, Macready, William Charles, actor-manager, 107, 109 47, 210 Julius Caesar (director unknown, 1908), 75 magic lantern, 10, 23–42, 56, 74n, 146, Hamlet Made Over, offshoot (Metcalfe, 1916), lantern lectures and exhibition conventions, 149, 200 28–31, 41n, 42 The Haunted House, non-Shakespearean film lantern technology, 26–27 (1899), 170n slide manufacturing production companies Luhrmann, Baz, film director, 216n Alfred Pumphrey, 30n; Bamforth, Lumière brothers, film pioneers, 23, 57; as slide 28n; Briggs and Company, 28n, manufacturers, 28n, 56 30–39; Carpenter and Westley, Luzzi, Eusebio, eighteenth-century ballet 28n; Eastman Kodak Company, producer, 49n 28n; Keystone, 28n; Lancaster, 28n; Lumière brothers, 28n, 56; Newton, MacBean, L.C., co-director with J.M.Barrie of 28n; Riley brothers, 28n; Theobald The Real Thing at Last (1916), 191 and Company, 28n, 30; Unger und Macbeth, Shakespeare play Hoffmann, 28n; York and Sons, 30n ballet, 49n non-Shakespearean subjects, 27, 28 Elliston’s wordless ‘ballet of action’, Shakespearean subjects (images of The History, Murders, Life and Death of stage actors in role, satirical slides, Macbeth (1809), 43–45 exemplary slides, compressed plots Forrest’s and Macready’s rival stage (Hamlet case-study), painterly productions (1849), 210 quotations, use of Shakespeare’s lantern slide-sequences, 29, 30, 31 image), 28–42 films, compared 197–200 Magic Lantern Society, The (MLS),29 n, 30n duel scene from Macbeth, AMBC film Magna Carta, signing of, not in Shakespeare’s (Bitzer, 1905), 74–75n King John, 69; interpolated tableau in Macbeth,Vitagraphfilm(Ranous,1908), 19, Tree’s 1899 stage production, 69–72 75, 105, 106, 108, 119–21, 120, 131–32, Magna Charta, Henry Milner’s play 139, 143, 170n, 197 (1823), 70n Macbett/Macbeth, Cines film (Caserini, Magnier, Pierre, French stage and screen actor, 1909), 4, 80, 170n, 198n 220 Macbeth, Co-operative Cinematograph Makart, Hans, artist of balcony scene from Company film (F.R.Benson, 1911), Romeo and Juliet, 38 197–98 Makowska, Elena, Polish film actress (Ophelia Macbeth, Film Industrie Gesellschaft film in 1917 Hamlet), 173, 185, 251 (Bourchier, 1913), 184, 197 Mannoni, Laurent, 27n, 28n Macbeth, Éclair film (director unknown, Manvell, Roger, 6, 71n 1916), 198n Manzini, Amerigo, 164n, 165, 166

