sign in sign up
<<
Home , 300s (decade), Cerealia, Lady Justice, Quinquatria, Roman temple

AND ’S LEGACIES

Old Religions New Testament MARK MAKES HIS MARK

NOT SO SIMPLE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

christianity_FC.indd 1 3/6/17 3:32 PM 2 Religions in Rome The earliest Romans saw their as spirits or powerful forces of nature. These gods did not have personalities or emotions or act in any other way like human beings. However, as Rome began to build an empire, the Romans were exposed to new ideas. Through contact with the Greeks, the Romans’ idea of gods and goddesses changed. The Greeks believed in gods and - desses who behaved very much like human beings. Their gods could be jeal- ous, angry, passionate, kind, foolish, or petty. The Romans borrowed this idea u THE ROMANS People did not go to and honey, burned honored their gods a to worship sweet-smelling from the Greeks. They even borrowed by building temples. the god. Rather, a incense, and sac- some of the Greek gods and goddesses. Inside each temple temple was where rificed animals to No longer were the Roman gods spir- was a of a priests made honor the god. god or goddess. offerings of cakes its or forces of nature. They were now divine and human at the same time.

u UNTILTHE in private people 300s CE, the Roman were free to think u THE ROMANS wisdom. During festival day, priests ticular, no legal religion was a and say what they honored their gods , Romans performed rituals work was allowed. . wanted to. Over with more than 100 honored the god- and Celebrations includ- The emperor was time, the emperor festivals every year. dess of grain, outside the temple ed feasting, music, the leader of the came to be seen as was . At , of the god being rest, and reflection. government and a god who must be a five-day festival honoring the god honored. People of the religion. worshipped. Those honoring , , gifts were did not have to Everyone had to who didn’t worship the goddess of exchanged. On a work, and in par- observe the Roman him could be pun- religion publicly. But ished by death.

christianity_2-3_v2.indd 2 3/6/17 3:33 PM 3

Some Roman Gods and Goddesses Roman Greek Counterpart Role or Jove Zeus Chief god Hera Chief goddess God of war Aphrodite Goddess of love and beauty Hermes Messenger of the gods Apollo God of sun, music and poetry, healing

r ROME WAS A r SOME ROMANS the god Mithras large empire with participated in mys- was associated people of many tery religions. These with loyalty to the Except for Earth, different cultures were secret groups emperor. all of the known and religions. For that required a planets are named the most part, the person to be ini- for Roman or Greek Romans allowed tiated, or taken gods and goddess- conquered peo- into the religion, es. Why do you ple to practice during a ceremony. think people named any religion they was a planets after gods? chose, as long as mystery religion Why do you think they also publicly that began in Earth is not named took part in the Persia and spread for a god? Roman religion. to Rome. In Rome,

THE ROMANSWEREA help or destroy very practical peo- them. Religion was ple. They believed not about how that religious you treated other observances were human beings. It a way of keeping was about making on the good side sure that the gods of the gods, who and goddesses had the power to treated you well.

christianity_2-3_v2.indd 3 3/6/17 3:34 PM 4 The Jewish People Under Roman Rule In 63 BCE, the took control of Syria and Judaea, the ancient home- land of the Jewish people. There were still many living in Judaea at the time. However, because of past conquests and exiles, there were also Jews living all over the Roman Empire. Thousands lived in the city of Rome. Syria and Egypt also had large Jewish populations. Unlike most of Rome’s conquered peoples, the Jews believed in one God. Thus, the Roman belief in many gods and goddesses directly clashed with their beliefs. As a result, they refused to worship Roman gods. Since they did not discourage others from worshipping Roman gods, they were allowed to practice Judaism in peace for many years. Over time, howev-

er, conflicts about religion grew between u FROM 37 TO the required taxes left over, Herod the Jews and the Roman government. 4 BCE, King Herod to the Romans. As rebuilt the Temple the Great was a result, Rome let at Jerusalem, the local ruler of the Jews practice which had originally Judaea under the their religion in been destroyed by Romans. He was peace. With the tax the Babylonians in careful to deliver money that was about 586 BCE.

