Les Héroïnes De Séries Américaines

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Les Héroïnes De Séries Américaines LesHéroïnes de séries américaines Dirigée par Stéphane Rolet, Sarah Hatchuel, Ariane Hudelet, Claire Cornillon et Éric Maigret, la collection « Sérial » s’attache aux manifestations du phénomène sériel sous toutes ses formes (littéraire, filmique, historique, sociologique, artistique, etc.), sans exclusive. Qu’elles soient plastiques (par exemple les séries de Warhol), littéraires (feuilletons, romans), ludiques (jeux vidéo, jeux de rôle), cinématographiques, télévisées, ou de bandes dessinées, les séries sont un phénomène de la modernité qui s’impose à nous en raison de leur nombre, de leur complexité et de la qualité artistique qu’elles peuvent atteindre. Dans une dynamique de pause et de reprise, la répétition du même et le principe de variation constituent de fait l’horizon d’attente de toute série, suscitant le plaisir sans cesse renouvelé de retrouvailles et de surprise. Loin de s’enliser dans une monotonie compulsive provoquant ennui et désintérêt, la série est devenue un phénomène de société, en particulier grâce à sa richesse d’invention. Bien que la série vise et promette un achèvement, elle peut cependant exister pleinement sans nécessairement avoir de fin. La série suppose aussi, très souvent, un mélange des genres fructueux et la migration d’un mode de création vers un autre : par exemple de la littérature vers les films ou à la série TV, de cette dernière vers la bande dessinée, ou vice versa. Céline Morin LesHéroïnes de séries américaines de Ma Sorcière bien-aimée à The Good Wife Presses universitaires François-Rabelais 2017 Conception graphique : Charlotte Boutreux • PUFR Mise en page : Christine Martin • PUFR © Tous droits réservés, 2017 Presses universitaires François-Rabelais 60 rue du Plat d’Étain BP 12050 • 37020 Tours cedex 1 • France www.pufr-editions.fr Dépôt légal : 2e semestre 2017 ISBN : 978-2-86906-491-1 ISSN : 2428-3231 À Sienna, la plus inspirante de mes héroïnes. Sommaire Introduction _____________________________________________________________________________ 11 Première partie – Amour, individualisme et courants féministes depuis 1950 Égalités de genre, individualisme et amour _____________________________ 25 Le chaos amoureux de la deuxième modernité ou l’amour comme champ de bataille genrée • Individualisation, communication et socialisation : le casse-tête amoureux • Du romantisme à la relation pure ? Femmes et médias : courants de recherche ___________________________ 41 Une première étape dénonciatrice • Le bouillonnement épistémologique des film studies : sémiotique, psychanalyse et approches structurales de l’idéologie • La consubtantialité des hiérarchies culturelles et des hiérar- chies de genre • Au-delà du fonctionnalisme et du structuralisme, vers le conflit de sens Réconcilier l’individualisme et le féminisme et comprendre les subjectivités post-traditionnelles ____________ 59 Constructions et luttes internes du féminisme de la deuxième vague • L’ambiguïté des redéfinitions des corps par le néoféminisme• L’individualisme écartelé entre théories féministes et théories de la réflexivité • Dialogies entre tradition et post-tradition • Féminisme et individualisme sont-ils fatalement antinomiques ? Les ambiguïtés du postféminisme ____________________________________________ 83 Du personnel politique à la politique individualiste • Un féminisme aux influences matérialistes encombrantes pour l’étude des imaginaires culturels ? • Un concept nébuleux pour une fracture générationnelle • Le postféminisme, courant postmoderne ? Deuxième partie – Un demi-siècle d’héroïnes de séries télévisées (1951-1997) Les conditions d’émergence des personnages féminins : des émancipations sous contrôle ___________________________________________ 105 Les femmes, un nouveau marché pour les annonceurs • Imaginaires du média et cohésion familiale • Une confusion de l’amour conjugal et de l’amour familial • Quand les femmes aiment aimer • Biopolitiques des femmes au foyer Retour sur les premières héroïnes, suffragettes de l’ombre ___________________________________________________________ 119 L’intercompréhension comme remède à l’insatisfaction • I Love Lucy, héroïne burlesque et premiers assauts émancipateurs • L’amour domestique du Donna Reed Show • Ma Sorcière bien-aimée, émancipations contradic- toires et subversions magiques L’amour, meilleur ennemi des femmes actives et des « féministes au foyer » ________________________________________________ 135 La montée des subjectivités féminines • Dans The Mary Tyler Moore Show, être célibataire n’est pas être seule • Murphy Brown, affirmation féminine de soi et dominations amoureuses • La fin de l’abnégation féminine et le début des menaces castratrices • Les revendications contradictoires de Maude • Roseanne : les