Index 309

Marcus, Leah, 233n ‘double exposure’ non-Shakespeare films, Marescalchi, Luigi, eighteenth-century ballet 170n producer, 49n Melzer, Annabelle Henkin, 185–86n, 262 Marinetti, F.T., 25n Merchant of Venice, The, Shakespeare play Marker, Frederick J., 48n nineteenth-century realist stage production, marketing strategies, xviiin, 10, 19, 89, 226 50 advertisements, 67, 89, 90, 107–08, 109, 110, lantern slide sequence, 31 112, 131–32, 137–38, 149–50n, 154–55, Le miroir de Venise / Une Mésadventure 158n, 202, 207, 209, 242 de Shylock/ The Venetian Look-glass, authentic locations, 90–91, 149; billboards, offshoot film (Méliès, 1905), 75n 107 The Merchant of Venice, Vitagraph film commercial tie-ins/analogue productions (Blackton, 1908), 75, 105–06, 108, (novelisations, glossy programmes, 119–21, 139, 143 published stories), 54–55, 115–16, 123, Il Mercante di Venezia / The Merchant of 160–62 Venice,FAIfilm(LoSavio,1910), company branding and logos, 95, 105–13, 90, 91 116–21 The Merchant of Venice, Broadwest film competition between rival releases, 203n, (Walter West, 1916), 77, 201 208–11, 213 The Merchant of Venice, Thanhouser film film used to advertise stage production, (Henderson, 1912), 127n 68, 69 The Merchant of Venice, Masters film limited exhibition runs, 2 (Sanderson, 1922), 217n mass markets, 56, 160–62, 164, 187, 206, Der Kaufmann von Venedig/ The Jew of 213–14 Mestri (Felner, 1923), 242n minimising scurrility, 57 The Merchant of Venice, Spice Factory sound- Shakespeare used as improving influence, era film (Radford, 2004), 213 and to denote corporate quality, 18n, The Merchant of Venice, (as yet) unmade film 89, 108, 110, 138 to have starred Patrick Stewart, 213 stars Merry Wives of Windsor, The, Shakespeare play, films showcasing stars, 142–43, 143–45, lantern slide sequence, 31 152, 183, 187, 198–99, 202, 203–05, Messter, German film production company 204, 206–12, 208, 209, 214, 216, Death of Othello / Desdemona, 226, 251 Shakespearean offshoot (Porten, 1907), in-person appearances, 144–45, 215–16, 218 74–75n star cards, 79n, 180, 182, 226 Metro, American film production company Marriott, Alice, British stage actress Romeo and Juliet (Noble, 1916), 7, 9, 20, (as Hamlet), 220 54–55, 190, 191, 201–16, 209 Marshall, Frank A., 156–57n Midsummer Night’s Dream, A, Shakespeare Martineau, Jane, xxn, 86n play, 15 Masters, British film production company ballet, 49n; lantern slide sequence, 31 The Merchant of Venice, part of ‘Tense trends in performance history, 136–37 Moments from Great Plays’ one-reeler Daly’s stage production (1895), 135 series (Sanderson, 1922), 217n Tree’s stage production (1900), 135 Matthews, A.E., stage and screen actor, 192, Tree’s revival production (1911), 137 193n, 194, 195n, 196n, 197n, 200n Harley Granville Barker’s stage production Matthews, William, 26n (1914), 136 Maurice, Clément, French film-maker, 15n, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Vitagraph film 220, see also Hamlet duel scene (1900) (Kent and Blackton, 1909), 19, 105, 106, Méliès, Georges, French film pioneer 108, 130–37, 134, 139, 141, 143 Hamlet (Méliès, 1907), 75 Ein Sommernachtstraum / A Midsummer Le Rêve de Shakespeare/ La Mort de Jules Night’s Dream, Neumann- César/ Shakespeare writing Julius Caesar Filmproduktion film (Neumann, 1925), (Méliès, 1907), 2, 105–06, 119 135n, 242n Le Diable et la Statue, offshoot of Romeo and Midwinter Night’s Dream, A, or Little Joe’s Luck, Juliet (Méliès, 1901), 74n non-Shakespearean film, see Vitagraph

310 Index

Milano, Italian film production company Nazimova, Alla, Russian stage actress, 220 Hamlet (Comerio, 1908), 75 Neilson, Julia, stage and screen actress, 64 Una tragedia alla Corte di Sicilia/ A Winter’s Nepoti, Alberto, Italian film actor, 91, 95 Tale (Negroni, 1913), 32 Neumann-Filmproduktion, German film Millais, John Everett, artist, 156n, see also production company artistic representations Ein Sommernachtstraum / A Midsummer Mills, John A., 171n, 179n Night’s Dream / Wood Love (Neumann, Milner, Catherine, 213n 1925), 135n, 242n Milner, Henry, nineteenth-century playwright, Neuss, Alwin, German stage and screen actor, 70n 149 Milton, John, 28 Newton, H. Chance (‘Carados’), 61–62 Miroir de Venise, Le/ Une Mésadventure de Nichols, B., 171n Shylock (Méliès, 1905), Shakespearean Nicholson, Watson, 43n offshoot film, see The Merchant of Venice nickelodeons, 107n, see also exhibition Molière, playwright, 6 conventions, venues Mollison, William, stage and screen actor, 64 Nielsen, Asta, Danish screen actress, 4, 5, 7, 20, Moncrieff, William Thomas, nineteenth- 77, 135, 185–86n, 217–40, 226, 237, 249, century playwright, 43n, 45 251; personal life, 225; in non-Shakespear- Montgomery, Robert, American screen actor, ean films, 224–25, 233 223–24 Niver, Kemp R., 68n Moody, Jane, 16n, 43n, 44, 45n, 175n, 178n Noble, John W., American film Morley, Sheridan, 191n, 199n, 200n director, 202 Mortimer, John, artist, xxn Nordisk, Danish film production company Morton, Mr, manager of the Palace Theatre, 67, Asta Nielsen’s early film career, 218 see also Theatres Othello (unknown, 1908), 75 ‘Mother Squeers’, fictional commentator on Hamlet (Blom, 1910), 149 early film production companies, 109–10, Desdemona, offshoot from Othello (Blom, 112, 138, 145 1911), 77 Motion Picture and Recorded Sound Division, Norton, Freddie, composer, 195 Library of Congress, Washington DC novelisation of film Hamlet (1913), see Hamlet (LOC), 52n, 77n, 80n, 91n, 97, 128, 170n, Novelli, Amleto, Italian stage and screen actor, 198n, 202n, 203, 221n, 222 125 Motion Picture Patents Company, 107 Novelli, Ermete, Italian stage and screen actor, Mounet-Sully, Jean, stage and screen actor, 149 3, 125, 164 Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare play, Noverre, Jean-Georges, eighteenth-century stage production, 48, 183n French ballet choreographer, 49n ‘mugging’, the mouthing of words on silent Nuttall, A.D., 234n film, see acting styles Mühr, Alfred, 242n Olivier, Laurence, actor, 217n Mullin, Eugene, script-editor for Vitagraph, 131 O’Mahoney, Lt Col C.C.S., real name of actor Murnau, F.W., German film director, 233 Charles Sefton, 71n music halls, 22, 46–47, 66, 67; production of O’Neil, Barry, film director for Thanhouser, Shakespeare, 24 127n musicalaccompanimenttofilms,xviin, Ophelia, character in Hamlet, subject of 28, 66, 195, 211; to lantern shows, 28, paintings, lantern slides and film 31; to wordless stage productions, 43; interpretations, xx, 33–39, 37, 38, 80n, synchronised sound, 15n, 74–75n, 220 156–57n, 156–58, 160–61, 164, 168, 173, 174, Musketeers of Pig Alley, The, Biograph film 178, 179, 180, 185, 218–20, 226, 230, 235, (1912), 76n 238, 239 Musser, Charles, 10–11n, 13n optical toys, 23, 24n, 57 mutoscope cards, 66n O’Quinn, Daniel, 16n Muybridge, Eadweard, film pioneer, 56 Orwell, George, xix-xxi, 238, 255 Orwell, Sonia, xixn National Association of the Motion Picture Othello,Shakespeareplay Industry, 215 lantern slide sequences, 37