r AFTERTHE destruction of the temple in 70 CE, Jewish troops at the mountaintop fortress of Masada made a last stand. It took 15,000 Roman soldiers u IN 40 CE, THE their religion almost two years caused the Jews to to defeat 1,000 Caligula insisted rebel against Rome Jewish fighters. that a statue of in 66 CE. Four years him be placed in later, Titus – who the Jewish Temple later became the at Jerusalem. emperor of Rome – Although he later crushed the revolt withdrew this and destroyed the demand, it and temple. other insults to

christianity_4-5_v2.indd 4 3/6/17 3:35 PM 5 d JEWS REVOLTED limited to Judaea. and towns. It took again in 115 CE Jews living in the Romans two because of their Egypt, Cyprus, and years to put down treatment by the other parts of the this rebellion. Romans. This time empire attacked the revolt was not Roman soldiers

HADRIAN

r IN 132 CE, THE ancient writer Jerusalem. The Jews in Judaea reported that half Romans changed revolted against a million Jews had the name of the Romans for been killed. After Judaea to Syria- the third time. The the revolt was put Palaestina. Many Roman response down, the Emperor Jews moved to was more brutal Hadrian forced other parts of the than ever. One the Jews to leave empire.

JESUS

l AFTERTHEEND their message CE, when the third of the third Jewish outside of Judaea. Jewish revolt was revolt, missionaries Christianity had put down, it had from a new religion begun as a sect, become a separate called Christianity or division, of religion. began to carry Judaism. By 135

christianity_4-5_v2.indd 5 3/6/17 3:35 PM 6

The main source of information about Jesus and his teachings is the New Testament of the Bible, a text sacred to the followers of the Christian religion. According to the New Testament, Jesus didn’t preach rebellion against the Romans. In fact, he told people to pay their taxes to Rome. The New Testament says that Jesus reminded his followers of basic Jewish beliefs, such as believing in one God and following the Ten Commandments. He also told them that God loved them and would forgive them if they turned away from sin. He urged them to love God and to love one another.

Christianity’s Beginnings The Roman rulers of Judaea were worried. A Jew named Jesus had been traveling around the prov- ince preaching in temples. He had started to attract crowds so large that sometimes he preached out- side. Some people were taking him seriously, and

a group of disciples, or followers, began to travel u INTHE NEW and left lying by the with him. It wasn’t so much what Jesus said that Testament, Jesus side of the road. teaches by telling All those who pass bothered the Romans. It was what others began parables, simple him ignore him. to say about him. Some people called him the stories with lessons Finally, a stranger Messiah. For years, the Jews had been expecting about life. Jesus from Samaria – an used the parable of unfriendly land a messiah, or savior. They believed this messiah the Good Samaritan – stops to help. would free them from Roman rule, and the Romans to teach people Jesus said that were not about to allow that. Not all Jews believed what it meant to be the stranger who a good neighbor. stopped to help was Jesus was the Messiah, however, so he became a In the story, a man the good neighbor, source of conflict among the Jewish people. is robbed, beaten, or Good Samaritan.

christianity_6-7.indd 6 3/6/17 3:36 PM 7 d SOMEOF JESUS’S proclaiming that followers of Jesus d A JEWNAMED followers began Jesus was the called him Jesus Saul tried to stop to call themselves Messiah. They talk- Christ, meaning the apostles from apostles, which ed about Jesus’s Jesus the Messiah. saying that Jesus comes from a resurrection after Thus, the followers was the Messiah. Greek word mean- the Romans had of Jesus came Then one day, Saul ing “messenger.” crucified him. Many to be known as had a vision of Jesus They traveled to people joined the and their that changed his different places in new religion. The religion was called mind. He became an the Roman Empire, Greek-speaking Christianity. apostle and began to preach that Jesus was the Messiah. Soon, he became known as Paul. Most of what is known about Paul comes from letters he wrote to Christians in different places. u BECAUSE THE fixion. This means These letters are Romans saw Jesus tying or nailing a called epistles and and his teachings person to a cross. appear in the New as a threat, they According to the Testament. looked for ways New Testament, to silence him. after Jesus was Around 30 CE, buried, his disciples Pontius Pilate, the said that he had been resurrected, of Judaea, ordered or brought back to that Jesus be put life, and that they to death by cruci- had seen him.