amours en milieu ouvrier • Désenchantements quotidiens et microphysique des plaisirs Troisième partie – Les contradictions des héroïnes de l’après-féminisme (1997-2004) Expressivisme, post-modernité et après-féminisme ____________ 167 De « nouvelles “nouvelles femmes” » aux identités sensibles • La re- féminisation des héroïnes : néoféminisme ou postféminisme ? • Tout avoir toute seule, le défi des héroïnes trentenaires • Controverses autour de la mort du féminisme dans Sex and the City et Ally McBeal Fractures entre imaginaires, discours et pratiques _____________ 183 (Dé)constructions des amours • Labeur individuel, idéal de l’aisance romantique • Imaginaires idéalisés sur un modèle romantique concrète- ment affaibli • Dharma & Greg ou la rare réussite démocratique Nouvelles subjectivités charnelles et communications des désirs-plaisirs __________________________________ 197 Un nouveau levier identitaire • La sexualité, du soi au couple • Biopolitiques et technologies de soi à l’heure de l’émancipation féminine • La sexualité dans Buffy : entre apogée de l’amour maudit et expérience queer Quatrième partie – Le monde post-romantique des héroïnes quadragénaires (2004-2014) Détraditionnalisation, découverte du féminisme et urgence de nouveaux liens amoureux ________________________________ 217 Une émancipation malgré elles • Les responsabilités sont-elles solubles dans les psychotropes ? Culpabilités féminines et phénomènes compensa- toires • Les ondes de choc de l’individualisme jusqu’à la maternité • Quelle communication amoureuse dans le post-romantisme ? Entre les désillusions du romantisme et les sables mouvants du mariage ________________________________________ 235 Desperate Housewives : les émotions dangereuses • Eros contre Thanathos dans The Big C : le sursaut féministe d’une mourante • Néoféministes à quarante ans • Nurse Jackie ou l’androgynie des manières d’aimer La rupture The Good Wife : leçons de la première modernité, jeunesse de la modernité avancée et métamorphoses de l’amour _________________________________ 253 La fin du romantisme et les résistances du mariage bourgeois• Mariage en danger et dangers du mariage • Victoires et échecs d’une relation pure Conclusion _______________________________________________________________________________ 263 Bibliographie __________________________________________________________________________ 273 Introduction Les héroïnes ne sont pas des passagères clandestines au pays des séries télévisées. Elles ne sont pas d’étranges singularités à qui l’on concéderait depuis peu un petit territoire en raison d’une supposée complexification des récits, de l’acceptation de l’« égalité des sexes » ou de politiques contem- poraines de représentations des minorités. Les héroïnes sont, en réalité, un pilier originel de la télévision. On réalise finalement peu à quel point les personnages féminins ont participé conjointement du développement de cette forme médiatique toujours si populaire que sont les séries télévi- sées et de la diffusion des luttes féministes, en 1950 comme aujourd’hui. La télévision regorge depuis soixante ans de femmes au foyer soumises à l’insatisfaction de leur condition, de femmes actives cherchant dans la sphère professionnelle un refuge émancipateur que la maison n’a jamais pu être, de super-héroïnes rejouant le dilemme de la tragédie classique entre Amour et Devoir ou encore d’épouses trompées, prises au piège de leur abnégation, lançant une charge inédite contre leur propre couple. Porter ainsi depuis sa genèse les traces du combat anti-sexiste, voilà ce dont aucun autre média ne peut se vanter. Ce livre est le fruit de quatre années de recherches et d’incalculables heures passées à coloniser les univers des séries télévisées, des univers luxuriants et complexes, chimériques ou désenchantés, tour à tour ou simultanément subversifs, conservateurs ou réactionnaires, mais toujours vecteurs de sens. La fiction n’est pas un monde de seconde zone condamné, au mieux, à répéter les dominations sociales ou, au pire, à encourager la dépossession de téléspectateurs fuyant leur quoti- dien. Cette vision matérialiste qui est celle de bien des théories féministes 12 Céline Morin ne peut plus ignorer les travaux sur la force constructrice de l’imaginaire, du symbolique et du mythologique, au premier rang desquels se trouvent évidemment les écrits d’Edgar Morin. Or, les propositions mythologiques des séries s’inspirent précisément des combats féministes tout autant que des confrontations ordinaires entre hommes et femmes. L’histoire des héroïnes de séries télévisées est indissociable de l’impératif de l’égalité de genre, bien sûr, mais aussi de la désillusion qu’a subie l’amour au cours du xxe siècle, et des reconfigurations qui suivent cette désillusion. Depuis l’avènement des idéaux égalitaires,
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