Index 311

DeathofOthello/Desdemona, Messter Pericles, Shakespeare play, of which no silent offshoot film from Verdi’s opera film made, 252n (Porten, 1907), 75n Peter Paul Felner-Film, German film Othello,Vitagraphfilm(Ranous,1908), 75, production company 90, 105, 108, 119, 201 Der Kaufmann von Venedig/ The Jew of Otello/Othello,FAIfilm(LoSavio,1909), 4, Mestri (Felner, 1923), 242n 18, 74, 77, 88–104, 92, 93, 97 Petro, Patrice, 227n, 236n Desdemona, Nordisk offshoot film (Blom, Pezzaglia, A, Italian film actor, 94n 1911), 77 Piccadilly,Britishfilmproductioncompany Othello, unidentified version exhibited PimpleasHamlet, Shakespeare offshoot film in Berlin with live lecture (1912), 12, (Evans, 1916), 149, 200 104n Pickford,Mary,filmactress,217n Otello/Othello, Ambrosio film (Frusta, 1914), ‘pictures’,heldstagetableaux, 53, 69–70 21, 90–91, 94, 248 Pike,BenjaminJr.,27n Othello, Wörner-Filmgesechellschaft film pioneering era (1895–1906), see film industry (Buchowetski, 1922), 7–8, 20, 21, 77, 94, development stages 217, 224, 240–51, 244, 245, 249 piracy,offilmprints,116, see also logos Othello, Castle Rock sound-era film (Parker, Planché, James Robinson, theatre designer, 50 1995), 243n Platt, Agnes, 172, 249–50 Othello, Andrew Davies’ updated version for Plumb, Hay, British film director, 19, 149–64, LWT (Geoffrey Sax, 2001) 169, 188 Plumpton, Alfred, orchestra manager at the Pacino, Al, screen actor, 213 Palace Theatre, 66n paintings, see artistic representations Poel,William,theatredirector, 78 Paget,F.M.,stageandscreenactor, 62n Pollock, F., 47n Panofsky, Erwin, 223 Porter Edwin S., American film director, 129n, pantomime, established theatrical convention 143 forwordlessperformance,43, 46, 49, 55; Pound, Ezra, 20n associated performance codes, 19, 46, 49, Poussin, artist, xxn, see also artistic 173–78, 176, 177, 181 representaitons Park, James, 189n premières(openingofarun),60, 66, 132, 149n, Paster, Gail Kern, 114n 150n, 160, 195, 200, 203, 216n, 218 patents, royal, 42–43 PresidentLincolnportrayedonVitagraphfilm, Pathé, Charles, 88 109 Pathé, French film production company, 88, programmes from theatres, xviiin, 13, 47–48, 91n, 107, 109; with rooster as logo, 95, 96, 54, 66n, 67n, 70, 152, 153 116 programmes for films, 13n, 52n, 66n, 67, 68–69, Othello (unknown, 1908), 75 107n, 115–16, 123 Roméo se fait bandit/ Romeo Turns programming of films, see exhibition Bandit, updated offshoot (Bosetti, conventions 1910), 197n Pudovkin, Vsevelod, 20 La Vie et la Passion de Jésus Christ, episodic Pushkin, Alexander, 17 Passion play (Nonguet and Zecca, 1902 & 1904), 170n Q1,Q2andQuarto,see Hamlet and King Lear Patterson, Richard S., 113n Queen Mary, at Royal Command Performance Paul,RobertW.,filmpioneer,56, 57;director (1916), 200 of non-Shakespearean The Countryman Queen Victoria, on film, 66 and the Cinematograph, 129n Pearson, Roberta, author, 15n, 16n, 72n, 107n, Racine, 17 108n, 110, 115n, 121n, 124n, 137n, 174n, Radford, Michael, film director, 213 181n, 192n, 212n, 213n Raengo, 18n, 74n Pecor, Charles Joseph, 26n Rainey, Lawrence, 25n Penelope, interpolated character replacing Ranous, William (‘Billy’) V., film actor and Oberon in Vitagraph’s A Midsummer director for Vitagraph, 115, 120, 130 Night’s Dream, 133–36, 134 Raymond, Charles, screen actor, 149 Pepys, Samuel, diarist, 26n