d WHEN ROME caught fire in 64 CE, many Romans blamed the Emperor . He in turn false- ly accused the Christians of start- ing the fire. In the following years, many Christians were killed. They became , people who choose to die rather than give up their beliefs.

u THE CHRISTIANS gods, but they also part of a state ment. This led to worried the encouraged others religion, this was the Christians being Romans. Not only not to worship seen as an act of persecuted, or did they refuse to them. Since the rebellion against punished for having worship the Roman Roman gods were the Roman govern- different beliefs.

christianity_6-7.indd 7 3/6/17 3:40 PM 8 Christianity Catches On in Rome How did a small group of Jesus’s followers, located in a remote outpost of the Roman Empire, become an empire-wide state religion? It took almost 400 years, but Christianity slowly spread and grew in power. In the early days, Rome’s reac- tion to the new religion was mixed. Under some emperors, Christians were persecuted for their beliefs. Other emperors ignored the new religion. The Roman official wrote to the Emperor , who ruled from 98 to 117 CE, asking how to treat Christians. The emperor replied in part, “They are not to be sought out; if they are denounced and proved to be guilty, they are to be pun- ished, with this reservation, that whoever denies that he is a Christian and quite clearly proves it – that is, by worshipping our gods – he shall gain pardon.”* Despite persecution, the religion grew, especially in the eastern

part of the empire, where it had u IN 312 CE, THE words: “In this r A YEARAFTER begun. Large cities in the west- Roman Empire was sign, conquer.”* his successful divided. Constantine Believing this to battle for Rome, ern empire also had churches. the Great set out be a sign from Constantine signed They started as small groups that to conquer the God, Constantine the of , met secretly in private homes. Italian Peninsula ordered his soldiers giving Christians and reunite the to paint Christian and all others the Even in Rome, under the nose empire under his symbols on their right to follow of the emperor, the apostle Paul rule. Before a bat- shields. Constantine whatever religion started a church in 50 CE. tle for the city of won the battle, and they chose. By 324 Rome, Constantine as a result, his sup- CE, Constantine claimed to have port for Christianity controlled all *From The Romans: From Village to Empire. M.T. Boatwright, D.J. Gargola, and R.J. Talbert, eds. Oxford University Press, 2004. had a vision. He grew. Roman lands. Thus,

said he saw the *From Ancient History by Christianity and all Greek sign for Philip Van Ness Myers. Ginn & other religions were Christ, the Chi- Company, 1904. tolerated across the Rho, appear in Roman Empire. the sky with the

christianity_8-9_v2.indd 8 3/6/17 3:38 PM 9 r ASEMPEROR, Jesus was part Constantine of a Trinity, or one established close God composed of a connections Father, a Son, and between the a Holy Spirit. Before Christian church he died in 337 CE, and the state. In Constantine was 325 CE, he called baptized, or sym- for the Christian bolically purified of Council of Nicaea sins, in a Christian to settle a dispute ceremony. His sup- among Christians port of Christianity about the nature helped make the of Jesus. The Roman Empire a council ruled that Christian state.

