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Ancient Religions: Public Worship of the Greeks and Romans by E.M
Ancient Religions: Public worship of the Greeks and Romans By E.M. Berens, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.07.16 Word Count 1,250 Level 1190L TOP: The temple and oracle of Apollo, called the Didymaion in Didyma, an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia (now Turkey), Wikimedia Commons. MIDDLE: The copper statue of Zeus of Artemision in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece. BOTTOM: Engraving shows the Oracle of Delphi, bathed in shaft of light atop a pedestal and surrounded by cloaked figures, Delphi, Greece. Getty Images. Temples Long ago, the Greeks had no shrines or sanctuaries for public worship. They performed their devotions beneath the vast and boundless canopy of heaven, in the great temple of nature itself. Believing that their gods lived above in the clouds, worshippers naturally searched for the highest available points to place themselves in the closest communion possible with their gods. Therefore, the summits of high mountains were selected for devotional purposes. The inconvenience of worshipping outdoors gradually suggested the idea of building temples that would offer shelter from bad weather. These first temples were of the most simple form, without decoration. As the Greeks became a wealthy and powerful people, temples were built and adorned with great splendor and magnificence. So massively were they constructed that some of them have withstood the ravages of This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. time. The city of Athens especially contains numerous remains of these buildings of antiquity. These ruins are most valuable since they are sufficiently complete to enable archaeologists to study the plan and character of the original structures. -
1 the Politics of the Arena
THE POLITICS OF THE ARENA 1 1 The Politics of the Arena Origin and Growth of Games The great games of the ancient Mediterranean grew out of religious holidays to become spectacular celebrations of the divine pantheon, events that not only called upon divine support to ensure continued prosperity for the state, but also offered an elaborate, formalized series of actions that encouraged, even required, the participation of an expanded human audience. These spectacles tended to follow a standard format of procession, sacrifice, and games. The procession, the first part of the festival, was, practically speaking, a means of conveying the worshipers, the officiants, and their implements of worship to the sacred space of the altar or temple. To enhance the ritual quality of the movement, the procession followed a specific, religiously significant pathway; the personnel were arranged in a specific order; the participants wore particular kinds of clothing, spoke or sang ritual words. These guidelines could involve sacrificial animals in the procession as well, who not only would be draped in wreaths or ribbons, to set them apart from “common” animals, to make them “sacred”, but also were meant to conform to certain kinds of behavior: they had to seem willing to approach the altar, and cult officials who accompanied them made sure of this. The procession was followed by the sacrifice. Sacrifice was the basic act of Graeco-Roman religion, establishing a positive relationship between deity and worshiper through the offering of a gift; this could mean the immolation of an animal, the pouring of a wine or oil libation, or setting cakes or flowers on the god’s altar for his enjoyment. -
Succeeding Succession: Cosmic and Earthly Succession B.C.-17 A.D