312 Index

Raymond, George, 43n Burlesque on Romeo and Juliet,Edison Real Thing, The, stage farce, 192 offshoot (director unknown, 1902), 74n Real Thing at Last, The (1916), spoof film of Roméo se fait bandit/ Romeo Turns Bandit, Macbeth, see Macbeth Pathé updated offshoot (Bosetti, 1910), Rees, Terence, 28n 197n Reinhardt, Max, German theatre director and An Indian Romeo and Juliet, Vitagraph producer, 20n, 250 offshoot (Trimble, 1912), 2, 77, 108, 144 religious imagery, 35–36, 245, 247, 248 A Seashore Romeo,Rexfilm(Wilson,1915), Rex, American film production company 197n A Seashore Romeo, Shakespearean offshoot Romeo of the Coal Wagon, Kalem film (Wilson, 1915), 197n (Beaudine, 1916), 200 Richard III, Shakespeare play A Tugboat Romeo, Keystone film (Campbell, in lantern slides, 29 1916), 200 Richard III, Vitagraph film (Blackton and Rothwell, Kenneth, xviiin, 13n, 78, 186n Ranous, 1908), 75, 108, 115n Ruggeri, Ruggero, Italian stage and screen actor Richard III, Co-operative Cinematograph (in 1917 Hamlet), 5, 19, 149–50, 164–70, Company film (Benson, 1911), 197–98n 165, 172–79, 181, 185–89, 229, 230 Richard III, Shakespeare Film Company running speeds for silent film, 75n, 79n film (Keane, 1912), 4, 12–13, 14, 52, 77 Rutherford, Susan, 219n Ringham, Walter, British stage and screen actor, 156 Sadoul, Georges, 88n Robeson, Paul, American stage and screen Sargent, Epes Winthrop, 159 actor, 223 satire, 48–49, 122–29, 129n, 192–98, 200–01 Robinson, David, 10n, 26n, 40n, 105n, 158n Saxo-Grammaticus, 219, 238 Rock, William T. (‘Pop’), co-director of scenery and set dressing, 78, 115–16, 141, 142, Vitagraph, 113 207, 232–33, 235–37, 237, 242, 243, 244, Rodolfi, Eleuterio, Italian film director and 245, 246–48 founder of Rodofi-Film Schall, Heinz, German film director, 217 Amleto/Hamlet, Rodolfi film (Rodolfi, 1917), Schoch, Richard W., 183n 5, 19, 149–50, 164–70, 172–79, 181, Schoenberg, Arnold, 20n 185–89, 229, 230 Schumacher, Helen Gardner, granddaughter of Roi Lear au Village, Le, Shakespearean offshoot, Helen Gardner, 221n see King Lear Scott-Gatty, Alexander, British stage and Romeo and Juliet,Shakespeareplay,xx;inballet, screen actor, 156 49n; lantern slide sequences, 30, 31, 38 ‘scrolls’ (also known as ‘banners’), slogans car- Romeo and Juliet, Gaumont film (director ried on stage by actors, 44–45, 55 unknown, 1908), 75–76 Seaman, Julia, stage actress (as Hamlet), 220 Romeo and Juliet, Vitagraph film (Blackton, Sefton, Charles (stage name of 1908), 75, 105, 106, 108, 120, 121, 139, C.C.S.O’Mahoney), 71 143, 144, 211n Seidl, Monika, 233n Giulietta e Romeo/ Romeo and Juliet, Cines Selig, American film production film (Caserini, 1908), 75 company, 107 Giulietta e Romeo/ Romeo and Juliet, FAI Sellmann, Professor Dr, German linguistician, 12 film(FalenaandLoSavio,1911), 90, 91 Senior, Dora, stage and screen actress, 62, 64 Romeo and Juliet, Thanhouser film (O’Neil, Seven Ages of Man, Edison film (1905), 74n; 1911), 127n slide-sequences, 30, see also As You Like It Romeo and Juliet, Fox film (Edwards, 1916), Shakespeare, William, playwright, see also 2, 8–9, 20, 190, 191, 201–16, 204, 209 individual play titles Antony and Cleopatra, courted competition with simultaneous As You Like It, The Comedy of Errors, Metro release, 203–16 Coriolanus, Hamlet, Henry VIII, Julius Romeo and Juliet,Metrofilm(Noble,1916), Caesar, King John, King Lear, Macbeth, 7, 9, 20, 54–55, 190, 191, 201–16, 209 The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet, of Windsor, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Bazmark film (Luhrmann, 1996), 216n Much Ado About Nothing, Othello, Pericles, Le Diable et la Statue, Méliès offshoot Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, The Taming (Méliès, 1901), 74n of the Shrew, The Tempest, Timon of Athen,