l WHEN they controlled Christianity became church money, some the state religion of bishops amassed the empire, the gov- great wealth. The ernment built large people looked to the churches to replace bishops to tell them the temples of the what was right and u CHRISTIANITY old gods. Each large wrong. This gave soon became an city had a church the bishops political important part of headed by a bishop. power. If a ruler Roman culture. In The government displeased a bishop, 391 CE, Emperor gave the bishops the bishop could Theodosius I made money to run the turn the people Christianity the churches. Because against the ruler. state religion of the empire. He banned r ATFIRST, ALL more authority than to Roman Catholic the practice of the bishops had equal the other bish- tradition, Jesus old Roman religion authority. The and became had given Peter and closed its tem- bishop of Rome known as the - the “keys of the ples. At the same became known er of the Christian kingdom of heav- time, he made it as the , from church. Peter, one en,” making him clear that the power the Greek word for of the apostles, is the leader of the of the emperor was father. Eventually, considered the first disciples. greater than that of the pope gained pope. According church leaders. The Spread of Christianity

r THISMAP N shows the spread 0 500 mi. 0 500 km. W E of Christianity S throughout the Rh in e Roman Empire. R EUROPE iv

e

r Riv ATLANTIC er OCEAN

Black Sea Rome Caspian Sea r us Rive In the United States, all Tag Asia people have the right to religious free- Minor dom. Why is it important to respect the Mediterranean Sea beliefs of others when they are differ- Damascus ent from your own? Cyrene Jerusalem N i Persian le

R Gulf i v e r Red ASIA Sea Christian areas before Constantine, about 312 CE Christian areas after Constantine, about 400 CE– 600 CE Roman Empire, about 400 CE

christianity_8-9_v2.indd 9 3/6/17 3:39 PM INDIAN

OCEAN 10

The Gospel of Mark Historians believe that Mark’s Gospel was first written down in Jerusalem sometime in the 60s CE. These pages from the Gospel of Mark were created between 720 and 730 CE, somewhere in the British Isles. The image shows Mark.

christianity_10-11.indd 10 3/6/17 3:41 PM 11

christianity_10-11.indd 11 3/6/17 3:41 PM 12 The Decline of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was at the height of its glory in 117 CE. Its territory stretched as far west as the Atlantic Ocean and as far north as what is now . It extended as far east as places that are now part of Iraq. A group of leaders known as the Five Good Emperors ruled from 96 to 180 CE. But the glory days were not to last. In the 200s CE, there were problems both inside and outside the empire. Enemies from outside attacked the borders. Clashes among leaders led to political disorder, corruption, and civil war inside the empire. The trouble began under the rule of the last of the Five Good Emperors, , and continued under his son, Commodus. Then came a period of civil wars in which leaders fought one another for power, with the winner becoming emperor. In the 49 years between 235 and 284 CE, more than 60 leaders held the title of emperor.

r SOME ROMANS were well aware of the empire’s difficulties. The his- torian Dio Cassius, who died in 235 CE, ALLCITIZENSHAD became weaker. the empire caused wrote, “Our history to pay taxes. In Dishonest leaders news to travel now descends from 212 CE, to raise gave more rights slowly between the a kingdom of gold more tax money, to wealthy citizens and the to one of iron and the government and took rights city of Rome. Many rust.”* gave citizenship to away from poorer Romans started

*From Dio’s of Rome all free people liv- citizens. This made to lose respect for by Herbert Baldwin Foster. ing in the empire. people angry and their government. Pafraets Books Company, 1906. But soon the rights caused social of citizenship unrest. Problems in

christianity_12-13_v2.indd 12 3/6/17 3:43 PM 13

ONE PROBLEM FACING thousands of miles of the heavy taxes. They to robbery or joined to the empire. Instead, the Roman Empire borders. Citizens had were forced to leave invading armies. Even they supported their was its vast size. to pay taxes to support their farms. Some sold soldiers defending the generals, who often A large army was this army. Many farm- them to large land- frontiers, or border- acted independently of needed to protect ers could not afford owners. Others turned lands, felt little loyalty Rome’s government.

Roman Empire 117 CE

0 500 mi.