Publication of this volume has been made possiblej REPEAT PERFORMANCES in partj through the generous support and enduring vision of WARREN G. MOON. Ovidian Repetition and the Metamorphoses Edited by LAUREL FULKERSON and TIM STOVER THE UNIVE RSITY OF WI S CON SIN PRE SS The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 Contents uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden London WC2E SLU, United Kingdom eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2016 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System Preface Allrights reserved. Except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical vii articles and reviews, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, transmitted in any format or by any means-digital, electronic, Introduction: Echoes of the Past 3 mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise-or conveyed via the LAUREL FULKERSON AND TIM STOVER Internetor a website without written permission of the University of Wisconsin Press. Rightsinquiries should be directed to rights@>uwpress.wisc.edu. 1 Nothing like the Sun: Repetition and Representation in Ovid's Phaethon Narrative 26 Printed in the United States of America ANDREW FELDHERR This book may be available in a digital edition. 2 Repeat after Me: The Loves ofVenus and Mars in Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ars amatoria 2 and Metamorphoses 4 47 BARBARA WElDEN BOYD Names: Fulkerson, Laurel, 1972- editor. 1 Stover, Tim, editor. Title: Repeat performances : Ovidian repetition and the Metamorphoses / 3 Ovid's Cycnus and Homer's Achilles Heel edited by Laurel Fulkerson and Tim Stover. PETER HESLIN Other titles: Wisconsin studies in classics. -
Juno Covella, Perpetual Calendar of the Fellowship of Isis By: Lawrence Durdin-Robertson All Formatting Has Been Retained from the Original
Fellowship of Isis Homepage http://www.fellowshipofisis.com Juno Covella, Perpetual Calendar of the Fellowship of Isis By: Lawrence Durdin-Robertson All formatting has been retained from the original. Goddesses appear in BOLD CAPITAL letters. The Month of April APRIL 1st Roman: CERES. (Brewer, Dict.) "April Fool Perhaps it may be a relic of the Roman 'Cerealia', held at the beginning of April". See also under April 12th. Roman: CONCORDIA, VENUS and FORTUNA; The Veneralia. (Seyffert, Dict.) "Concordia . The goddess Concordia was also invoked with Venus and Fortuna, by married women on the 1st of April". (Ovid, Fasti, IV. 133) "April 1st Duly do ye worship the goddess (i.e. -Venus), ye Latin mothers and brides, and ye, too, who wear not the fillets and long robe (Frazer: 'courtesans'). Take off the golden necklaces from the marble neck of the goddess; take off her gauds; the goddess must be washed from top to toe. Then dry her neck and restore to it her golden necklaces; now give her other flowers, now give her the fresh-blown rose. Ye, too, she herself bids bathe under the green myrtle. Learn now why ye give incense to Fortuna Virilis in the place which reeks of warm water. All women strip when they enter that place Propitiate her with suplications; beauty and fortune and good fame are in her keeping". (Plutarch, Lives, Numa) on the month of April; "the women bathe on the calends, or first day of it, with myrtle garlands on their heads." (Philocalus, Kal. Anno 345) "April 1. Veneralia Ludi. (Montfaucon, Antiq. -
And Rome's Legacies
Christianity AND ROME’S LEGACIES Old Religions New Testament MARK MAKES HIS MARK NOT SO SIMPLE TEMPLES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH christianity_FC.indd 1 3/6/17 3:32 PM 2 Religions in Rome The earliest Romans saw their gods as spirits or powerful forces of nature. These gods did not have personalities or emotions or act in any other way like human beings. However, as Rome began to build an empire, the Romans were exposed to new ideas. Through contact with the Greeks, the Romans’ idea of gods and goddesses changed. The Greeks believed in gods and god- desses who behaved very much like human beings. Their gods could be jeal- ous, angry, passionate, kind, foolish, or petty. The Romans borrowed this idea u THE ROMANS People did not go to and honey, burned honored their gods a temple to worship sweet-smelling from the Greeks. They even borrowed by building temples. the god. Rather, a incense, and sac- some of the Greek gods and goddesses. Inside each temple temple was where rificed animals to No longer were the Roman gods spir- was a statue of a priests made honor the god. god or goddess. offerings of cakes its or forces of nature. They were now divine and human at the same time. u UNTIL THE in private people 300s CE, the Roman were free to think u THE ROMANS wisdom. During festival day, priests ticular, no legal religion was a and say what they honored their gods Cerealia, Romans performed rituals work was allowed. state religion. wanted to. Over with more than 100 honored the god- and sacrifices Celebrations includ- The emperor was time, the emperor festivals every year. -
Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure. -
Accidents, Racing 191, 193, 194–5, 197 Aedile 2–3, 12–13, 17–18
248 INDEX Index accidents, racing 191, 193, 194–5, 197 Anthology, Planudian 198, 201–2 aedile 2–3, 12–13, 17–18 Antiochus IV Epiphanes 10–11, 118, Aemilius Lepidus, M. 3, 6, 121, 223 223, 232 n.14 Aemilius Paullus, L. 8, 9–11, 223, Antoninus Pius, Emperor 132 232–3 n.23 Antony, Mark 28–9, 60, 129–30, 224 Ahenobarbus, Gn. Domitius 208 Aphrodisias 149–50 Alypius 188 Apollonius 118–19 Ammianus Marcellinus 204, 214 Appian 28, 77, 126, 127, 128, 129, Amphitheater, Flavian (Colosseum) 61, 218 62–6, 79–80, 82, 113–15, 154, 221, Apuleius 104 225, 235 n.18 aquacade 220–1 amphitheaters 29, 47, 52, 61–2, 66–7, armatures, gladiatorial 223, 224, 235 n.8, 235 n.12 dimachaerus 85 military 52, 66–7 eques 97, 99, 100, 101–2, 103, 150 permanent structures 56–7, 60–1 essedarius 85, 96, 97, 100, 121, 144, podium barrier 59, 67, 107 150, 152: essedaria 103, 187 special effects 65–6, 69 Gallus 95, 121 temporary 57–9, 61–2, 110 hoplomachus 85, 96, 97, 100 Androclus 93–4 murmillo 85, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, animal hunt see venatio 150, 151, 237 n.14 animals 56, 59, 66, 70, 89, 91, 104, retiarius 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 116–17, 124, 183, 197, 198, 221 142, 145, 146, 152, 182, 237 n.14, bears 35, 44, 56, 89, 90, 92, 93, 104, 238 n.15 116 Samnite 21, 95, 96, 121, 140, 155 cats, large 4, 17–18, 21, 35, 47–8, secutor 95, 98–9, 145 49–51, 56, 67, 89, 90, 93–4, 114, Thraex 85, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 105, 115, 116, 168, 173 121, 133, 146, 147, 151, 238 n.14 crocodiles 78–9 Artemidorus 147 elephants 7–8, 27, 35, 70, 113, 114, Asiaticus 131–2 116, 222 Athenaeus 10–11 hippopotamus 34, 89, 116 Athenagoras 167 rhinoceros 34, 115 Athens 118–19 Anthology, Greek 202 Attilius, M. -
Los Ludi En La Roma Arcaica
Martínez-Pinna, Jorge Los ludi en la Roma arcaica De Rebus Antiquis Año 2 Nº 2, 2012 Este documento está disponible en la Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina, repositorio institucional desarrollado por la Biblioteca Central “San Benito Abad”. Su objetivo es difundir y preservar la producción intelectual de la institución. La Biblioteca posee la autorización del autor para su divulgación en línea. Cómo citar el documento: Martínez-Pinna, Jorge. “Los ludi en la Roma arcaica” [en línea], De Rebus Antiquis, 2 (2012). Disponible en: http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/revistas/los-ludi-roma-arcaica-pinna.pdf [Fecha de consulta:..........] (Se recomienda indicar fecha de consulta al final de la cita. Ej: [Fecha de consulta: 19 de agosto de 2010]). DE REBUS ANTIQUIS Año II, Núm. 2 / 2012 ISSN 2250-4923 LOS LUDI EN LA ROMA ARCAICA* DR. JORGE MARTÍNEZ-PINNA Universidad de Málaga Abstract: This paper it is discussed the public games held in Rome during the monarchy. Its creation is due to religious causes, related to fertility (Consualia, ludi Taurei) or to war (Equirria, equus October). The religious and politic fulfillment of the games materializes in the ludi Romani, introduced by King Tarquinius Priscus. It is also considered the so called lusus Troiae, equestrian game exclusive for young people, and likewise with an archaic origin. Key words: Archaic Rome; Games; King. Resumen: En este artículo se analizan los juegos públicos celebrados en Roma durante el período monárquico. Su creación obedece a motivos religiosos, en relación a la fecundidad (Consualia, ludi Taurei) o a la guerra (Equirria, equus October). -
Newsletter Nov 2011