Index 313

Titus Andronicus, Troilus and Cressida, Queen’s Club, 66;Yalefootballteam, TwelfthNight,TheWinter’sTale 68–69 representedinpersononlanternslide,31–32; Staiger, Janet, 20n on nineteenth-century stage curtain, 114; Stam, Robert, 18n, 74n on Pathé advertising poster, 89;onfilm, Stanton, Sarah, 183n in Méliès Le Rêve de Shakespeare (1907), Starks, Lisa, xviiin, 234n Milano’s Una tragedia alla Corte di Sicilia stars, see under marketing strategies (1913), Bushey Heath’s The Real Thing at Steere,Janette,stageactress(asHamlet),220 Last (1916), see under Julius Caesar, The Steida, Hans, German screen actor, 230, Winter’s Tale and Macbeth 236–37, 237 hisauthorshipexaminedonfilm,see Stewart, Patrick, stage and screen actor, 213 Thanhouser Master Shakespeare, Storey, G., 26n Strolling Player(1916) Stow, Percy, film director, 74, 78–79, 82, 85–87, hisworkswidelycitedinnineteenth-century seealsoTheTempest(1908) America, 15–16 Stratford-upon-Avon Shakespeare Festival, 215 hismindknowntoTree,51;andimagined Street, Sarah, 71n, 158n by Albert E. Smith, 130 Stuart, Violet, stage actress, 14 hisstatuebeflaggedinNewYork,1916, 190 Studio Troubles,alsoknownasWicked Willie, a ShakespeareFilmCompany,The,American BMBC short film (1899) 58–60 production company Summers, Rollin, 174n Richard III (Keane, 1912), 4, 12–13, 14, 52, 77 Sutcliffe, J.B., 215n ‘Shakespeare Illustrated’, lantern slide series, Swift, Jonathan, 27, 28 30–39 synchronised sound, 15n, 74–75n, 220, see also Shakespeare Writing Julius Caesar,Mélièsfilm musical accompaniment (1907), see Julius Caesar Synetic Theater Company, 21, 253–59, 258 Shapiro, James, 118n Shattuck, Charles H., 155n, 181n tableaux, see ‘pictures’ Shaw, George Bernard, 19, 78, 152, 155 Talmadge, Norma, screen actress, 144 Showalter, Elaine, 35 Tales from Shakespeare, 54–55 Siddons, Sarah, British stage actress, on lantern Tamara, Russian dancer, 135n slide, 29;asHamlet,220 Taming of the Shrew, The, Shakespeare play Silent Shakespeare,BFIDVD,4, 62, 77n, 91n, lantern slide sequences, 31 106n, 140n, 260 The Taming of the Shrew, Biograph film Sillars, Stuart, xxn (Griffith, 1908), 75 Simoni, Renato, 164, 165, 166 The Taming of the Shrew, Sam Taylor film Sinobad, Zoran, 221n (Taylor, 1929), 217n Slide, Anthony, 107n, 143n, 144n Taranow, G., 220n Smedley, William Thomas, chairman of Taylor, Gary, 1n BMBC, 60 Tchaikovsky, composer, 211 Smith, Albert E., Vitagraph chairman, 107n, Tearle, Godfrey, British stage and screen actor, 111, 113, 130, 144n, 145–46 194 Smith, Emma, xviiin, 158n, 160n Tempest, The, Shakespeare play Smith, George Albert, film pioneer Macready’s stage production (1838), 47 The Haunted Castle (1897), 170n Charles Kean’s stage production (1857), Photographing a Ghost (1898), 170n 47–48 see also ghosts Tree’s stage production (1904), 54; and Smith, Samuel, MP, 59 resulting storm scene on film (1905) 72, SothernE.H.,stageandscreenactor,110–11 74–75n, 85–88 Southern, Richard, 53n satirical appropriation, 48–49 Spearing, James O., 228 in lantern slide sequences, 31 speechbanatunpatentedtheatres,see wordless The Tempest,Clarendonfilm(Stow,1908), productions 18, 74, 77–88, 94–95, 98, 103–04 Speht, Paul, 25n The Tempest, Thanhouser film (Thanhouser, sportonfilm 1911), 86n, 127n Cambridgerowing‘bumps’,66;poloat The Tempest,Éclairfilm(Chautard[?],1912), Hurlingham, 66;hurdleraceatthe 52