0 500 km. N BRITAIN EUROPE ASIA W E

Danube S Riv ATLANTIC er OCEAN P S A L Black Sea Caspian Rome Sea Byzantium s River Tagu GREECE Athens Ti New Carthage gr Antioch is R i (Cartagena) v Carthage e E r Zama up hr Mediterranean Sea at es R i AFRICA Cyrene Alexandria ve Jerusalem r

N i EGYPT Persian le

R Gulf i v e r Red Roman lands Sea

INDIAN

THE BERBERS, WHO LIVED IN NORTHERN Africa, had become part of the THE GOTHS, A GERMANIC PEOPLE, IN 256 CE, KING SHAPUR I OF PERSIA Roman Empire a few centuries repeatedly claimed lands along attacked the Roman Empire earlier. They began to raid Roman the northern borders of the Roman from the east. He captured the cities all along the coast of north- Empire. Once Germanic peoples Emperor Valerian in 260 CE and ern Africa, where the had coexisted peacefully with the put him in prison. The emperor was weak. Romans. Some even fought in the died the same year. Roman army, and some became mil- OCEAN itary leaders. Still, the Romans called these Germanic people “barbarians” because they were not educated in Roman ways. Today, the word barbarian means a person who is considered to have rough manners.

christianity_12-13_v2.indd 13 3/6/17 3:43 PM 14

Christianity and the Two Empires How many Roman Empires were there? One? Two? None? The answer to that u IN 330 CE, his honor. Today, trade. The location question depends on what year you are Constantine the city is known also made the city talking about. As early as 253 CE, the moved the capi- as Istanbul, Turkey. easy to defend. tal of the unified Constantinople was Constantinople Emperor Valerian thought the empire empire eastward an ideal location soon replaced was too large for him to rule successfully. from Rome to for a capital city. Rome as the most He divided it into western and eastern Byzantium, which Almost surrounded important city in was renamed by water, it was the empire. halves, and gave the western half to his Constantinople in a good spot for son to rule, while he ruled the eastern half. When Valerian died in 260 CE, his son ruled the entire empire. In 284 CE, a general named became emper- or. He too thought the empire was too large to be ruled by one person. He gave control of the western half to a trusted officer. When their rule collapsed, civil wars again divided Rome. But in 324 CE, , the first Christian emperor, managed to reunite the whole empire. In 395 CE, almost 60 years after u BEGINNINGINTHE Empire. In 410 They destroyed Constantine’s death, the Roman Empire 300s CE, Germanic CE, the Germanic monuments and tribesmen, whose tribe known as the stole items of value. again split in two, with the Eastern Roman own lands were Visigoths, led by Today we use the Empire based in Constantinople and the being taken by Alaric, captured word vandal to based in Rome. Huns from the east, Rome. In 455 CE, describe someone invaded both west- Rome was attacked who destroys prop- This time the division was permanent. ern and eastern again, this time erty on purpose. parts of the Roman by the .

christianity_14-15.indd 14 3/6/17 3:44 PM 15

THE CHRISTIANSINTHE r IN 476 CE, A and Germanic chief those in the Germanic named Odoacer kingdoms had different captured Rome, ideas about church and defeated the last state. The Byzantines emperor of the felt the state had the Western Roman highest powers in Empire, and matters of government, became the first while the Germanic Germanic king kingdoms gave of . The date greater power to the is considered by church. This caused many to mark the u VARIOUS Clovis, leader divisions between end of the Western Germanic peo- of the , Christians living in Roman Empire. ple invaded and conquered , the two places. In conquered lands which came to 1054 CE, the conflicts that had been part be called caused the Christian of the Western in honor of the church to split in Roman Empire. Franks. two. The church in the Byzantine Empire r ASTHE WESTERN became the Eastern Roman Empire Orthodox Church. The crumbled, the church in the Germanic Eastern Roman kingdoms became Empire prospered. the Roman Catholic It continued for Church. almost 1,000 years. Historians now u AS GERMANIC some rulers. Clovis refer to it as the kingdoms spread became a Christian Byzantine Empire. Some Roman in Europe, the in 496 CE, bringing Justinian I, who Christian church all of Gaul into the became emperor in emperors thought the empire was too large grew. Because church. As the only 527 CE, used many of its charitable organized institu- Roman ideas to for one person to rule. work among the tion in Europe, the build the empire. Do you think the size of poor, the church Christian church Roman were the Roman Empire was attracted con- grew in power. It the basis for the the main reason that verts, people who preserved some Justinian Code, it did not last? Or do changed their reli- Roman culture, which is the founda- taxes and trade, he Constantinople a you think other factors gion, to Christianity. including , the tion of laws in many constructed public new Rome. His were more responsible Missionaries were language of Rome. countries today. buildings, roads, and wife, Theodora, was for its end? also able to convert With money from aqueducts to make a trusted adviser.