imperi nuntivs The newsletter of Legion Ireland --- The Roman Military Society of Ireland In This Issue • New Group Logo • Festival of Saturnalia • Roman Festivals • The Emperors - AD69 - AD138 • Beautifying Your Hamata • Group Events and Projects • Roman Coins AD69 - AD81 • Roundup of 2011 Events November 2011 IMPERI NUNTIUS The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland November 2011 From the editor... Another month another newsletter! This month’s newsletter kind grew out of control so please bring a pillow as you’ll probably fall asleep while reading. Anyway I hope you enjoy this months eclectic mix of articles and info. Change Of Logo... We have changed our logo! Our previous logo was based on an eagle from the back of an Italian Mus- solini era coin. The new logo is based on the leaping boar image depicted on the antefix found at Chester. Two versions exist. The first is for a white back- ground and the second for black or a dark back- ground. For our logo we have framed the boar in a victory wreath with a purple ribbon. We tried various colour ribbons but purple worked out best - red made it look like a Christmas wreath! I have sent these logo’s to a garment manufacturer in the UK and should have prices back shortly for group jackets, sweat shirts and polo shirts. Roof antefix with leaping boar The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland. Page 2 Imperi Nuntius - Winter 2011 The newsletter of Legion Ireland - The Roman Military Society of Ireland. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, C.319–50 BC
Ex senatu eiecti sunt: Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, c.319–50 BC Lee Christopher MOORE University College London (UCL) PhD, 2013 1 Declaration I, Lee Christopher MOORE, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Thesis abstract One of the major duties performed by the censors of the Roman Republic was that of the lectio senatus, the enrolment of the Senate. As part of this process they were able to expel from that body anyone whom they deemed unequal to the honour of continued membership. Those expelled were termed ‘praeteriti’. While various aspects of this important and at-times controversial process have attracted scholarly attention, a detailed survey has never been attempted. The work is divided into two major parts. Part I comprises four chapters relating to various aspects of the lectio. Chapter 1 sees a close analysis of the term ‘praeteritus’, shedding fresh light on senatorial demographics and turnover – primarily a demonstration of the correctness of the (minority) view that as early as the third century the quaestorship conveyed automatic membership of the Senate to those who held it. It was not a Sullan innovation. In Ch.2 we calculate that during the period under investigation, c.350 members were expelled. When factoring for life expectancy, this translates to a significant mean lifetime risk of expulsion: c.10%. Also, that mean risk was front-loaded, with praetorians and consulars significantly less likely to be expelled than subpraetorian members. -
Johannes Huber Exkursion: Campania Felix Prof
Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München 13.9.2011 13.9.2011 Abteilung für Griechische und Lateinische Philologie Referent: Johannes Huber Exkursion: Campania Felix Prof. Dr. Markus Janka/Wiss. Mitarb. Volker Müller SPIELEWESEN SEIT DER SPÄTEN REPUBLIK BIS ZUR FLAVISCHEN ZEIT ludi ludi circenses munera ludi scaenici 1. Spiele als Bestandteil römischer Festtage Im Zentrum römischer Feiertage (feriae) steht eine bestimmte Gottheit. An ihnen sollen sich freie Bürger und Sklaven von ihren Alltagsgeschäften erholen. ludi als fester Bestandteil (z.B. Maultierrennen an den Consualia [21.8./15.12.], ritueller Lauf an den Lupercalia [15.2.], Preisangeln an den ludi piscatorii [8.6.] und Sackhüpfen an den Robigalia [25.4.]) Die wichtigsten magistratischen Spiele sind: ludi Romani (4.9.-19.9.), ludi plebeii (4.11.- 17.11.), ludi Apollinaris (6.6.-13.6.), Megalenses (4.8.-10.8.), Cerealia (12.-19-4.) und Floralia (28.4.-3.5.). In der Republik waren für die Vorbereitung die Ädilen zuständig, in der Kaiserzeit die curatores ludorum (Gefahr des finanziellen Ruins). 2. pompa Feierliche Prozession mit politischem und religiösem Charakter; Die Götterbildnisse werden vom Kapitol zum Veranstaltungsort gebracht. Teilnehmer des Umzuges sind neben Musikern und Liktoren der Veranstalter der Spiele (editor) und die Akteure (artifices). instauratio im Falle von Unregelmäßigkeiten 3. ludi circenses 3.1 Architektur des Circus (vgl. Abb. 1) 3.2 Wagenrennen Wenn der editor ein Taschentuch (mappa) fallen last, wird das Startzeichen zum Rennen (missus) gegeben. Die Wagenlenker (aurigae) verlassen die Startboxen (carceres) und müs- sen die spina siebenmal gegen den Uhrzeigersinn umrunden. V.a. an den Wendemalen (metae) besteht aufgrund der Fliehkraft die Gefahr eines Sturzes (naufragium).