314 Index

Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 28, 107 Gallery Kinema, London: 149n, 160; tercentenary year of Shakespeare’s death, Poli Wonderland Theater, The, New 1916,associatedcommittees,cultural Haven, 68;PrinceTheater,13n; New commemorations and satirical Gallery Kinema, London, 149n, 160, interventions, 19, 77, 113n, 190–216, 217 162; Palace Theatre of Varieties, The, Terris, Olwen, 79n, 187n, 213–14n, 262 London, xvii-xvii, 66–68;Princess’s Thackeray, William, 17 Theatre, London, 47; Royal Circus, Thanhouser, Edwin, founder of film The, London, 43, 44;RoyalTheatre production company, 127n of Copenhagen, 217n; Sadler’s Wells, Thanhouser, Gertrude, Thanhouser, 127n London, 50;StCharlesTheater,New Thanhouser, Ned, grandson of Edwin Orleans, 114, 119; Savoy Theatre, Thanhouser scenarist, 127n London, 136;StrandTheatre,Sydney, Thanhouser, American film production com- 207n; Teatro Lirico, Milan, 150, 164; pany, 5, 77, 116, 127n, 148 Teatro Vittioria, Turin, 150n; Olympic DVD, Thanhouser presents Shakespeare Theatre, Broadway, 13n, 52n; Tivoli 1910–1916, 4, 106n, 201n, 261 Theatre, The, London, 62n AWinter’sTale(O’Neil, 1910), 19, 105, 106, Thompson, Ann, 219n 126–29, 128 Thompson, Kristin, 20 The Tempest (Edwin Thanhouser, 1911), 86n, Thorndike,Sybil,stageandscreenactress,217n 127n Tillotson, K., 26n Cymbeline (Sullivan, 1913), 127n TimonofAthens,Shakespeareplay King Lear (Ernest Warde, 1916), front cover, lantern slides, 31 9, 13, 33, 77, 96–97, 127n, 201 title cards, see intertitles Romeo and Juliet (O’Neil, 1911), 127n Titus Andronicus,Shakespeareplay,1, 252 The Merchant of Venice (Henderson, 1912), Toddle, Timothy, lanternist-showman, 29–31 127n Tolstoy, Leo, xixn, 238, 255 TwoLittleDromios[ie TheComedyofErrors] Tosi, Virgilio, 23–24 (director unknown, 1914), 127n tradepapers,filmperiodicals,journalsand Master Shakespeare, Strolling Player newspapers (trades listed xviiin) (Sullivan, 1916), 127n Art Journal, The, 31n, 35; Athenaeum, The, When Hungry Hamlet Fled,Shakespeare journal, 48n; Augusta Chronicle, offshoot (director unknown, 1915), 148n American local newspaper, 13; Avanti, Theatres, movie theatres and music halls, Italian newspaper, 166; Biograph, The, see also exhibition conventions, venues xviiin, 148, 201; Bioscope, The, 11, 79n, AcademyTheater,The,NewYork,206; 80n, 100–01, 116, 135, 147n, 150, 151, Alhambra, The, London, 46; Broadway 152, 169n, 184n, 199, 212n; Blackwood’s Theater, The, New York, 203n, 215–16; Magazine, journal, 22n, 136n; Cinema Coburg Theatre, The, London, 70n; News and Property Gazette, The Coliseum, The, London, 195;Covent (CNPG), xviiin, 8, 192, 193n, 196; Cine- Garden, London, 42, 50;Daly’s Technician, The, journal, 58; Craftsman, Theatre, 135; Deutsches Theater, The, journal, 111n; Daily Chronicle, Berlin, 250;DruryLane,London, The, newspaper, 64; Daily Mail, The, 28, 42, 150, 152, 160, 180, 191n; Fifth newspaper, 136; Daily News, The, Avenue Theater, Brooklyn, 145; George newspaper, 68; Eckart – Ein Deutsches Steiner’sPlayhouse,NewYork,206; Literaturblatt, journal, 12; Era, The, Globe Playhouse, The, London, xxii; xviiin, 152; Études Anglaises, journal, Haymarket Theatre, The, 42, 53; 77n; Exceptional Photoplays, 228–29, Her Majesty’s Theatre, London, 49, 232; Film Daily, xviiin, 211n; Forum, 60–62, 66–69, 70n, 71n, 135;becomes journal, 2n, 203n; Griffithiana, 25n; His Majesty’s Theatre after accession Illustrated Films Monthly, The, xviiin, of Edward VII, 85, 137;Kennedy 161; Illustrated London News, The Arts Center, Washington DC, 22; (ILN), journal, xviiin, 64, 152n, 155n; London Coliseum, 195;Lyceum,The, Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly, The London, 48, 156, 183n; National Film (KLW), xviiin, 41, 52n, 91n, 170n, 185, Theatre, The, London: 72n; The New 187, 188, 197n, 198n, 250n; Literature/