christianity_14-15.indd 15 3/6/17 3:44 PM 16 Language Rome’s Legacies Latin, the language of , is often called a dead language because no one has spoken it for centuries. But in one sense, millions of people speak Latin every day. Do you ever play video games? Do you go to your doctor for an SEVERAL Spanish, and u MANY ROMAN AUTHORS HAVE HAD countries in Romanian are a big influence on modern world annual physical exam? Do you Europe speak all Romance literature. A small sample: try to solve problems? Do you Romance lan- languages. The • CICERO – speeches guages, which Roman, or Latin, • – history study science? If so, you are are based on alphabet is the • – an epic poem about the using words with Latin roots. Latin, the lan- most widely The Latin language is just one guage of Rome. used system of • – odes, or poems of praise of many legacies the modern French, Italian, writing in the Portuguese, world today. • – myths, love poems world has from ancient Rome.

Government and THE EARLY ROMANS groups. The word their form of gov- created a form republic comes ernment to Rome. d to give every man ideas of equal of government from the Latin res The Romans even is the basis of his due. The basic rights for all and known as a publica, meaning had a governing legal systems in principles of law are rooted republic, in which “public matters.” body called the many parts of the are these: to live in these ideals. power is shared The United States Senate, as does world. The Roman honorably, not to among different and other modern the United States. *From Why We’re All judge Ulpian injure any other Romans by Carl J. Richard. leaders and republics owe wrote, “Justice person, and to Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2010. is a steady and render to each his ROMAN EMPEROR enduring desire own.”* Modern CONSTANTINE

GEORGE WASHINGTON

LADY JUSTICE

christianity_16-17_v2.indd 16 3/6/17 3:53 PM 17

Science JEFFERSON PANTHEON MEMORIAL SCIENTISTS, engineers, and architects living in the Roman Empire left a lasting legacy of discoveries and inventions.

PTOLEMY WAS A Greek living in the ROMANENGINEERS and ROMAN ARCHITECTS ed columns and Greek living in Roman Empire, devised new tech- bridges are still adopted styles from developed them Alexandria, Egypt, was a doctor who nologies to make used today. The other cultures and into new forms. The under Roman understood that cities cleaner Romans invented passed them on to Jefferson Memorial rule. His insights blood circulated in and safer. Their concrete as a future generations. in Washington, D.C., about astronomy the body. Doctors aqueducts brought building material. It From the Etruscans uses a hollow-dome guided sailors followed his clean water to is still made much they took arches, design, as seen for 1,500 years. teachings for hun- cities, and their the same way which they used in on the ancient , also a dreds of years. sewers removed today as it was in new ways. From the Pantheon in Rome. wastes. Some ancient Rome. Greeks they adopt-

Art THE ROMANS learned the art of mosaics from the ROMAN EMPEROR Greeks and passed ANTONINUS PIUS it on to modern artists.

u MANY ROMAN encour- artists made aged patriotism, sculptures of the or loyalty to one’s emperors. These home country.

christianity_16-17_v2.indd 17 3/6/17 3:53 PM 18 Activities

MAKE A TABLE Roman Gods and Goddesses There were so many Roman gods and goddesses! It can be hard to keep track of the powers and areas of influence connected to each one. A table can help orga- nize the information. Create a table of the important Roman gods and goddesses. Include columns for their power and areas of influence. Then, choose one god or goddess to research further. Make a poster using your table and research findings.

WRITE AN EXPOSITORY ESSAY The legacies of Rome are all around us, affecting the way we live and speak every day. Select several of Rome’s legacies to write about. Then, draft an essay explaining how they affect your life today. Be sure to write an introductory paragraph and a paragraph about each legacy. In your conclusion, summarize your main points and name the legacy you think is the most important.

christianity_18-19.indd 18 3/6/17 3:58 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Roman Gods and Goddesses Roman Empire Early Romans Ancient Hebrews Ancient Rome may be long gone, It began as a collection of farming Much of what we know about the but its legacy lives on in the Western villages and grew to become a city that Ancient Hebrews comes from the world in just about every area of life. ruled over a vast empire. Along the Hebrew Bible, or the Torah. Follow the From the birth of law to major contri- way, a king was overthrown, a republic journey of Abraham from Mesopotamia butions in engineering and language, begun, and a government of checks to Canaan, the birthplace of Judaism, the Roman Empire’s influence and balances created. Learn the details and meet heroes like King David and endures today. behind Rome’s early people and the Deborah, who paved the way for a empire’s extraordinary place in history. storied religion that lives on today.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. 6.7.5 Trace the migration of Jews around the Mediterranean region and the effects of their conflict with the Romans, including the Romans’ restrictions on their right to live in Jerusalem. 6.7.6 Note the origins of Christianity in the Jewish Messianic prophecies, the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament, and the contribution of St. Paul the Apostle to the definition and spread of Christian beliefs (e.g., belief in the Trinity, resurrection, salvation). 6.7.7 Describe the circumstances that led to the spread of Christianity in Europe and LEARN MORE ONLINE! other Roman territories. 6.7.8 Discuss the legacies of and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law. HSS 7.1 Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and • Many philoso- • Life became much ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire. phies started in harder for ordinary 7.1.1 Study the early strengths and lasting contributions of Rome (e.g., signif- Greece and were citizens during the icance of ; rights under Roman law; Roman art, architecture, borrowed by the decline of Rome. engineering, and philosophy; preservation and transmission of Christianity) and its Romans. Without new lands ultimate internal weaknesses (e.g., rise of autonomous military powers within the empire, undermining of citizenship by the growth of corruption and slavery, lack of was founded by being conquered, education, and distribution of news). 7.1.2 Discuss the geographic borders of the Zeno of Citium in wealth no longer empire at its height and the factors that threatened its territorial cohesion. 7.1.3 the late 200s BCE. flowed into the Describe the establishment by Constantine of the new capital in Constantinople and empire. the development of the Byzantine Empire, with an emphasis on the consequences • Four main sources of the development of two distinct European civilizations, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, and their two distinct views on church-state relations. tell about the life • The Roman of Jesus and the custom of minting beginnings of coins with imag- Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: Christianity. They es of leaders on Chronological and Spatial Thinking are the first four them continues 3. Students use a variety of maps and documents to identify physical and cultural books of the New around the world features of neighborhoods, cities, states, and countries and to explain the historical Testament, and today. migration of people, expansion and disintegration of empires, and the growth of they are called the economic systems. Gospels.

christianity_18-19.indd 19 3/6/17 3:58 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Lois Markham David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Margaret Mittelbach