Index 315

Film Quarterly, xviiin, 233n; London Macbeth (Emerson, 1916), 2, 20, 72–73, 77, Graffic, journal, 155n; London News, 190, 191, 192n, 198–202, 213 journal, 155n; Metro Picture News, Trilby, Tree’s stage production, 60–61 production company publicity paper, Troilus and Cressida, Shakespeare play, of which 202n, 205, 207n, 208n, 211n; Motion no silent film made, 252n Picture Classic, The, xviiin, 54, 55n, Turner, Florence, film actress (‘the Vitagraph 203n; Motion Picture Magazine, The Girl’), 3, 105, 130–31, 134, 139, (MPM), xviiin, 204n, 207n; Motion 142–45, 142 Picture Story Magazine, The, xviiin, Twelfth Night, Shakespeare play 161; Motography (incorporating The lantern slide sequence, 31 Nickelodeon), xviiin, 109, 138n, 145n, Twelfth Night,Vitagraphfilm(Kent,1910), 205; Moving Picture World, The 19, 105–06, 108, 131 (MPW), xviiin, xxi, 9, 11, 12, 41, 75n, Two Little Dromios, see The Comedy of Errors 86n, 90, 101, 103, 108n, 109n, 110n, 115n, Tyler Film Company, British film production 126n, 127n, 138, 144, 145n, 154, 155n, and distribution company, 52 159n, 163n, 174, 188, 189n, 197n, 198n, 202n, 203n, 205n, 206n, 207n, 208, Uncle Josh at the Moving Picture Show,Edison 209, 210n, 213n, 214n, 215, 216n, 220n, non-Shakespearean film (Porter, 1901), 223n; New York Dramatic Mirror, The, 129n 109n, 110n, 143, 181n; Nickelodeon, The, Uricchio, William, xviiin, 15n, 16n, 72n, 107n, see Motography; Optical Lantern and 108n, 110, 115n, 121n, 124n, 137n, 192n, Cinematic Journal, The, xviiin; Optical 212n, 213n Magic Lantern Journal, Almanac, 40 Urban-Eclipse, American film production (re-launched as Kinematograph and company, 109 Lantern Weekly (KLW)); Photographic Usai, Paulo Cherci 102n, 107n News, The, 68; Photoplay, 207n; Picturegoer Weekly, The, 203n; Pictures, van den Tempel, Mark, 25n The , xviiin, 161–62; Pictures and the Vanbrugh, Irene, stage and screen actress, sister Picturegoer, 72–73, 143n, 172n, 198; Play of Violet Vanburgh, 194, 195 Pictorial, The, 151n, 154, 155n; Saturday Vanbrugh, Violet, stage and screen actress, wife Review, The, journal, 152n; Screen, of Arthur Bourchier, 197 journal, 10n; Shakespeare, journal, Vardac, A.Nicholas, 24n, 50n, 56 192n; Shakespeare Bulletin (SB), 71n; Vaughan, Alden T., 85n, 114n Shakespeare Quarterly (SQ), 71n, 113n, Vaughan, Virgina Mason, 85n, 114 191n, 234n; Shakespeare Yearbooks, Verdi, composer of opera Othello, 74–75n; 185–86n; Sight and Sound, 163n, 225n; source of FAI films, 89 Skrien, Dutch journal, 224n; Stage, Vestris, Madame Eliza, stage actress, 135 The, journal, 152, 155; Standard, The, Vining, Edward P., 219 journal, 160; Southport Visiter, The, 58; Vitagraph, American film production Telegraph, The, newspaper, 213n; Times, company, 5, 18–19, 77, 105–46 The, newspaper, 191, 200n; Variety, eagleascompanylogo,113–23, 117, 120, journal, 205, 207n, 211, 212, 250n; Wide 122, 145 Angle, 17n; Wid’s Film Daily, 98n the ‘Vitagraph Girl’, Florence Turner, 3, 105, transgendering, see cross-dressing 130–31, 134, 139, 142–45, 142 transitional era, see film industry development publications, Vitagraph Pictures Annual stages Studio Yearbook, 112; Vitagraph Tree, Herbert Beerbohm, theatre actor- Bulletin, 137n, 138 manager, film actor, xvii, 2, 3, 4, 17, 20, 23, Vitagraph repertory company, 138–39 41, 48–49, 51, 54, 58, 60–73, 74–75, 77, 78, Antony and Cleopatra (Kent, 1908), 75, 108, 85–88, 135, 137, 163n, 168n, 190, 191, 192n, 119n, 130 197n; 198–202, 251 Julius Caesar (Ranous and Blackton, 1908), Tree, Mrs Herbert Beerbohm, stage actress, 67 4, 16, 19, 75, 105, 106, 108, 115–26, 117, Tree, Viola, stage actress, 85–86 122, 123, 132, 139, 146 Triangle-Reliance, American film production Macbeth (Ranous, 1908), 19, 75, 105, 106, 108, company 119–21, 120, 131–32, 139, 143, 170n, 197