GRADE 6 TITLES Lanmas: p.15 middle left (Odoacer); Edwin Mullan: p.15 upper right (Clovis invades); robertharding/Godong: p.15 lower left (page of Latin text from an old manuscript); Ira World’s Early People Ancient Berger: p.17 center right (modern mosaic, NYC subway); Erin Babnik: p.16 lower center (sculpture of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius [r. 138–161 CE]); ACTIVE MUSEUM: Mesopotamia Indian Empires p.19 top center (Cincinnatus receiving the ambassadors); Classic Image: p.19 bottom Ancient (Zeno of Citium). Getty Images: Cris Foto: p.2 lower right (Ceasar ); Leemage / Universal Images Group: p.3 right (Mithras); Fototeca Storica Nazionale.: p.7 lower Archaeology Early Romans right (Nero and the burning of Rome); Lefteris Papaulakis: p.8 lower right (Constantine); Language Roman Empire UniversalImagesGroup: p.9 left (Theodosius I). Granger Collection: Gustave Doré: p.19 top right (Moses at Mt. Sinai). iStock: stevenallan: p.4 lower right (aerial view of Ancient Hebrews Christianity and Rome’s Legacies Masada, Israel). North Wind Picture Archives: p.12 lower right (Roman opulence); p.12 Early Greeks Olmec and Maya top right (Roman poverty); pp.4–5 (Herod’s Temple). Shutterstock: takepicsforfun: p.2 top right (); PLRANG ART: p.4 right (Caligula); Gilmanshin: p.5 Golden Age of Greece Civil Rights lower left (ancient Roman sculpture of Emperor Hadrian); Renata Sedmakova: p.9 top Ancient Persia right (Council of Nicaea); photoshooter2015: p.9 center (Santa Maria in Trastevere); Luis Santos: p.9 lower right (St. Peter with keys); Seqoya: p.14 upper right (Istanbul, Turkey); TTstudio: p.15 top (St. Peter’s in Rome); Dimos: p.14 top (Saint Sophia in Constantinople); Fedor Selivanov: p.16 upper center (ancient Roman inscription); ON THE COVER: St. Peter’s in Rome by the Via della Conciliazione. Shutterstock: StudioPortoSabbia: p.16 top center (Romance language – French); Cris Foto: p.16 top TTstudio. right (Cicero); Patrick Poendl: p.16 bottom left (statue of ); M DOGAN: p.17 top left (Jefferson Memorial); Viacheslav Lopatin: p.17 top right (Pantheon in Rome); PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library: p.2 bottom left (Roman steve estvanik: p.17 lower right (example of Roman mosaics ); Vladimir Korostyshevskiy: festival); Archivist: p.3 center (Rome’s conquered peoples worshipping); The Print p.17 lower left (sculpture of Roman emperor); Zack Frank: p.16 lower right (sculpture Collector: p.5 lower right (Second Jewish Revolt), p.7 right (Paul); FineArt: p.5 upper of George Washington); stoyanh: p.18 top (table icon); GraphicsRF: p.18 bottom (girl right (Jesus); David Barnett: p.6 (Jesus and disciples); Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo writing); vvoe: p.19 top left (Colosseum). Library: p.6 middle right (The Good Samaritan); Peter Horree: p.7 top left (Christ on the cross); Mary Evans Picture Library: p.7 center (apostles); Sonia Halliday: pp.10–11 (The ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Lichfield Gospels, 720–730 CE); INTERFOTO: p.12 lower left (Dio Cassius); Ivy Close Brobel Design: Some Roman Gods and Goddesses, p.3; Map of Rome from 274 BCE, Images: p.13 lower right (King Shapur I of Persia); Oldtime: p.13 lower left (Berbers); p.9; Map of Roman Empire 117 CE, p.13. North Wind Picture Archives: p.13 lower center (Goth); Mary Evans Picture Library: p.14 lower right (Germanic tribesman), p.15 lower right (Justinian I and Theodora); Kline Illustration: Cartoons, cover.

Copyright © by Kids Discover, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be submitted through our Permissions website at https://customercare.hmhco.com/ contactus/Permissions.html or mailed to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Attn: Intellectual Property Licensing, 9400 Southpark Center Loop, Orlando, Florida 32819-8647.

Printed in the U.S.A.

ISBN 978-1-328-80190-6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXXX 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

4500000000 A B C D E F G

If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company retains title to the materials and they may not Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited. publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format. 6 1686990

christianity_BC.indd 2 3/6/17 3:31 PM