316 Index

Vitagraph, American film production company (unknown, 1911), 144; The Haunted (cont.) Hotel (Blackton, 1907), 170n; other The Merchant of Venice (Blackton, 1908), 75, non-Shakespearean films, listed by 105–06, 108, 119–21, 139, 143 title, 111, 113 Othello (Ranous, 1908), 75, 90, 105, 108, 119, ‘Vitascope’, 106 139, 201 von Alten, Ferdinand, German screen actor, Richard III (Blackton and Ranous, 1908), 75, 242 108, 115n von Lenkeffy, Ica, German screen actress, Romeo and Juliet (Blackton, 1908), 75, 105, 243–50, 244, 245 106, 108, 120, 121, 139, 143, 144, 211n von Winterstein, Eduard, German screen actor, King Lear (Ranous, 1909), 19, 105, 106, 108, 229 124, 125, 127, 131, 132, 139, 143 A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Kent and Walderdaw, British film production company, Blackton, 1909), 105, 106, 108, 130–37, 217n 134, 139, 141, 143 Warde, Ernest, film actor and director, front Twelfth Night (Kent, 1910), 19, 105–07, 108, cover, 13, 201 131, 137–42, 140, 142, 146 Warde, Frederick, stage and screen film actor AsYouLikeIt(Blackton and Kent, 1912), and lecturer, see also Richard III (1912) and 108, 130, 133 King Lear (1916), front cover, 4, 9, 13, 14, Hamlet (projected but never made), 149 32–33, 52, 77, 96–97, 127n, 201 Shakespeare offshoots Waterhouse, John William, artist of painting An Indian Romeo and Juliet of Ophelia, 157–58n, see also artistic (Trimble, 1912), 2, 77, 108 representations Cardinal Wolsey, offshoot of Henry VIII Weitzel, Edward, 164 (Trimble, 1912), 108 Wells, Stanley, 1n, 182n A Midwinter Night’s Dream; or Little Joe’s White, James Fisher (sometimes credited as Luck (unknown, 1906), 108 James Fisher), stage and screen actor, 62n, The Wrong Flat; or A Comedy of Errors 64 (unknown, 1907), 108 Wicked Willie, alternative title of BMBC ‘giddy’ Freddy Versus Hamlet (Currier, 1916), 108, Studio Troubles q.v., 58 149n, 200 Wiene, Robert, German film director, 233 non-Shakespeare films Wiggins, Jack, 58n Salome (Blackton, 1908), 108; Oliver Wilkie, Edmund H, 40 Twist (Blackton, 1909), 108; ATale Wilson, Edwin, 78n, 152n of Two Cities (Humphrey, 1911), 108, Winter’s Tale, The, Shakespeare play 130; Launcelot and Elaine (Kent, in lantern slides sequences, 31 1909), 108, 139, 143; Vanity Fair A Winter’s Tale, Thanhouser film (Kent, 1911), 108, 220; AModern (O’Neill, 1910), 4, 19, 105–06, 126–29, Oliver Twist (Blackton, 1906), 128 108; Elektra (Blackton, 1910), 108, Una tragedia alla Corte di Sicilia / A 130; The Life of Moses (Blackton, Winter’s Tale, Milano film (Negroni, 1909), 108; Jephthah’s Daughter, A 1913), 32 Biblical Tragedy (unknown, 1909), Wolf, Steffen, 12n 108; Saul and David (Blackton, Wood, Michael, 237 1909), 108; TheWayoftheCross Woods, Leigh, 111n (Blackton, 1909), 108;funeral Woolf, Virginia, 20n of King Edward VII (1910), 109; wordless stage productions, 42–50, 55, 253–59, Illumination (Gaskill, 1912), 108; The see also pantomime Life of George Washington (unknown, Wörner-Filmgesellschaft, German film 1909), 109, 113; The Battle Hymn of production company the Republic (Blackton, 1911), 109; Othello (Buchowetzki, 1922), 7–8, 20, 21, 77, Lady Godiva, 112; Princess Nicotine 94, 217, 224, 240–51, 244, 245, 249 or The Smoke Fairy, 131; Kenilworth Wrong Flat, The, or A Comedy of Errors, (unknown, 1909), 143; Jealousy non-Shakespearean film, see Vitagraph